指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点的解剖学研究

目的　模拟指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点的手术方法，验证手术可行性和安全性。 方法　采用8例新鲜成人尸体手标本，用示、中、环指共24指，解剖观测指浅屈肌腱及中央腱、伸肌腱的相关解剖结构。选取12指（示、中、环指各4指）新鲜成人手指标本进行模拟手术，均人为设计中央腱止点断裂。将指浅屈肌腱两侧部分腱束从中节掌侧止点处经指骨钻孔后引至背侧，与背侧中央腱断端编织缝合重建中央腱止点，测量不同缝合间距的PIP（近指间关节）被动伸直角度和被动屈曲角度。 结果　指浅屈肌腱缝合间距大时，被动伸屈角度大，但中央腱和指浅屈肌腱松弛明显；指浅屈肌腱缝合间距小时，被动伸屈角度小，且中央腱和指浅屈肌腱张力大，均不能保证手指被动伸屈活动。指浅屈肌腱的缝合间距在1.5 cm时，PIP的被动屈曲角度约75°，缝合间距在1.0 cm时，PIP的被动屈曲角度约30°，缝合间距在1.0~1.5 cm时，即切取到Camper腱交叉时，PIP被动伸直和屈曲角度最接近手指功能位时的角度。 结论　切取转移的指浅屈肌腱至Camper腱交叉时可以完成中央腱止点重建，供腱损伤小，重建止点是相对安全和可行的。     

指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点的解剖学研究

目的　模拟指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点的手术方法,验证手术可行性和安全性。 方法　采用8例新鲜成人尸体手标本,用示、中、环指共24指,解剖观测指浅屈肌腱及中央腱、伸肌腱的相关解剖结构。选取12指（示、中、环指各4指）新鲜成人手指标本进行模拟手术,均人为设计中央腱止点断裂。将指浅屈肌腱两侧部分腱束从中节掌侧止点处经指骨钻孔后引至背侧,与背侧中央腱断端编织缝合重建中央腱止点,测量不同缝合间距的PIP（近指间关节）被动伸直角度和被动屈曲角度。 结果　指浅屈肌腱缝合间距大时,被动伸屈角度大,但中央腱和指浅屈肌腱松弛明显;指浅屈肌腱缝合间距小时,被动伸屈角度小,且中央腱和指浅屈肌腱张力大,均不能保证手指被动伸屈活动。指浅屈肌腱的缝合间距在1.5 cm时,PIP的被动屈曲角度约75°,缝合间距在1.0 cm时,PIP的被动屈曲角度约30°,缝合间距在1.0~1.5 cm时,即切取到Camper腱交叉时,PIP被动伸直和屈曲角度最接近手指功能位时的角度。 结论　切取转移的指浅屈肌腱至Camper腱交叉时可以完成中央腱止点重建,供腱损伤小,重建止点是相对安全和可行的。     

手部A2滑车的解剖学及Ⅱc亚区内肌腱的滑动

目的 :研究手部指屈肌腱功能最为重要的A2 滑车的解剖学及其所在区域 (Ⅱc亚区 )内肌腱的滑动。方法 :本研究采用 1 0只成人尸体手共 40个手指 ,观察A2 滑车的位置 ,并测定其长度、管径的垂直高度和横径 ;测定指深、浅屈肌腱由Ⅱb亚区向A2 滑车区域以及A2 滑车向Ⅱd亚区的滑动幅度。切开 1 0个中指测定A2 滑车近侧半或远侧半时手指屈曲度总和。结果 :A2 滑车位于的节指骨中部和近侧A2 滑车长度为近节指骨长度的 2 / 3。A2 滑车的中部口径是为细小 ,在手指完全屈曲时 ,几乎整个长度的Ⅱc亚区内指深屈腱滑动至Ⅱd亚区 ,切开A2 滑车近侧或远侧半对手指屈曲功能影响很小。结论 :A2 滑车的解剖学位置和形态特殊 ,A2 滑车中远部份最为细缩 ,部分切开A2 滑车对肌腱功能影响不明显。本研究还提示Ⅱd亚区鞘管对Ⅱc亚区内肌腱功能有很大影响     

