Surgical repair of retinal detachment secondary to cytomegalovirus retinitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine preoperative predictors of postoperative visual acuity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and retinal detachment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study design was a retrospective chart review of 38 eyes in 33 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis who had retinal reattachment surgery by pars plana vitrectomy with the use of silicone oil tamponade. Factors considered included: preoperative visual acuity, macular attachment status and CMV activity at the time of surgery, and length of time from diagnosis of retinal detachment to surgical repair. RESULTS: Retinal reattachment was achieved in 37 of 38 eyes. Mean interval from surgery to best corrected visual acuity (VA) was 9 weeks. The mean best corrected post-op VA was 20/70. Approximately half of the patients died within 7 months of the surgery. There was good correlation between preoperative VA and best attained postoperative VA (Spearman's: r = 0.5139, P = 0.001). The interval from retinal detachment to surgery, and best attained postoperative VA did not correlate (Spearman's: r = 0.2339, P=0.158). The lack of macular CMV retinitis correlated well with postoperative VA (P = 0.0066, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative visual acuity and macular attachment status correlates with better postoperative visual acuity results, whereas early surgical repair of retinal detachment does not.     

Prophylactic argon laser coagulation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

· Background: The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reaches 20–45%. Despite aggressive medical treatment, rhegmatogenous retinal detachments develop in up to 30% of the affected eyes. Surgical repair is often difficult due to multiple, large and hardly visible retinal holes with vitreal traction. Pars plana vitrectomy with instillation of silicone oil is the procedure of choice, giving limited functional results with anatomical reattachment. · Methods: We performed prophylactic laser coagulation in AIDS patients with medically treated CMV retinitis to prevent a progressive retinal detachment. Twenty-two quiescent CMV lesions in 22 eyes of 20 patients were treated with argon green laser coagulation. Each CMV lesion was completely surrounded with a double or triple row of laser spots (500–600 μm; 0.2 s; gray-white lesions). · Results: The duration of follow-up was 2–24 months. Histopathologic evaluation was possible in two eyes of one patient. Reactivated or smoldering CMV retinitis crossed the laser scars in 11 eyes, making additional laser coagulation necessary. In four eyes retinal holes in the CMV scar tissue led to retinal detachment, which stopped at the laser scar. In three eyes the detachment is still controlled by the laser scar. In one eye, the detachment stopped at the laser scar for 6.5 months and then slowly progressed across it. There were no complications associated with our laser treatment. · Conclusion: Prophylactic argon laser coagulation in quiescent CMV retinitis seems to reduce the rate of progressive retinal detachment with no need for vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. Received: 25 January 1997 Revised version received: 20 August 1997 Accepted: 1 October 1997     

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Six eyes in four patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis developed retinal holes and retinal detachment. Holes appeared in areas of necrosis and were typically large and round with shaggy edges. Differentiation from exudative detachment was sometimes difficult because of obscuration of the fundus by vitreous haze. Cryotherapy was successful in closing open breaks without detachment; cryotherapy and exoplant surgery were used effectively to treat the initial detachments. The occurrence of massive periretinal proliferation and late development of new areas of hole formation or retinitis complicated therapy for these detachments.     

Prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in treated cytomegalovirus retinitis

Seventeen patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis were treated with the antiviral drug ganciclovir (9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy-methyl]-guanine, DHPG). Eight eyes of five patients developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after initiation of treatment. Multiple breaks in areas of peripheral, healed, atrophic retina accounted for the detachments. All seven eyes that underwent surgery had extensive retinal detachments that were reattached with vitrectomy and silicone oil. Retinotomy and retinal tacks were necessary in two cases that were complicated by severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In the fellow eye of one patient, laser treatment was used prophylactically to wall off a peripheral patch of healed retinitis. Endoretinal biopsies and culture were taken in five eyes; evidence of persistent cytomegalovirus was seen in two cases despite concurrent and clinically effective antiviral therapy.     

Surgical repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in eyes harboring active retinoblastoma

Background: Intraocular surgeries are classically contraindicated for patients with active Retinoblastoma (RB) due to the risk of tumor dissemination. Unfortunately, RB treatment may be complicated by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) that necessitates surgical repair especially in a child who is monocular from enucleation of the contralateral eye.

Objective: To assess the outcome of surgical repair of rhegmatogenous RD in children with RB using non-drainage scleral buckling.

Results: Rhegmatogenous RD was diagnosed in three eyes of three children during treatment of RB; one of which had associated tractional RD. All patients received systemic chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and thermal therapy. RD was present at the site of the most recent cryotherapy in all of the three eyes. RD was repaired externally with a scleral buckling procedure without subretinal fluid drainage in each of the three eyes. The retina reattached completely after surgery in two eyes and only partially in one eye. In one eye, which had the tractional component, complete retinal attachment was not achieved and thus enucleation was performed. Orbital or metastatic retinoblastoma was detected in none of the cases on follow-up at 6–36 months.

