罗格列酮减轻糖基化终产物诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙化

目的观察糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)对血管平滑肌细胞钙化的影响以及罗格列酮对这种影响的干预作用,探讨罗格列酮在血管钙化产生中的作用。方法在含10mmol.L-1β-甘油磷酸培养液中加入200mg·mL-1的AGE-BSA及不同浓度(10-7mol.L-1～10-5mol.L-1)的罗格列酮体外培养大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,采用磷酸苯二钠法检测碱性磷酸酶活性,甲-酚酞络合酮方法测定细胞层钙含量,RT-PCR检测骨桥蛋白mRNA表达,Western blotting检测骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,AGE-BSA组细胞层钙含量增加、碱性磷酸酶活性升高,细胞OPNmRNA表达升高,OPN蛋白表达增加(P<0.01);10-7mol.L-1～10-5mol.L-1罗格列酮可抑制AGE-BSA对细胞的上述影响(P<0.01)。结论AGEs可促进血管平滑肌细胞钙化,罗格列酮可减轻AGEs对细胞的上述影响。     

自噬在晚期糖基化终产物诱导的内皮细胞凋亡中的作用

目的: 研究晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)自噬水平的影响并探讨自噬在AGEs诱导的内皮细胞凋亡中的作用。方法: 用AGEs处理HUVECs,相同条件牛血清白蛋白处理为对照组,Western blotting检测相应蛋白表达的变化,电镜观察细胞自噬体的出现,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,MTT比色法测定细胞活性。结果: AGEs处理HUVECs后,自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表达显著上调并呈时间和浓度依赖性,电镜观察到细胞胞浆内自噬体数量增加;与对照组比较,AGEs处理组内皮细胞凋亡率增加,活性下降,自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤预处理的AGEs组细胞活性较AGEs组进一步下降,凋亡率继续增加。AGEs处理HUVECs后,蛋白激酶B(Akt)和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)的磷酸化水平也明显下调, Akt激活剂胰岛素样生长因子1预处理后,Akt的磷酸化水平增加,自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的增高表达被抑制。结论: AGEs通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR介导的信号通路诱导HUVECs自噬水平升高。自噬在AGEs诱导的内皮细胞凋亡中对细胞起保护作用。     

白介素10抑制晚期糖基化终产物诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的：观察重组人白介素10（rhIL-10）对晚期糖基化终产物刺激下离体大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响。方法：体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞，应用不同浓度的AGE分别刺激VSMCs并设立对照组进行比较，将不同剂量的rhIL-10与AGE共同作用并设立对照组进行比较，采用MTS/PES法确定血管平滑肌细胞的增殖程度。结果：与对照组相比，晚期糖基化终产物对血管平滑肌细胞增殖具有明显的刺激作用（P<0.05）。rhIL-10单独应用对血管平滑肌细胞生长没有影响（P>0.05）。在晚期糖基化终产物刺激下，rhIL-10可明显抑制血管平滑肌细胞的生长（P<0.05）。结论：结果提示rhIL-10可抑制晚期糖基化终产物诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖。     

The role of ERK signaling in protein hydrogel remodeling by vascular smooth muscle cells

Collagen type I and fibrin hydrogels have been used for cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. These matrices can be broken down and remodeled by cells, but the effects that these proteins have on cell function are not completely understood. We examined activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in response to 2D and 3D matrices of type I collagen, fibrin, or a 1:1 composite mixture of these proteins. After 3 days of culture, ERK phosphorylation, osteopontin secretion, and MMP-2 activation were all markedly increased in 3D matrices, compared with 2D substrates. A strong positive correlation existed between these protein markers of the synthetic phenotype and phosphorylated ERK levels, and this relationship persisted across matrix geometries and compositions. Cell proliferation in 3D matrices was inversely correlated to ERK activation, while on 2D substrates a modest positive correlation was observed. Pharmacologic inhibition of ERK signaling confirmed that this pathway was involved in the observed phenotype shifts. This study suggests that contextual activation of the ERK pathway results in different effects on cell phenotype, depending on the geometry and composition of the ECM. These findings add to our understanding of cell function and remodeling in protein-based hydrogel biomaterials.     