指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱止点的解剖研究

目的　通过解剖研究指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱在远节指骨基底掌侧和背侧止点平面的差别,为西摩骨折发生机制提供解剖学依据。 方法　手部残肢10具,其中左手3例,右手7例,均为男性患者,年龄24~58岁。2~5指分别有10指,全部手指无外伤手术史、无畸形。自远节指间关节水平掌侧及背侧分别切开,于末节指骨水平分离各指的指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱,记录其与末节指骨掌侧及背侧关节面的距离,比较指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱在末节指骨掌、背侧的止点水平。 结果　指深屈肌腱止点近端至关节面距离：示指（2.19±0.27）mm,中指（2.50±0.14）mm,环指（2.23±0.16）mm,小指（1.83±0.19）mm;指伸肌腱止点近端至关节面距离：示指（0.12±0.02）mm,中指（0.18±0.02）mm,环指（0.12±0.05）mm,小指（0.06±0.01）mm;各指差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。指深屈肌腱止点中点至关节面距离：示指（3.73±0.45）mm,中指（4.33±0.45）mm,环指（3.53±0.46）mm,小指（3.16±0.41）mm;指伸肌腱止点中点至关节面距离：示指（1.77±0.06）mm,中指（1.76±0.20）mm,环指（1.77±0.06）mm,小指（1.47±0.10）mm;各指差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论　指伸肌腱在末节指骨基底的止点较指深屈肌腱的止点距关节面更近,为西摩骨折的发生机制提供了解剖依据。     

指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱止点的解剖研究

目的　通过解剖研究指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱在远节指骨基底掌侧和背侧止点平面的差别，为西摩骨折发生机制提供解剖学依据。 方法　手部残肢10具，其中左手3例，右手7例，均为男性患者，年龄24~58岁。2~5指分别有10指，全部手指无外伤手术史、无畸形。自远节指间关节水平掌侧及背侧分别切开，于末节指骨水平分离各指的指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱，记录其与末节指骨掌侧及背侧关节面的距离，比较指深屈肌腱及指伸肌腱在末节指骨掌、背侧的止点水平。 结果　指深屈肌腱止点近端至关节面距离：示指（2.19±0.27）mm，中指（2.50±0.14）mm，环指（2.23±0.16）mm，小指（1.83±0.19）mm；指伸肌腱止点近端至关节面距离：示指（0.12±0.02）mm，中指（0.18±0.02）mm，环指（0.12±0.05）mm，小指（0.06±0.01）mm；各指差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。指深屈肌腱止点中点至关节面距离：示指（3.73±0.45）mm，中指（4.33±0.45）mm，环指（3.53±0.46）mm，小指（3.16±0.41）mm；指伸肌腱止点中点至关节面距离：示指（1.77±0.06）mm，中指（1.76±0.20）mm，环指（1.77±0.06）mm，小指（1.47±0.10）mm；各指差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论　指伸肌腱在末节指骨基底的止点较指深屈肌腱的止点距关节面更近，为西摩骨折的发生机制提供了解剖依据。     

指屈肌腱鞘滑车系统的巨微解剖学研究

为揭示手指屈肌腱鞘滑车系统的形态特点，探讨肖车的形态，分布与功能之间的相互关系，对３０只固定手的１２０个手指进行了巨微解剖观测，观测内容包括：滑车系统的构成，各滑车的形态特点，附着部位，宽度及各滑车的体表定位。结果显示：滑车系统由５个环有车、４个交叉滑车和１个掌腱膜车构成；环行滑车几乎都醒定存在，形态变异很小，而交叉滑车不很恒定。形态变异也比较大；Ａ２Ａ４滑车主要附着于近节，中节指骨体，Ａ１、Ａ３     

