气管镜引导下Y型覆膜气道支架置入术治疗支气管残胃瘘1例并文献复习

目的 观察气道Y型覆膜支架植入术在支气管残胃瘘病变中的应用及治疗效果.方法 在支气管镜引导下,对1例支气管残胃瘘患者置入Y型覆膜气道支架,并结合相关文献进行复习.结果 患者置入支架后呼吸困难即刻明显缓解,进食呛咳消失.生活质量提高.结论 Y型覆膜气道支架置入能有效解除气道复合病变,技术可行,操作简单、安全,近期疗效可靠,值得进一步推广应用.     

Y型一体化自膨式覆膜气道金属支架在胸腔胃-气道瘘中的应用

目的 探讨Y型一体化自膨式覆膜气道金属支架(Y型支架)在胸腔胃-气道瘘治疗中的安全性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003年4月到2014年10月郑州大学第一附属医院放射介入科收治的108例胸腔胃-气道瘘患者临床及影像学资料,其中男90例,女18例,年龄41 ～75(60±10)岁.根据瘘口的位置、大小及相关气道直径,个体化设计1～3枚Y型支架(其中跨越隆突区域放置的支架简称大Y支架,跨越叶支气管分叉处放置的简称小Y支架).在X线监视下行病变处气道内支架置入,其中单一大Y支架置入65例、单一小Y支架置入16例、大Y+小Y支架组合置入26例,大Y+双小Y支架组合置入1例.结果 所有患者Y型支架均一次置入成功,104例术后即刻气道和食管造影均未见对比剂进入对侧,瘘口封堵完全,4例置入单Y支架后瘘口封堵不严,后改为大Y+小Y支架置入并封堵完全;术后患者卧位刺激性呛咳症状消失,可正常进食水,生活质量明显提高.术后92例患者获得完整随访,其中59例患者于术后3.1 ～9.0个月死亡,死因包括晚期肿瘤消耗(38例)、恶病质进展(14例)、肺部感染(5例)以及大咯血(2例);4例患者单Y支架置入2 ～10个月后瘘口增大,再次给予1枚Y型支架组合置入并证实瘘口封堵完全;余33例患者存活,生活质量满意.结论 Y型一体化自膨式覆膜金属支架气道内置入能有效封堵胸腔胃-气道瘘,技术可行,近期疗效可靠,能显著提高患者生活质量.     

杂交支架治疗复杂性恶性气道病变伴呼吸衰竭1例并文献复习

<正>气道内支架已广泛应用于临床，常用于治疗良恶性气道狭窄及封堵瘘口。常见的气道支架有硅酮支架、金属支架，各有优缺点，在复杂性气道病变中应用的临床数据不足。今将1例Y型金属覆膜支架联合Y型硅酮支架(杂交支架)治疗恶性中央型气道阻塞累及隆突、左主支气管及隆突纵隔瘘累及右主支气管，伴有严重呼吸衰竭的病例进行报道，并结合文献探讨不同类型的气道支架在恶性复杂性气道病变中的应用，为临床提供借鉴。     

喉罩通气全麻下Y型气管支架植入的临床观察

目的 探讨喉罩通气全麻下经纤维支气管镜行Y型气管支架植入术的疗效、安全性和可行性.方法 选择隆突受累的复合气道病变6例,在行静脉全身麻醉后,再在喉罩通气下经纤维支气管镜指导和X线透视下,放置气道Y型一体化自膨胀式支架.结果 喉罩通气全麻下Y型气管支架置入均获得成功,6例患者置入内支架后症状均缓解,无一例发生严重并发症,安全性高.结论 喉罩全麻通气下气道Y型支架置入能有效解除气道复合病变,技术可行,操作简单,耐受性好,为临床治疗复合气道梗阻提供了一种新的安全的治疗手段.     