Possible involvement of altered RGD sequence in reduced adhesive and spreading activities of advanced glycation end product-modified fibronectin to vascular smooth muscle cells

Although fibronectin (FN) modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been shown to contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications through its reduced adhesive activity to vascular cells, little is known about changes in the cell binding domain of AGE-modified FN. Here we examined the mechanism of reduced adhesive and spreading activities of AGE-modified FN to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), particularly the contribution of modification of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. Incubation with glucose caused not only the formation of N(epsilon) -carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine, but also polymerization of FN in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AGE-modified FN had significantly low adhesive and spreading activities to cultured SMCs. On the other hand, multimeric FN formed by disulfide bonds did not show any effect on either cell adhesion or spreading. The adhesive activity of type I collagen, one of the RGD sequence-containing proteins, to SMCs also decreased by AGE-modification. The inhibitory effect of AGE-modification on cell adhesion was significantly greater in type I collagen than in FN. Although the extent of AGE-modification of type I collagen was indistinguishable from that of FN, AGE-modification decreased the arginine content of type I collagen by 69.5% and of FN by 30.6%, compared with their non-glycated forms. The addition of RGD peptides caused a decrease in adhesion of SMCs to non-glycated FN, but not to AGE-modified FN. Modification of RGD sequence with glyoxal eliminated its inhibitory effect on cell adhesion. Our results suggest that a marked decrease in adhesive and spreading activities of AGE-modified FN to SMCs might largely be due to a modification of its RGD sequence by AGE, thus suggesting a potential link between AGE modification of FN and the pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy.     

ERK促进大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞Smad7表达

研究表明,在多种细胞,转化生长因子(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)/Smad与细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(extra cellalar signal regulated protein,ERK)信号传导通路可在多个环节存在相互调节[1].但在血管平滑肌细胞(vascu-lar smooth muscle cells,VSMCs),这两条通路是否存在类似关系,作为抑制性分子Smad7的作用目前还不清楚.本研究观察大鼠胸主动脉VSMCs内ERK通路对Smad7蛋白及其mRNA表达的影响.     

Smad protein and TGF-beta signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a role in vascular remodeling by stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth and matrix-protein synthesis at sites of vascular injury. Smad proteins have been shown to mediate intracellular signaling of this growth factor. We investigated the expression and phosphorylation of Smads in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In addition, we evaluated the effects of overexpression of Smad proteins on TGF-beta signal transduction by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. In rat SMC, Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4 and Smad5 were detected by immunoprecipitation. Using antisera against phosphorylated Smad2, we showed that TGF-beta1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Using adenovirus-mediated transfection method, we demonstrated that overexpression of Smad2 or Smad4 was associated with an increased production of TGF-beta1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). However, the most prominent expression of PAI-1 was observed upon cotransfection of both Smad2 and Smad4. Both the proliferative effect of TGF-beta1 under serum-free conditions and its anti-proliferative effect under serum-rich conditions were suppressed by the adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Smad7. These results indicated that Smads proteins were expressed in vascular SMC and that they mediated TGF-beta signaling in those cells.     

Minodronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells by suppressing reactive oxygen species generation

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the senescent macroprotein derivatives that form in increased amounts in diabetes, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Indeed, AGEs elicit oxidative stress generation in vascular wall cells through an interaction with their receptor (RAGE), thus playing an important role in vascular inflammation and altered gene expression of growth factors and cytokines. We have previously shown that minodronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, blocked the angiogenic signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor in ECs through its antioxidative properties. However, the effects of minodronate on AGE-exposed ECs remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether and how minodronate could inhibit AGE-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Minodronate or an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, completely inhibited the AGE-induced ROS generation in HUVEC. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate reversed the antioxidative properties of minodronate in AGE-exposed ECs. Furthermore, minodronate was found to prevent AGE-induced nuclear factor--KB activation and subsequently suppress VCAM-1 gene expression in HUVEC. These results demonstrate that minodronate could inhibit VCAM- 1 expression in AGE-exposed ECs by suppressing NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation, probably via inhibition of geranylgeranylation of Rac, a component of endothelial NADPH oxidase. Our present study suggests that minodronate may have a therapeutic potential in the treatment of patients with diabetic vascular complications.     