指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点治疗陈旧性钮孔畸形的疗效分析

目的 探讨应用指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点治疗陈旧性钮孔畸形的临床疗效。方法 选取我院应用指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点的中央腱陈旧性损伤患者11例(11指),观察其术后近指间关节(PIP)的稳定性、PIP及远指间关节(DIP)主动屈伸改善情况、手指钮孔畸形纠正情况、外形满意度等指标,根据Caroli功能评定法评价其临床疗效。结果 术后11例患者(11指)伤口均一期愈合,均无感染及延迟愈合。术后随访3～26个月,平均7个月,PIP均稳定无松动。术后PIP和DIP屈伸活动度优于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。患者手指钮孔畸形基本得到纠正,外形满意率为91. 0%。按照Caroli功能评定法进行评价,优良率为81. 8%。结论 应用指浅屈肌腱束经骨隧道重建中央腱止点治疗陈旧性钮孔畸形临床效果满意,患者手指外形和功能均可获得较好恢复。     

手指伸肌腱Ⅰ区肌腱末节指骨止点与毗邻组织的应用解剖学研究

目的　通过对手指伸肌腱Ⅰ区肌腱末节指骨止点与毗邻组织的解剖研究，为骨性锤状指微型钢板内固定手术提供解剖依据。 方法　解剖观测10例成人尸体上肢手标本，观察指甲根部甲基质、甲根与伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点的解剖关系，测量伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点至甲根、甲基质、关节面距离，测量伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点的宽度，测量末节指骨关节面水平的横径及纵径。显微镜下观察伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点的形态及其与周围组织之间的联系。 结果　甲根近端未能完全覆盖甲基质，甲基质与伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点相距（1.21±0.21）mm，两者之间平铺一层疏松结缔组织。伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点宽度为（6.27±1.23）mm，在关节水平厚度为（1.02±0.21）mm。伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点在肌腱掌侧面至末节指骨关节面（1.22±0.21）mm。末节指骨的关节面水平的横径为（8.00±2.21）mm，纵径为（6.22±1.21）mm。伸肌腱Ⅰ区与远侧指间背侧关节囊联系紧密，显微镜下解剖未见两者之间存在明显的解剖间隙。 结论　末节指骨背侧正中皮肤切口可充分显露伸肌腱Ⅰ区末节指骨止点周围组织结构；在应用微型钩状钢板固定骨性锤状指末节撕脱骨折块时，钢板远端与甲基质部分重叠，需要部分切开甲根及甲基质。伸肌腱Ⅰ区与远侧指间背侧关节囊联系紧密，该处伸肌腱终腱存在类似掌板样纤维软骨组织。     

小儿手指屈肌腱断伤疗效观察

<正> 随诊了术后小儿手指屈肌腱断伤12例(17指),结果指浅屈肌腱着点远端行肌腱吻合者效果较好,掌指关节至近侧指间关节之间行掌长肌腱移植者     

手和脚的屈肌腱的解剖

取经10％福尔马林固定后,又经25％醋酸处理过的指浅、深屈肌腱15对,拇长屈肌腱和(足母)长屈肌腱各5对,作了肉眼解剖观察和组织切片观察。手的指浅屈肌腱初位于指深屈肌腱的掌侧,进而分劈为两半,围绕指深屈肌腱的侧面再转到它的背面。指深屈肌腱的形态变化与指浅屈肌腱分裂所形成的隧道相适应。指深屈肌腱纤维束的排列呈螺旋形扭转。拇((足母))长屈肌腱纤维的排列与指深屈肌腱的相似,这似能进一步论证两者在进化上的同源关系。在拇((足母))长屈肌腱的两侧均有较明显的侧束。而腱形态上的改变是由于腱纤维束排列上的变化所致。本文所见腱纤维束的扭转和交织,提示它使腱更为坚韧,也便于肌力的传递。一般说来,腱的坚韧程度与腱纤维的排列方式有关,而其肌肉的作用力又和腱的强弱有关。本文还讨论了“穿肌腱”的来源问题。     

Bony palmar ridges of the phalanges of the human fingers

Purpose

On imaging studies, bony ridges can be seen at the palmar aspect of the phalanges of the fingers. Our purpose was to address the following: (1) which structures insert on to the ridges and what is the histological appearance? (2) Is there a difference between the different fingers? (3) Is there a correlation between the ridges and age?