经不同途径置入覆膜支架封堵气管瘘的临床分析

目的探讨经气管或食管置入覆膜支架封堵气管瘘的疗效。方法13例气管瘘患者,男9例,女4例,年龄55～83岁,平均60．3岁,其中食管癌性狭窄伴气管瘘8例,食管癌术后胃吻合口伴气管瘘3例,食管癌术后胸腔胃气管隆突瘘1例,肺癌术后左主支气管残端胸膜瘘1例。根据原发病变的性质、狭窄范围、瘘口部位的不同,在数字减影血管造影（DSA）监视下经食管或气管途径置入个体化设计覆膜支架封堵瘘口。结果10例经食管置入覆膜支架10枚,其中管状覆膜支架8枚,下端大喇叭口覆膜支架2枚;3例经气管置入覆膜支架4枚,其中管状覆膜支架2枚,倒“Y”型覆膜支架1枚,“子弹头”残端瘘支架1枚。所有患者呛咳、呼吸困难和憋喘等症状迅速缓解,碘水造影显示瘘口封堵完全,CT检查显示支架贴壁良好。结论经气管或食管置入个体化覆膜支架治疗气管瘘,能迅速封堵瘘口和解除临床症状,简单、安全,值得推广。     

倒Y型金属气道支架置入治疗晚期恶性肿瘤隆突部狭窄

目前常使用直管形金属气道内支架治疗非隆突部位的气道阻塞[1],但病变若同时累及气管下段、气管隆突和左右主支气管导致隆突区域的多发性或复合狭窄时,不能用单枚内支架有效解除全部气道狭窄,可以同时放置多个管形金属支架、单分支状金属气道内支架、Y型硅胶管支架(Dumon支架)或用2枚自膨胀式金属支架制成的Y型支架进行治疗[2-5].     

LMA-Unique喉罩用于气道Y型覆膜内支架植入术的麻醉

气道Y型覆膜内支架作为一种治疗隆突部位良恶性病变的国产新型镍钛记忆合金支架,支架的放置都是在表面麻醉下完成^[1]。本文旨在介绍一种喉罩通气全麻下放置气道Y型覆膜内支架的方法。     

气道内Y型金属支架临床应用初探

隆突周围的中央气道复合病变(气管下段、左、右主支气管多支累及)的处理有其特殊性,普通柱状支架放置往往无法解决,Y型支架是较好的选择之一,但Y型支架的置入需特殊的支架设计及特殊的输送系统,对操作者的技术要求较高,故未在临床广泛应用.本研究自2006年至今共进行7例气道内Y型支架置入术,现报道如下.     

硅酮支架与覆膜金属支架并发症的对比观察

目的对照观察硅酮支架与Z型不锈钢覆膜金属支架置入后的并发症,为临床支架的选择提供参考。方法 2014年4月至2015年2月因气道狭窄或气道瘘65例患者置入硅酮支架,77例患者置入覆膜金属支架,术后定期支气管镜检查,观察2个月内两组病例的主要并发症。结果硅酮支架组置入分叉型支架45例、沙漏状支架7例、直筒型支架13例;覆膜支架组置入分叉型支架70例、直筒型支架7例。两组并发症比较:痰液潴留硅酮支架50例(76.9%)、覆膜支架61例(79.2%),相差不显著(P0.05);肉芽增生硅酮支架39例(60.0%)、覆膜支架69例(89.6%),相差显著(P0.01);支架移位:分叉型及沙漏状支架均无移位,直筒型支架移位硅酮支架2例(15.3%)、覆膜支架6例(85.7%),相差显著(P0.01);顽固性咳嗽硅酮支架4例(6.1%)、覆膜支架7例(9.0%),相差不显著(P0.05)。因肉芽增生明显经处理效果差,9例覆膜支架取出支架,硅酮支架未因肉芽增生取出支架。结论硅酮支架与覆膜支架比较,硅酮致肉芽增生较轻,其直筒型移位较少,建议对需长期放置支架的患者,优先考虑硅酮支架。     

球囊导管扩张在良性气道狭窄Dumon支架置入中的应用评价

目的评价良性气道狭窄患者Dumon支架置入中应用球囊导管扩张的疗效和可行性。方法经硬质支气管镜置入Dumon支架治疗20例良性中心气道狭窄患者。支架置入前均予球囊扩张狭窄管腔,置入后再予球囊扩张使之完全膨胀。球囊压力3-5atm,每次持续1-3分钟,共进行3-4次。结果 20例Dumon支架均一次性放置成功,共置入支架20个,其中Y型6个,直筒型12个,沙漏型2个。支架刚释放时均存在完全或部分膨胀不良,予球囊扩张后完全扩张。术中、术后未见大出血、窒息、气道破裂、恶性心血管事件等严重并发症。结论球囊导管可以安全、快速的扩张良性狭窄的气道及膨胀不良的支架,为Dumon支架成功置入创造条件。     