Mitogenic signaling pathways in airway smooth muscle

Increased airway smooth muscle mass has been demonstrated in patients with asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and most recently, cystic fibrosis. These observations emphasize the need for further knowledge of the events involved in airway smooth muscle mitogenesis and hypertrophy. Workers in the field have developed cell culture systems involving tracheal and bronchial myocytes from different species. An emergent body of literature indicates that mutual signal transduction pathways control airway smooth muscle cell cycle entry across species lines. This article reviews what is known about mitogen-activated signal transduction in airway myocytes. The extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathways appear to be key positive regulators of airway smooth muscle mitogenesis; recent studies have also demonstrated specific roles for reactive oxygen and the JAK/STAT pathway. It is also possible that growth factor stimulation of airway smooth muscle concurrently elicits signaling through negative regulatory intermediates such as p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) delta, conceivably as a defense against extreme growth.     

钙依赖中性蛋白酶和半胱天冬酶-3在辛伐他汀诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的:观察辛伐他汀(simvastatin)诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)凋亡及可能参与其中的凋亡信号通路的研究, 探讨他汀类药物可能的非调脂抗动脉粥样硬化作用机制。方法:体外培养VSMC, 荧光分光光度仪检测钙依赖中性蛋白酶(calpain)活性;Western印迹杂交法检测半胱天冬酶-3(caspase-3)的激活;基因组DNA凝胶电泳、流式细胞仪PI/AnnexinV双重染色等鉴定细胞凋亡。结果:30μmol/Lsimvastatin刺激8h后, calpain活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05, n=4), 12h后达对照的3倍以上(P<0.01);caspase-3的20kD活性亚基在30μmol/Lsimvastatin刺激12h后直至48h均可检测到, 而对照组及simvastatin刺激2h均未见caspase-3的20kD条带;calpain特异性抑制剂PD150606可显著抑制simvastatin诱导的VSMC凋亡, 100μmol/LPD150606与30μmol/Lsimvastatin共同刺激细胞24h后, 流式细胞仪检测凋亡率为9.5%±1.9%, 显著低于simvastatin单独刺激的24.2%±1.7%(P＜0.01, n=4)。DNA梯度现象亦被抑制。同时PD150606也能有效抑制simvastatin诱导的caspase-3激活。结论:Simvastatin诱导大鼠VSMC凋亡可能是通过calpain并进而激活caspase-3来达到的。     

叶酸通过下调ERK1/2信号通路抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移

目的:探讨叶酸(folic acid,FA)对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖和迁移的影响及其机制。方法:取SD大鼠的主动脉,采用组织贴块法培养VSMCs,随机分组进行实验。采用CCK-8和Ed U法检测叶酸对VSMCs活力和增殖能力的影响。采用划痕实验和Transwell法检测叶酸对VSMCs迁移和侵袭的影响。采用Western blot法检测细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)蛋白表达以及血小板源性生长因子受体(PDGFR)和细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)蛋白的磷酸化水平。结果:叶酸抑制血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)诱导的VSMCs的活力,并呈浓度依赖性(P0.05)。叶酸抑制PDGF诱导的VSMCs的迁移,并呈浓度依赖性(P0.05)。叶酸降低PCNA表达和PDGFR磷酸化水平,并抑制PDGF激活的ERK1/2信号通路。结论:叶酸降低PDGF诱导的VSMCs PCNA和p-PDGFR蛋白水平,下调ERK1/2信号通路,从而抑制VSMCs的增殖和迁移。     

氟伐他汀抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞迁移的机制

目的:研究氟伐他汀抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)与血小板源性生长因子-BB(PDGF-BB)诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)迁移的可能机制。方法:采用体外培养大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞;用特异性单克隆磷酸化热休克蛋白27(phospho-HSP27)抗体的Western blotting检测HSP27的活性;用FITC-鬼笔环肽标记F-actin并在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞骨架的形态变化;采用改良的Boyden微孔膜双槽法进行细胞迁移实验。结果:AngⅡ和PDGF-BB呈浓度依赖性诱导VSMCs的HSP27磷酸化,使VSMCs内F-actin数量明显增加,纵向平行排列,形成应力纤维丝,并促进细胞迁移。100μmol/L HSP27阻断剂槲皮素可阻抑AngⅡ、PDGF-BB刺激VSMCs后产生的应力纤维丝形成,对AngⅡ、PDGF-BB诱导的VSMCs迁移的抑制率分别为55.3%和53.6%,P0.01。氟伐他汀抑制AngⅡ和PDGF-BB诱导的HSP27磷酸化,并有量效关系,抑制作用在10-5mol/L时最显著,最大抑制率分别为42.1%和58.5%,P0.01。结论:氟伐他汀可能通过抑制HSP27磷酸化影响VSMCs的迁移。     