Materials and methods

Two observers retrospectively evaluated 270 radiographs (135 men; 135 women; mean age 44 years), and 33 CT scans (22 men; 11 women; mean age 46 years). Three cadaveric hands were also studied. The ridges were graded using a 4-point scale. A Chi-square test was used to compare the different fingers (p < 0.05) and to study the prominence of the ridges in relation to age (p < 0.05).

Results

On histology with routine stains the A2 pulley was inserted on the ridges of the proximal phalanx, and the flexor superficialis and A4 pulley on the ridges of the middle phalanx. On histology, the insertion showed a transition zone consisting of fibrocartilage. The prominence of the ridges was significantly different between fingers with III and IV categorized higher than II and III. There was a significant correlation with age for all fingers except for the middle phalanx of II and III.

Conclusion

The bony palmar ridges have characteristics of enthesophytes. They correspond to the insertion site of the A2 pulley, and the flexor superficialis tendon and A4 pulley, at the proximal and middle phalanx, respectively. The ridges become more prominent with age, and their prominence is different between the fingers with III and IV categorized higher than II and V.     

Anomalous flexor of the little finger

We report an anomalous palmar muscle belly of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (FDS) in the right hand of an 80-year-old female cadaver. The muscle originated from the center of the volar surface of the flexor retinaculum and inserted onto the palmar aspect of the base of the middle phalanx of the little finger. Its tendon of insertion divided into two bands, a pattern typical of the FDS tendon, between which the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus muscle to the little finger passed. The tendon of the usual antebrachial FDS to the little finger was absent. The anomalous muscle belly was innervated by a branch from the median nerve.     

Anomalous muscle belly to the index finger.

An unusual variation of flexor digitorum superficialis was observed during the cadaver dissection. The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) had a normal origin and insertion, except to the index finger, where a muscle belly replaced the tendon of FDS. The unusual muscle belly originated as a continuation of FDS tendon in the carpal tunnel and inserted normally into the middle phalanx. A branch of the median nerve innervated the anomalous muscle belly. The anomalous muscle belly described here should be considered in the aetiology of carpal tunnel syndrome.     

The fourth lumbrical muscle in the hand: a variation of insertion on the fifth finger

Usually the four lumbrical muscles arise from the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and insert into the extensor expansions on the radial side of the corresponding fingers. This special case showed a very rare variation of a unipennate fourth lumbrical muscle of the right hand; the muscle fibre bundles originated on the radial side of the flexor digitorum profundus and coursed horizontal on its radial side, deep to the palmar aponeurosis and in front of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament over the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint. At the level of this joint, its tendon divided into one radial and one ulnar slips. Both heads surrounded the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles, and found their insertion into the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, as well as their bony attachment into the proximal and even more into the middle phalanx.     

Epifascial accessory palmaris longus muscle

In hand reconstructive surgery the palmaris longus muscle is one of the most utilized donor site for tendon reconstruction procedures. However, its anatomic position is variable and anatomic variations may be responsible for median nerve compression. We report the case of a 40-year-old, right-handed woman, who presented with numbness and paresthesias in the palm and in the flexor aspect of the first, second, and third fingers of her right hand for the preceding 5 months, coinciding with increase of office work (typing). The clinical examination and radiological investigations (ultrasound and magnetic resonance) revealed a subcutaneous mass (15 mm x 2.3 mm x 6 cm), with a lenticular shape and definite edges at the level of the volar aspect of the distal third of the forearm. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed the presence of striated muscle fibers. During surgery, a muscle belly was found in the epifascial plane. This muscle originated from subcutaneous septa in the middle forearm and inserted on to the superficial palmar aponeurosis with fine short tendon fibers. Exposure of the antebrachial fascia did not reveal any area of weakness or muscle herniation. The palmaris longus tendon, flexor digitorum superficialis tendons, and flexor carpi radialis tendon showed usual topography under the antebrachial fascia. The accessory muscle was excised and histology revealed unremarkable striated muscle fibers, limited by a thin connective sheath. The presence of an accessory palmaris longus (APL) located in the epifascial plane could be ascribed to an unusual migration of myoblasts during the morphogenesis. Although extremely rare, APL is worth bearing in mind as a possible cause of median nerve compression and etiology of a volar mass in the distal forearm.