Conclusions: Scleral buckling without subretinal fluid drainage is a useful technique for repairing rhegmatogenous RD in eyes with RB mainly in the absence of a tractional component.     

近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离211例

目的 探讨近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的手术方式的选择。方法 对211例216近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离采用单纯玻璃体腔注气术39眼,巩膜环扎和/或外垫压联合注气术118眼,玻璃体切割环扎注气术36眼,玻璃体切割环扎注油术23眼。结果 216眼中1次手术后29眼视网膜未复位,经2-3次手术后仍有9眼视网膜未复位。视力提高151眼(69.9％),不变50眼(23.2％),退步15眼(6.9％)。结论 对近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离应根据其是否并发周边裂孔、黄斑前膜、PVR及视网膜脱离的范围选择手术方式。     

合并脉络膜脱离的孔源性视网膜脱离患者的手术疗效分析

目的 探讨合并脉络膜脱离的孔源性视网膜脱离患者的手术疗效及其影响手术疗效的因素。方法 回顾1996年1月至1998年8月间,本院收治的188例（188只眼）合并脉络膜脱离的孔源性视网膜脱离患者的临床资料,分析患者术前增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（proliferative vitreoretinopathy,PVR）的分级、手术方式、术前糖皮质激素治疗等因素与手术疗效的关系。结果 本组患者手术治愈率为83．0％,低于一般视网膜脱离的治愈率;PVR的A－B组手术治愈率为89．6％,C1－C3级为84．1％,D1－D3级为69．0％;PVR的C1－C3级中,行玻璃体切除术者的手术治愈率高于行巩膜扣带术者;术前糖皮质激素使用者比未使用者手术治愈率高;糖皮质激素使用时间的长短与手术治愈率无关;巩膜扣带术者中,放液与不放液与手术治愈率无关。结论 合并脉络膜脱离的视网膜脱离患者,其视网膜脱离程度严重,PVR发展快,术前应及时给予糖皮质激素治疗,但不能延误手术时机。对PVR的A－B级、脉络膜程度不严重的患者可行巩膜扣带术,尽量不放视网膜下液、不注气;对PVR的C级患者行玻璃体切除术是解决严重脉络膜脱离的有效方法,对脉络膜脱离程度较轻的患者也可行巩膜扣带术;PVR的D级患者应行玻璃体切除术。     

Incidence and management of cataract after retinal detachment repair with silicone oil in immune compromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of and risk factors for cataract and to describe the visual outcomes of cataract surgery in eyes with cytomegalovirus-related retinal detachments repaired with silicone oil. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A prospectively generated database of all patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis examined at a single tertiary care institution was used to identify all cases of retinal detachment between October 1983 and August 1997. Data on retinal detachment repair, development of cataract, and outcomes of cataract surgery were obtained retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 904 eyes of 587 immune-compromised patients diagnosed with cytomegalovirus retinitis, 198 eyes of 155 patients developed retinal detachment. Among these, 106 eyes of 90 patients underwent retinal detachment repair with silicone oil. The Kaplan-Meier estimated median time to cataract was 1.8 months after surgery with silicone oil. The adjusted relative risk of cataract in eyes that underwent retinal detachment repair with silicone oil compared with eyes that did not was 6.74 (P <.0001). Eight of the eyes that developed cataract underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery by phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Among these, six eyes experienced >or=2 lines of improvement in visual acuity. All developed posterior capsule opacification a median of 7 days after cataract surgery. Four of five eyes that that underwent neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy experienced >or=2 lines improvement in visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of cataract after surgery with silicone oil tamponade for cytomegalovirus-related retinal detachment. Posterior capsule opacification occurs rapidly after cataract surgery in these patients.     

合并视网膜下增生的儿童孔源性视网膜脱离手术

目的观察巩膜扣带术和玻璃体切除术两种手术方式治疗先天异常因素所致儿童视网膜脱离的近期疗效。方法儿童48例（56眼）先天异常因素所致视网膜脱离行巩膜扣带术和玻璃体切除术48例（56眼）。结果（1）巩膜扣带术33眼：随访6个月以上一次手术视网膜平伏20眼（60．81％）;残留网膜下液7眼,无效6眼。（2）玻璃体切除手术23眼：随访6个月一次手术视网膜复位14眼（60．86％）;二次手术视网膜复位6眼,3眼视网膜浅脱离,未取硅油。从近期疗效看,两种手术方式的一次手术成功率和视功能恢复程度的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论儿童先天异常因素所致视网膜脱离如增生不重可优先考虑巩膜扣带术,如网膜不能平伏,再行玻璃体切除手术,但远期疗效需待进一步观察。     

