俯卧位面部支架的研制及在玻璃体填充术后患者舒适护理中的应用

目的 提高玻璃体填充术后患者的舒适度.方法 将90例玻璃体填充术后患者随机分为观察组和对照组各45例.对照组术后胸前及前额各垫一软枕,双上肢自然放于头部两侧.观察组术后胸前垫一软枕,面部采用自行设计的俯卧位面部支架支撑.运用自制量表观察并记录两组患者舒适度的主客观指标.结果 观察组俯卧维持时间、俯卧睡眠时间及舒适度自我评价显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01),术后强迫体位所致的胸闷、胸骨痛、颈肩部酸痛、肢体麻木等不适显著减少(均P＜0.01).结论 俯卧位面部支架能有效提高玻璃体填充术后患者的舒适度,巩固手术疗效.     

重症眼表疾病患者结膜角膜缘异体移植的护理

目的探讨充气式颈椎牵引器应用于玻璃体切割联合填充物术后的方法及效果。方法将玻璃体切割术后需面向下体位的80例患者随机均分为观察组和对照组。对照组予常规俯卧体位，观察组使用气垫作为额面部支撑。观察两组俯卧位的时间、不适反应发生情况及患者舒适度。结果观察组保持俯卧体位时间显著长于对照组（P〈0．01），眼睑水肿发生情况及舒适度显著优于对照组（均P〈0．01）；颈腰疼痛出现的时间显著长于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论充气式颈椎牵引器应用于玻璃体切割术后俯卧体位支撑减少了不适反应，增加了患者的舒适度．有利于患者术后康复。     

玻璃体切割术后充气式颈椎牵引器的应用

目的 探讨充气式颈椎牵引器应用于玻璃体切割联合填充物术后的方法及效果.方法 将玻璃体切割术后需面向下体位的80例患者随机均分为观察组和对照组.对照组予常规俯卧体位,观察组使用气垫作为额面部支撑.观察两组俯卧位的时间、不适反应发生情况及患者舒适度.结果 观察组保持俯卧体位时间显著长于对照组(P＜0.01),眼睑水肿发生情况及舒适度显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01);颈腰疼痛出现的时间显著长于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 充气式颈椎牵引器应用于玻璃体切割术后俯卧体位支撑减少了不适反应,增加了患者的舒适度,有利于患者术后康复.     

玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术后缩短俯卧位时间对疗效的影响

目的提高高度近视眼黄斑裂孔源性视网膜脱离患者行玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术后体位的舒适性。方法将63例(63眼)患者按入院时段分为对照组35例(35眼)和观察组28例(28眼)。对照组术后俯卧位2周;观察组术后俯卧3d,术后第4天开始采取面部朝下自由体位。均于术后1周出院(对照组在家继续俯卧位1周),术后3个月取出硅油后评价效果。结果两组视网膜复位率、黄斑裂孔愈合率及视力改善程度比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);舒适度评分及睡眠状况评分观察组在第4天、第7天显著优于对照组(均P0.01)。结论玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术后患者适当缩短俯卧位时间不会影响疗效,且可有效改善睡眠、提高患者舒适度。     

护理干预对视网膜脱离术后患者俯卧位及负性情绪的影响

目的提高复杂性视网膜病变患者术后俯卧位舒适度,尽量让患者遵医嘱保持特殊体位,减轻负性情绪,利于术后恢复。方法将100例行玻璃体切割患者随机分成两组,对照组（40例）采用常规护理,干预组（60例）在此基础上实施系统的护理干预,包括体位干预、放松训练等。结果干预组患者能完全遵医嘱保持特殊体位情况显著优于对照组,SDS、SAS评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论对复杂性视网膜病变术后俯卧位患者实施护理干预,能提高患者舒适度,减轻焦虑、抑郁情绪,延长遵医嘱保持特殊体位的时间。利于术后康复。     

强化体位知识教育对玻璃体切割术后患者舒适度的影响

目的探讨强化体位知识教育对玻璃体切割术后特殊体位患者舒适度的影响。方法将60例玻璃体切割术后要求特殊体位的患者随机分为对照组和观察组各30例。两组患者均在术前1d行常规术前指导,观察组在此基础上行强化特殊体位知识教育,包括健康教育,示范正确的特殊体位姿势,在不影响病情的前提下,术前每天练习头面部向下的特殊体位30min;帮助患者选择适宜的辅助器具等。结果两组术后24h舒适度差异主要体现在面部表情上（P〈0．01）;两组颈痛、肩痛、腰痛、眼睑肿胀及球结膜水肿发生率,睡眠状态及时间,健康教育满意度等项目比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论玻璃体切割手术后患者舒适度与健康知识教育有较大关系,强化体位知识教育可以提高玻璃体切割术后患者的舒适度。     

凡士林纱垫预防俯卧位手术患者头面部皮肤损伤效果观察

目的 探讨凡士林纱垫预防全麻俯卧位手术患者头面部皮肤损伤的效果。方法 将100例全麻俯卧位手术的患者随机分成观察组和对照组各50例，对照组在头面部受压处垫棉垫保护，观察组采用自制凡士林纱垫。结果 观察组预防皮肤损伤的效果显著优于对照组（P〈O．01）。结论 使用凡士林纱垫预防全麻俯卧位手术患者头面部皮肤损伤效果好，能减轻患者的痛苦。     

术前体位练习在玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术患者中的应用

目的延长玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术后患者面向下体位的保持时间,提高患者被迫卧位期间的舒适度。方法将60例(60眼)行玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术的视网膜脱离患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。对照组按术前常规护理;观察组于术前3d在护士指导下依次练习床上俯卧位、床旁头低坐位、床上头低坐位及站立头低位。结果观察组术后遵医嘱体位控制率及舒适度显著优于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论术前多种体位练习有利于提高玻璃体切割联合硅油填充术后患者遵医体位控制率和舒适度。     

复杂性视网膜脱离患者术后的舒适护理

目的 减轻复杂性视网膜脱离患者行玻璃体切除联合硅油或气体填充术后强迫体位导致的不适，减少术后并发症。方法 将60例患者随机分为对照组和观察组各30例。对照组术后行常规护理；观察组在此基础上予以颈肩、背部及肢体按摩，针对性宣教与沟通，指导深呼吸训练和听音乐。对耐受力差者实行俯卧位，床上及床下头低坐位和站立头低位交替。术后2周进行评价。结果 两组除对卧位及持续时间的正确认知2项外，焦虑状态、舒适度及眼部各项反应指标比较，差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．05）。结论 舒适护理可显著减轻患者术后强迫体位导致的不适与痛苦，减少术后并发症。     

肝硬化门脉高压症介入断流术后提高患者舒适度的护理

目的提高肝硬化门脉高压症介入断流术术后患者的舒适度。方法将160例行介入断流术术后患者随机分对照组与观察组，各80例。对照组按传统方法护理，即于介入断流术后卧床24h，卧床期间按常规行腰背部按摩等；观察组在此基础上增加针对性心理护理、体征护理、饮水与排尿护理及并发症的观察等。结果患者舒适度观察组显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），除穿刺部位血肿外，术后48h不良反应及并发症发生率观察组显著低于对照组（均P〈0．01）。结论综合护理干预可有效提高患者治疗期间的舒适度。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.