小于胎龄儿血生化营养指标研究

为提高小于胎龄儿今后的生活质量,探讨其出生后即刻血生化指标的变化,以正确评价小于胎龄儿出生时营养状况,对我科2000年1月～2005年5月出生的早产小于胎龄儿、足月小于胎龄儿、足月适于胎龄儿的血生化营养指标进行比较,现将结果总结如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料早产小于胎龄儿(A组)27例,胎龄30～36(33.04±1.51)周,体重1020～1565(1235.67±145.57)g;足月小于胎龄儿(B组)35例,胎龄37～41(38.33±1.06)周,体重1500～2000(1801.67±123.99)g;足月适于胎龄儿(C组)30例,胎龄37～41(38.87±1.31)周,体重2595～3885(3331.94±363.20)g。出生时…     

Ponderal index as a predictor of neonatal morbidity in small for gestational age infants

Seventy four consecutively born small for gestational age infants (birth weight<10th centile) were classified into two groups based on the nutritional status at birth as determined by the ponderal index (weight gm/length cm³×100). All the infants had a ponderal index below the 50th centile. The disproportionately grown infants (52·7%) (PI<3rd centile) were more frequently affected by birth asphyxia, polycythemia and hypothermia than their more proportionately grown (47·3%) (PI>10th centile) counterparts. Thus the identification of disproportionately grown small-for-gestational age infants, which constitute a high risk group among the small-for-gestational age infants, is important at birth.     

Longitudinal follow-up of growth in children born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was followed in a population-based group of 123 small-for-gestational-age (SGA, birth weight < -2 SD) children (66 boys and 57 girls) to four years of age in order to determine the incidence and time of catch-up growth. Gestational age was determined by ultrasound in gestational weeks 16–17 in all pregnancies, thus eliminating the problem of distinguishing between SGA and preterm infants. Infants with well-defined causes for slow growth rate, i.e. those infants with chromosomal disorders, severe malformations, intrauterine viral infections or cerebral palsy, were excluded. The boys showed an extremely fast weight catch-up, 85% of them reaching weights greater than -2 SD at the age of three months and remaining above this level to the end of the study period. Such a fast catch-up growth was observed in only two-thirds of the girls, but at four years of age 85?4 of the girls were also above -2SD. Length catch-up was more gradual than weight catch-up. Of the boys, 54% had lengths below -2 SD at birth, 26% at 1 year of age, 22% at 2 years of age, 17% at 2.5 years of age and 11% (n= 8) at 4 years of age. Corresponding figures for girls were: 69% at birth, 28%) at 1 year, 15% at 2 years, 12% at 2.5 years and 5%) (n = 3) at 4 years. At 4 years of age, only six boys and three girls remained below -2 SD for both weight and height. We conclude that in Sweden the prognosis for catch-up growth for an SGA child, when children with well-defined causes of growth disturbances are excluded, is very good and it is extremely rare for the child still to have a height below -2 SD by the age of 4 years.     

Body composition in appropriate and in small for gestational age infants

The body composition of 70 appropriate for gestational age newborn infants whose gestational age ranged from 32 to 41 weeks was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry during the first 48 h of life. The evolution of the bone mineral content, fat and lean mass was well correlated with gestational age ( r = 0.66, r = 0.66 and r = 0.82. respectively) but even more closely with birthweight ( r = 0.85, r = 0.91 and r = 0.97. respectively). The body composition of 20 symmetric small for gestational age infants (mean gestational age ± SD = 38.1 ± 1.2 weeks: mean birthweight ± SD = 2117 ± 183 g) was also studied. The total body fat, the lean mass and the bone mineral content of small for gestational age infants were decreased significantly in comparison with those of appropriate for gestational age infants with the same gestational age ( p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.0001 and p ≤ 0.05) but was not significantly different from those observed in appropriate for gestational age infants of the same birthweight.     