Metal airway stent implantation in children: follow-up of seven children

Long segment malacia of the trachea or main stem bronchi in children is not always suitable for surgical correction; patients may therefore remain ventilator-dependent and/or experience severe obstructive crises. We treated 7 children (ages, 4 months to 9 years) with extreme structural central airway obstruction with stent implantations. Six were mechanically ventilated; 5 had frequent life-threatening obstructive spells requiring deep sedation or paralysis. Diagnoses were: syndrome-associated tracheobronchomalacia (n = 4), malignancy infiltrating the carina (n = 1), congenital tracheal stenosis (n = 1), and tracheobronchial compression by a malpositioned aorta (n = 1). Six tracheal and 13 bronchial stents were endoscopically placed. The prostheses included mesh titan (n = 5), the newer shape memory material nitinol (n = 13), and 1 Y-shaped carina stent. Follow-up was reported for 7 weeks to 72 months. All patients showed marked improvement of their respiratory obstruction. Six children were weaned at least temporarily from ventilation. No significant bleeding, stenosis, or perforation was observed. Seven stents were changed after up to 14 months. Three children are well and at home. In 2 children airway stabilization was successful, but they later died from causes unrelated to stent placement, and 2 children died due to generalized airway disease. Soft metal mesh airway stents can offer a therapeutic option in life-threatening inoperable obstruction of the trachea and main stem bronchi in children.     

Effectiveness and safety of a newly designed partially covered tracheal metallic Y-shaped stent for the treatment of high cervical gastro-tracheal or tracheo-esophageal fistula: A retrospective observational study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a partially covered metallic tracheal Y-shaped stent for the treatment of high cervical gastro-tracheal fistula (GTF) and tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF). From January 2017 to January 2019, 16 patients with high cervical GTF and TEF received partially covered metallic Y-shaped stent placement under fluoroscopic guidance. The technical and clinical success rates, incidence of major complications, and survival outcomes were analyzed. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score and quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire) were compared pre and post stent placement. Technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 81.3%, respectively. Major complications (severe tumor ingrowth, mucostasis, hyperplastic granulation tissue) occurred in 7/16 (43.8%) patients. ECOG score and 5 of the 8 domains of the SF-36 (physical function, role physical, general health, vitality, social function) were significantly improved at 1 month after treatment (P < .01). During the median follow-up period of 8.3 months, 9 patients were alive. Median overall survival was 10.3 months (95% CI, 8.0–12.6). The newly designed partially covered tracheal Y-shaped stent appears to be effective and safe for treatment of high cervical GTF and TEF.     

Impact of a self-expanding, plastic esophageal stent on various esophageal stenoses, fistulas, and leakages: a single-center experience in 39 patients

BACKGROUND: In this study, we describe our experience with the use of a self-expanding, covered, plastic esophageal stent (SEPS). The majority of placements were difficult to treat situations, i.e., proximal or extremely proximal stent release or emergency cases in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients were treated by insertion of a SEPS by endoscopic or radiologic guidance for the following: malignant stenosis (n = 22), malignant fistula (n = 8), benign stenosis after treatment for malignant disease (n = 6), benign fistula (n = 2), and perforation or leakage after surgery of the esophagus (n = 5). RESULTS: Stent placement was technically feasible in all patients. In patients with a stenosis, esophageal passage was achieved in 92.8%. Fistulas, perforations, and leakages were sealed in 73.3%. In 6 patients (15.4%), the stent was electively removed because of the completion of the therapy. Complications included respiratory insufficiency, mediastinal emphysema, and tracheal impression in one patient each; a new fistula in two patients; bleeding in 3 patients; stent-induced ulcers in two patients; and stent migration in 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutical success and the complication rate after SEPS placement are similar to that reported for self-expanding metal stents. In addition, the SEPS can be readily removed, and the costs are significantly lower.     