Akt、ERK1/2活化在脑源性神经营养因子促血管新生中的作用

目的： 探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF) 促进血管新生的作用及其参与的信号通路,为抗肿瘤血管生成的研究提供新的实验依据。 方法: 以人脐静脉内皮细胞为对象,采用Western 印迹方法检测细胞内磷酸化Akt、ERK1/2蛋白质的表达； 采用Transwell小室迁移实验、管腔形成实验评价体外内皮细胞血管新生的能力，MTT法检测内皮细胞增殖 活性，FITC-Annexin-Ⅴ/PI双染流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡。 结果: BDNF以时间依赖性方式激活PI3K/Akt 和MEK1/ERK信号通路。分别应用PI3K激酶抑制剂Ly294002、 MEK1激酶抑制剂PD98059可以明显阻断BDNF对PI3K/Akt、MEK1/ERK信号通路的激活。100 μg/L 的BDNF体 外促内皮细胞血管新生能力与 25 μg/L 血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）相当， 其中BDNF诱导的细胞迁移分 别被Ly294002和PD98059阻断，其抑制率分别约为74%和36%；同样，Ly294002、PD98059可部分阻断BDNF诱 导的小管形成效应，其阻断率分别约57%和37%；而BDNF的促增殖效应仅被PD98059拮抗，抑制凋亡效应仅受Ly294002影响。 结论: BDNF在体外有促血管新生的作用。PI3K/Akt 和MEK1/ERK信号通路以不同机制共同调节这一过程,其中PI3K/Akt信号通路起着更为重要的调节作用。     

金属硫蛋白抑制同型半胱氨酸诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的:研究金属硫蛋白(MT)对同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(vascularsmoothmusclecells,VSMCs)增殖的影响及其作用机制。方法:以[³H]-TdR掺入法测定VSMCs增殖程度,免疫沉淀法测定VSMCs内丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)活性,[¹⁰⁹Cd]-血红蛋白饱和法测定MT含量,硫代巴比妥酸法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量,NADH氧化法测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出量。结果:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4mmol/L)呈浓度依赖性的刺激培养大鼠VSMCs[³H]-TdR掺入,0.1mmol/LHcy刺激[³H]-TdR掺入比对照组高4.2倍(P＜0.01)。Hcy亦呈浓度依赖性地激活VSMCsMAPK活性、增加细胞MDA的生成和LDH的漏出(P均<0.01)。单独MT孵育,对VSMCs的上述指标均无明显影响(P＞0.05)。但MT(10^-6-10^-4mol/L)呈浓度依赖性抑制100μmol/LHcy的促增殖效应(r=0.98,P＜0.01)。MT显著抑制Hcy对VSMCs的MAPK活性、MDA生成和LDH漏出的激活作用(均P＜0.01)。以0.5mmol/LZnCl₂预孵育6h后,VSMCsMT含量比非诱导细胞高5.7倍(P＜0.01),这种内源性MT高表达的细胞,显著抵抗Hcy刺激的-TdR掺入和MAPK激活;抑制Hcy的促细胞MDA生成与LDH漏出效应(均P＜0.01)。结论:MT能有效抑制Hcy促大鼠VMSCs增殖作用,其机制可能与MT拮抗Hcy对MAPK的激活和其抗氧化作用有关。     

Skin advanced glycation end product accumulation and muscle strength among adult men