Repair of retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Twenty-two eyes of 19 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had pars plana vitrectomy and silicone-oil injection after retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis were studied. All patients but one were monitored until time of death. The postoperative survival time and the factors that predicted anatomic success (retinal attachment) and functional success (visual acuity) were analyzed. No intraoperative complications were encountered. The mean survival time after surgery was four months. Of all of the preoperative and intraoperative factors studied, only the duration of cytomegalovirus retinitis was predictive of survival (P less than .03). The anatomic success rate was 89.5% (17 of 19 patients). None of the factors showed a trend or statistical significance in relation to anatomic success. Fifteen of 19 patients (79%) had lost at least two lines of Snellen visual acuity at time of death. Vision declined in a bimodal pattern (within the first postoperative month and after four months postoperatively). The optic nerve was pink and well perfused preoperatively in 16 of 19 patients (81.8%), but optic-nerve atrophy was observed postoperatively in 18 of 19 patients (95.5%). There was a trend for functional success to be influenced by increased intraocular pressure and optic-nerve atrophy, although our sample size was too small for statistical significance.     

Surgical outcomes in inferior recurrences of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM: To analyze the anatomical and functional outcomes in the inferior recurrences of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) depending on the surgical approach.METHODS: Eighty-one eyes of 81 patients (47 males and 34 females with a mean age of 54.8±14.1y) who demonstrated at least one inferior recurrence of RRD were included in this retrospective study. All patients were categorized as having received either circular scleral buckling (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), a combination of SB and PPV (SB+PPV), PPV with retinotomy (PPV+RT), or PPV+RT and short-term postoperative perfluorocarbon liquid tamponade (PPV+RT+pPFCL). All cases were followed up until successful retinal reattachment or third recurrence. The primary outcome measures were the achievement of the surgical goal without recurrence of RRD and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).RESULTS: After the treatment of the first recurrence, the recurrence rate in the PPV+SB group was statistically significantly lower than that of the PPV (P=0.0012), PPV+RT (P=0.028), or PPV+RT+pPFCL (P=0.047) group. There was no statistically significant difference between PPV+SB, PPV+RT, and PPV+RT+pPFCL groups in the recurrence rate after treatment of the second recurrence (42 eyes). However, there was a statistically significant (P=0.016) trend towards a decrease of recurrence rate after PPV+RT+pPFCL. There was no statistically significant improvement of BCVA in either study group (P>0.05) after both first and second recurrence surgery. The mean time follow-up was 109.0±91.0d before the first recurrence and 210.0±186.6d between previous surgery at second recurrence.CONCLUSION: Patients with first inferior recurrence of RRD may benefit from SB as an adjunct to PPV. RT and short-term pPFCL tamponade in the second recurrence may allow better anatomical outcomes, however, without functional improvement.     

Removal of silicone oil with vision improvement after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS

PURPOSE: To report that silicone oil may be safely removed from immuno-recovered patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after instillation for cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHOD: We report two patients with CMV-related retinal detachment who had previously been treated with vitrectomy and silicone oil. RESULTS: Six months after removal of silicone oil, the retina remained attached in both patients. Without specific anti-CMV therapy, there was no relapse of CMV retinitis while patients were undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in both patients. CONCLUSION: It appears to be possible to remove silicone oil safely from patients with AIDS who show immune recovery, thus avoiding side effects of long-standing silicone oil and increasing quality of life. After silicone oil removal, visual acuity was improved.     

Surgical challenges and outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in albinism

Purpose

To report the outcomes and surgical difficulties during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair in patients with albinism.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 10 eyes of 9 patients with albinism that underwent RRD repair was performed. Collected data included demographic details, preoperative examination details, surgical procedure, surgical difficulties, anatomical, and visual outcomes. Outcome measures were retinal reattachment and visual acuity at the last follow-up.

Results

Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was logMAR (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution) 2.15 (range 0.9–3.0) with preoperative localization of causative break in six eyes. One eye had proliferative vitreoretinopathy grade C1 preoperatively. Four eyes underwent scleral buckling (SB) and six underwent 20G pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil injection. Intraoperative complication as iatrogenic retinal break occurred in four eyes. For retinopexy during vitrectomy, endolaser delivery was possible in three out of six eyes, whereas three eyes had cryopexy. The mean follow-up was 12 months in SB group (range 1–12; median 12 months) and 5.33 months (range 1–12; median 3 months) in PPV group. Among vitrectomized eye, two eyes had recurrence at 3 months with oil in situ. Rest of the eyes had attached retina at last follow-up. Mean BCVA at last follow-up was logMAR −1.46 (range 0.7–2.0) with mean improvement of −0.57 logMAR.

Conclusions

Identification of break, induction of posterior vitreous detachment, and endolaser delivery may be difficult during RRD repair in patients with albinism. The incidence of PVR appeared less in these eyes. Both SB and PPV were efficacious and appear to be good surgical techniques for use in this patient population.