气道支架植入术在气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘中的应用

目的观察气道支架植入术在气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘中的应用及治疗效果。方法通过对16例食管癌伴气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘患者的定期随访,观察其在进行膜性支架气道内植入术后的情况和治疗效果。结果术后患者呼吸困难即刻明显缓解,进食呛咳消失。仅13例进行了定期随访,平均生存期为13.6个月,13例患者均行术后放射治疗,其中2例患者治疗中发生大咯血死亡,其余11例无进食后呛咳发生,无再发进行性呼吸困难。结论膜性支架治疗气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘,是一项对患者痛苦少、费用低、并发症少、有效的治疗方法 ,值得临床广泛应用。     

覆膜支架治疗颅内动脉疾病的临床分析

目的探讨覆膜支架在治疗颅内动脉疾病中应用的可行性和适应证。方法使用糙膜支架行病变隔绝术治疗20例患者。根据靶血管的直径和病变的长度，选择覆膜支架的直径和长度。共治疗椎动脉颅内段动脉瘤5例、颅底以上颈内动脉动脉瘤7例，经蝶手术致颈内动脉破损1例，外伤件颈内动脉动脉瘤3例、外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘3例、颈内动脉海绵窦段狭窄伴自发性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘1例。共使用覆膜支架21枚，裸支架与覆膜支架联合使用3例。结果一次性成功放置支架17例，病变即刻消失14例，术后复查消失3例，操作失败3例。短暂性轻偏瘫1例。结论合理使用覆膜支架是治疗部分颅内动脉病变的良好手段，但覆膜支架的应用也有一定的局限性。     

Transcatheter Closure of a Peripheral Arteriovenous Fistula: A Unique Use of a Covered Stent in a Child with Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction. This report describes the use of a covered stent to occlude a surgical arteriovenous fistula in a child with complex cyanotic heart disease. Method. A single case report. Results. An Atrium iCAST covered stent was delivered percutaneously to the left axillary artery in an 8‐year‐old child with a failing single‐lung Fontan who had undergone the creation of a surgical axillary arteriovenous fistula to augment pulmonary blood flow. The covered stent completely occluded the fistula, without complications or compromise of arterial flow to the upper extremity. The patient subsequently experienced significant improvement in peripheral edema, ascites and pleural effusions. Conclusion. Although a single case report, this experience suggests a potentially important role for covered stents in the management of children with complex congenital heart disease.     

内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床应用价值

目的探讨内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床价值及食管支架置入术并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析163例晚期食管癌患者内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床资料,其中7例患者为食管癌性狭窄并食管-支气管瘘伴双下肺感染,19例患者为食管癌术后复发吻合口狭窄置入镍钛记忆合金覆膜支架。102例患者由于食管过于狭窄先行食管扩张,再进行内镜下放置食管支架,35例患者直接内镜下置入食管支架。结果 163例患者先后放置174个支架,均一次性置入成功,成功率为100%。163例患者均有不同程度胸痛不适,有32例支架再狭窄,其中19例单纯行支架内球囊扩张,11例于原支架上端内部分重叠再放置一支架,有26例行氩气刀再通治疗。7例患者出现支架移位,有2例支架进入食管瘘管内于次日在内镜下取出支架重新放置。所有病例均未出现食管破裂、食管血肿或出血等严重并发症,术后患者进食能力提高,食管气管瘘闭合。结论内镜下覆膜食管支架置入术是中晚期食管癌性狭窄简单、安全、有效的姑息治疗方法,能提高患者的生活质量,延长患者的生存期。     

重度气道狭窄置放国产镍钛记忆合金支架的方法学研究

目的 对重度气道狭窄患者置放国产镍钛记忆合金支架的方法学进行初步评价.方法 应用全身麻醉下分别采用经喉罩、气管插管或硬质气管镜的方法对2005年11月至2009年4月收入北京大坛医院呼吸科的40例难以在局部麻醉下操作的重症气道狭窄患者置入国产镍钛记忆合金气道支架.结果 40例患者根据病变部位及病变特点选择经喉罩23例,气管插管11例,硬质气管镜6例,并予全身麻醉及机械通气,共放置了42枚支架:气管支架27枚(其中覆膜支架9枚)、左主支气管支架8枚、右主支气管至右中间段支架2枚、气管至左主支气管楔形支架5枚.在全身麻醉、机械通气维持患者各项生命体征的条件下,所有病例都顺利置入,未出现并发症.支架释放后所有病例气道压力即降至正常,同时其他机械通气参数也恢复正常.大部分患者呼吸困难指数分级由Ⅳ～V级改善到0～Ⅱ级.结论 对于重度气道狭窄患者,在全身麻醉下经喉罩、气管插管及硬质气管镜的方法可以顺利放置局部麻醉下难以操作的各种高难度气道支架的置放,并且安全、有效、舒适,值得在临床进一步推广.