Associations between prepregnancy body mass index,gestational weight gain and weight catch-up in small-for-gestational-age children

Inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) was related with a higher incidence of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births than appropriate GWG; however, the long-term association of maternal GWG with weight catch-up growth in SGA children remains unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the associations between prepregnancy body mass index (pBMI), GWG and weight catch-up patterns in SGA children. Data were from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, an American multicentre prospective cohort study. A total of 56,990 gravidas were recruited at the first prenatal visit, and children were followed up until school age. Maternal pBMI, GWG and physical growth of the offspring at birth, 4 months, 1 year, 4 years and 7 years old were recorded. The latent class analysis was employed to form weight catch-up growth patterns (appropriate, excessive, slow, regression and no catch-up patterns) in SGA children. SGA children who developed the ‘appropriate catch-up growth’ pattern and whose mothers had appropriate pBMI and GWG were chosen as the reference. Associations between GWG for different pBMI and weight catch-up patterns were analysed by multivariate logistic regression models. A total of 1619 infants (9.45%) were born term SGA. After adjusting for relevant confounders, compared with SGA children whose mothers had appropriate pBMI and GWG, SGA children with maternal prepregnancy underweight (for inadequate GWG, GWG below recommendations, adjusted OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.13–7.31; for appropriate/excessive GWG, adjusted OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.74–5.42) or with prepregnancy normal weight but inadequate GWG (adjusted OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.36–3.38) were at a higher risk of having the ‘no catch-up growth’ pattern. We suggest that SGA children with maternal prepregnancy underweight or inadequate GWG tend to have a poor weight catch-up growth at least until school age.     

34 周以下适于胎龄及小于胎龄早产儿出生 2 周内 蛋白质、能量摄入及体质量变化

目的了解34周以下早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)和小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后蛋白质、能量摄入量以及体质量z评分的变化情况。方法回顾收集2012年1月至2014年12月入院的314例早产儿,比较268例AGA和46例SGA早产儿生后2周内蛋白质、能量摄入情况和体质量变化。结果 SGA组住院时间、肠外联合肠内营养时间、全肠内营养时间、达足量喂养时间均较AGA早产儿长,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组生后第4、8、12天能量摄入量明显低于AGA组,SGA组生后第6、8天总蛋白质摄入量明显低于AGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组日平均体质量增长量大于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);AGA组与SGA组生后2周内体质量z评分均逐渐远离中位水平,且SGA组2周时体质量z评分低于AGA组(P??0.05)。结论胎龄??34周的SGA早产儿恢复出生体质量后的生长速率快于AGA早产儿,存在一定的追赶生长;但SGA、AGA早产儿的生长均有待提高。     

小于胎龄儿临床分型标准的探讨

目的 观察小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age infants,SGA)的临床分型情况,并评价我国现行的SGA分型方法与SGA定义分型的相关性。方法 采用回顾性调查方法,根据“试行草案”中重量指数(ponderal index,PI)及身长／头围比值分型标准对417例SGA进行临床分型,并以SGA的定义分型为“金标准”,评价PI及身长／头围比值的分型结果。结果 (1)按PI、身长／头围比值及定义的标准,417例SGA中匀称型分别为376例(90．17％)、376例(90．17％)和187例(44．84％)。PI与身长／头围比值的诊断符合率为80．82％,但反映诊断结果一致性的指标Kappa值为-0．093。(2)PI和身长／头围比值分型与SGA定义分型的符合率分别为49．88％和50．84％。与定义标准相比,PI及身长／头围比值的敏感性为91．84％～96．38％,特异性为9．30％～25．86％,假阳性为74．14％～90．70％,诊断指数为4．95％～17．70％,Kappa值为0．070～0．167。(3)ROC曲线分析显示,足月儿和早产儿PI值的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．635和0．698;身长／头围比值法的ROC曲线下面积为0．673。结论 我国目前“试行草案”中PI及身长／头围比值两种分型标准不够合理,有进一步探讨的必要。ROC结果亦提示此两种分型方法总体上诊断价值偏低。     