Aging is associated with decreased skeletal muscle function. Increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in skeletal muscle tissue are observed with advancing age and in diabetes. Although serum AGE level is negatively associated with grip strength in elderly people, it is unknown whether this association is present in adult males. To determine the relationship between AGE accumulation in tissue and muscle strength and power among Japanese adult men. Skin autofluorescence (AF) (a noninvasive method for measuring tissue AGEs), grip strength (n = 232), and leg extension power (n = 138) were measured in Japanese adult men [median (interquartile range) age, 46.0 (37.0, 56.0) years]. After adjustment for potential confounders, the adjusted means [95% confidence interval (CI)] for grip strength across the tertiles of skin AF were 44.5 (43.2, 45.9) kg for the lowest tertile, 42.0 (40.6, 43.3) kg for the middle tertile, and 41.7 (40.3, 43.1) kg for the highest tertile (P for trend < 0.01). Moreover, the adjusted geometric means (95% CI) of leg extension power across the tertiles of skin AF were 17.8 (16.6, 19.1) W/kg for the lowest tertile, 17.5 (16.4, 18.7) W/kg for the middle tertile, and 16.0 (14.9, 17.1) W/kg for the highest tertile (P for trend = 0.04). Among Japanese adult men, participants with higher skin AF had lower muscle strength and power, indicating a relationship between AGE accumulation and muscle strength and power. A long-term prospective study is required to clarify the causality.     

S-亚硝基谷胱苷肽对糖基化终产物诱导的大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞增生的影响

为探讨脂溶性NO前体药物S 亚硝基谷胱苷肽 (S nitrosoglutathione ,GSNO)对糖基化终产物 (advancedglycosyla tionendproducts ,AGEs)诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增生的影响 ,利用体外培养的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞 ,用MTT法、同位素掺入法及细胞计数法测定其增殖率的变化 ,观察不同浓度的AGEs对血管平滑肌细胞的增殖的影响以及不同浓度的GSNO对AGEs作用的预防和逆转作用。MTT法测定的OD值、3 H 胸腺嘧碇核苷 (3 H TDR)掺入量、细胞计数均显示AGEs可以使血管平滑肌细胞数明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而用GSNO干预后 ,AGEs的上述作用被明显抑制 (P <0 0 5 )。提示NSNO可以抑制AGEs诱导的血管平滑肌细胞的增殖     

Synchronous activation of ERK 1/2, p38mapk and PKB/Akt signaling by H2O2 in vascular smooth muscle cells: potential involvement in vascular disease (review)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a host of vascular abnormalities such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and in restenosis followed by balloon angioplasty. However, the molecular mechanism by which oxidative stress causes these abnormalities remains poorly characterized. Recent studies have shown that exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) with H2O2, to mimic oxidative stress, activates components of growth promoting and proliferative signal transduction pathways. These components include mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and are believed to be key players mediating growth, proliferation, hypertrophy, migration, survival and death of VSMC. We provide a brief overview of the effect of H2O2 on MAPKs and PKB/Akt signaling in VSMC in relation to their potential role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases.     

Resveratrol inhibits angiotensin II-induced ERK1/2 activation by downregulating quinone reductase 2 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Our previous studies showed that resveratrol could inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and repress mRNA and protein expression of quinone reductase 2 (NQO2).This study further explored the potential mechanisms whereby resveratrol inhibits the proliferation of rat VSMCs.Lentiviral vectors that incorporated NQO2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were constructed and transduced into rat VSMCs.The cell proliferation was detected using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay.Cultured rat VSMCs were stimulated with angiotensin II and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using a ROS assay kit.A realtime quantitative PCR was used to detect NQO2 mRNA levels.Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and NQO2 protein expression were determined by Western blotting analysis.The inhibitory effect of resveratrol (10 and 50 μmol/L) on the proliferation of rat VSMCs in the NQO2 siRNA group was significantly weaker than that in the normal and scrambled siRNA group (P < 0.01).The ROS level in the NQO2 siRNA and resveratrol (50 μmol/L) treatment groups were lower than that in the normal and scrambled siRNA groups (P < 0.01 in both).Compared with the normal and scrambled siRNA group,the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was significantly decreased in the NQO2 siRNA and resveratrol (50 μmol/L) treatment group (P < 0.01 in both).In conclusion,high concentration of resveratrol inhibits angiotensin II-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and subsequent proliferation by down-regulation of NQO2 in cultured rat VSMCs.