Gestational weight gain and newborn anthropometric outcomes in rural Bangladesh

Low gestational weight gain (GWG) is a known predictor of fetal growth restriction in higher income countries, but there is little information on this association in lower income countries. Our objective is to describe the association between GWG and birth outcomes among pregnant women in rural Bangladesh. Pregnant women were identified in a community‐based programme and enrolled into the study at an average of 13 weeks' gestation (n = 4,011). Maternal weight and height were measured at enrolment, maternal weight was measured at 36 weeks' gestation, and newborns were measured after birth. Rate of GWG (g/weeks) was calculated, and women were categorized as having adequate or inadequate GWG (Institute of Medicine recommendations). Newborn anthropometric outcomes included weight‐for‐age z score (WAZ), length‐for‐age z score (LAZ), head‐circumference‐for‐age z score (HCZ), body mass index (BMI)‐for‐age z score (BMIZ), low birthweight (LBW < 2,500 g), WAZ < ?2, LAZ < ?2, HCZ < ?2, BMIZ < ?2, and small for gestational age (SGA: <10th percentile). Multivariate models were adjusted for confounders. Only 26% of the 2,562 women in these analyses had adequate GWG. Compared with newborns of women with inadequate GWG, infants of women with adequate GWG had a lower risk of adverse anthropometric outcomes (relative risk [95% confidence interval]: LBW = 0.68 [0.59, 0.80], LAZ < ?2 = 0.64 [0.51, 0.80], HCZ < ?2 = 0.75 [0.60, 0.93], BMIZ < ?2 = 0.70 [0.59, 0.83], and SGA = 0.80 [0.73, 0.86]), but there was no significant difference in mean (SE) duration of gestation, 39.7 (0.08) versus 39.7 (0.05) weeks. In this population, GWG rate is a strong predictor of newborn anthropometric outcomes, but not duration of gestation.     

Aetiology and classification of small for gestational age infants

Objective: To determine important aetiological factors in small gestational age (SGA) infants and the effectiveness of anthropometric indexes in identifying patterns of growth retardation.
Methodology: Eighty-four SGA infants and 81 controls were enrolled. Maternal biological, lifestyle and psychosocial factors were compared for the total group and the term Caucasian subset. Anthropometric indexes were also examined in relation to growth patterns.
Results: Decreased maternal size, poor weight gain, previous SGA infant and smoking were significantly associated with SGA status. Poor parental education and unemployment was increased in the study group. Mothers of SGA infants, especially the term Caucasian group, had a greater prevalence of hypertension and depressive and stress symptomatology. Ponderal index failed to identify discreet patterns of disproportionate/proportionate growth retardation.
Conclusion: Biological, lifestyle and psychosocial differences remain important aetiological factors of intrauterine growth retardation. Identification of specific patterns of growth retardation by ponderal index remains controversial.     

Breastfeeding and catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was prospectively measured from birth to 1 y in 54 term infants born small for gestational age (SGA), fed either breast milk or a standard term infant formula. Breastfeeding was associated with a 0.36 and 0.64 standard deviation (SD) increase in weight at 2 weeks and 3 months of age. respectively, which persisted beyond the breastfeeding period (0.64 SD at 1 y). Breastfed infants also showed greater catch-up growth in head circumference [SD score (SDS) 0.53 higher at 3 months], and greater body length gain (SDS 0.68 higher at 6 months). This increased growth was independent of potentially confounding obstetric, social and demographic factors. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding may promote faster growth in infants compromised by poor growth in utero. SGA infants may be programmed for a number of adverse outcomes; the possibility that such events are altered by choice of postnatal diet is a key issue for future research.     

小于胎龄儿青春前期女孩硫化脱氢表雄酮和胰岛素水平的研究

目的探讨小于胎龄儿(SGA)青春前期女孩肾上腺机能初现及是否具有肾上腺机能早现、高肾上腺雄激素血症、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗现象。方法以符合纳入标准的SGA 39例为研究对象,年龄(7.4±1.7)岁,42例适于胎龄儿(AGA)为对照组,年龄(7.4±1.7)岁。在隔夜空腹12 h后,行身体检查,并抽血检测空腹血糖、胰岛素、硫化脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS)、皮质醇和雌二醇。胰岛素敏感性用空腹血糖与胰岛素乘积的倒数再取自然对数来评价。结果两组中未发现肾上腺机能早现的临床表现,两组间孕母孕龄、年龄、体重指数、空腹血糖、皮质醇、雌二醇和胰岛素敏感性指数差异无统计学意义。SGA组出生体重、研究时的身高和体重均低于AGA组,SGA血清胰岛素和DHEAS水平均高于AGA组(对数转换值:1.076±0.041vs.1.050±0.051,P<0.05;2.637±0.271vs.2.514±0.250,P<0.05)。AGA组DHEAS值在7岁以后出现明显增加,SGA组DHEAS值出现增加的趋势与AGA组比较有所提前。结论AGA女孩肾上腺机能初现的年龄约为7岁,而SGA女孩肾上腺机能初现有始动提前的趋势,青春前期SGA女孩有高肾上腺雄激素血症和胰岛素水平升高的现象,但以胰岛素敏感性指数来评价,尚未发现胰岛素抵抗现象。     

Dietary intakes in children born small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age: A longitudinal study

Children born small for gestational age (SGA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors in later life; however, little is known about their dietary intakes. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes in SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) at 3.5, 7, and 11 years. The Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study is a longitudinal case–control study of children born at term (n = 871). Children were assessed at 3.5 (n = 550), 7 (n = 591), and 11 (n = 620) years of age. Diet was assessed using a 24‐hr record‐assisted recall. Reported dietary intakes were analyzed and compared with the Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values. Compared with AGA, median energy intakes were significantly lower in SGA at 3.5 years (4.2 MJ [IQR, 3.0 to 5.8] vs. 5.4 MJ [IQR, 3.9 to 6.5]; p < .0001) but not at 7 and 11 years. Inadequate dietary intakes of micronutrients were more prevalent among SGA at 3.5 years and 11 years of age. A large proportion of SGA and AGA children consumed more than the recommended amounts of saturated fats, sugars, and sodium. There was no association of dietary intake and socio‐demographic factors. This study reveals that dietary intake in 3.5‐year‐old children born SGA is lower in energy and a variety of micronutrients compared with dietary intake in AGA. These intakes may however be appropriate given their BMI z‐scores. High intakes of sodium, saturated fat, and sugars are a concern for all children in this cohort.     

影响足月小样儿神经行为发育的围生期因素分析

目的 探讨影响足月小样儿神经行为发育的围生期相关危险因素.方法 收集2008年4月至2010年4月于烟台毓璜顶医院产科分娩的111例足月小样儿的围生期相关资料,采用新生儿20项行为神经测定法(neonatal behavioral neurological assessment,NBNA)于生后3～7d对其进行评估,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析考察影响足月小样儿神经行为发育的围生期危险因素.结果 足月小样儿行为能力、被动肌张力、主动肌张力及NBNA总分(分别为10.72±1.41,7.13±0.96,7.32±0.74,37.16±1.32)低于正常新生儿(分别为11.27±1.04,7.89±0.72,7.62±0.64,39.12±0.76),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).单因素Logistic回归分析提示影响足月小样儿神经行为的因素有分娩方式、胎盘异常、脐带异常、母亲围生期感染、妊娠高血压综合征、双胎妊娠、新生儿期高胆红素血症共7个因素.多因素Logistic回归分析提示母亲围生期感染(OR =2.175,95％CI1.981 ～2.408,P＜0.05)、双胎妊娠(OR=1.936,95％CI 1.517 ～2.368,P＜0.05)、高胆红素血症(OR=1.518,95％ CI1.072～2.149,P＜0.05)是影响足月小样儿NBNA评分的危险因素.结论 足月小样儿神经行为发育较正常新生儿差,母亲围生期感染、双胎妊娠、高胆红素血症是影响足月小样儿神经行为的危险因素.     

早产和低出生体重及小于胎龄儿与脑性瘫痪发病的关系

目的 明确早产、低出生体重及小于胎龄儿(SGA)与脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)的关联程度。方法 1997年5—7月对江苏省7个市的1～6岁儿童进行了现况普查,共查305263名,并对其胎龄、出生体重及胎龄别出生体重与脑瘫的关系进行了分析。结果 本组儿童共发现脑瘫484例,发生率为1．59‰。早产儿及过期产儿脑瘫发生率相对危险性(RR)分别为足月儿的25．16倍及2．40倍;低出生体重及巨大儿的脑瘫发生率RR分别为正常出生体重儿的19．63倍及1．34倍;SGA及大于胎龄儿(LGA)脑瘫发生率RR为适于胎龄儿(AGA)的4．34倍及0．84倍。先按胎龄别出生体重分层再按胎龄分组,发现各层内早产儿脑瘫发生率均较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为28．34倍,其次LGA层为21．41倍,最低SGA层为9．29倍,各层内过期产儿脑瘫发生率也较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为2．63倍,其次SGA层为1．90倍,最低LGA层为1．55倍;先按胎龄分层再按胎龄别出生体重分组发现各层内SGA脑瘫发生率均较AGA高,RR最高足月儿层为4．41倍,其次过期产儿层为3．19倍,最低早产儿层为1．45倍,各层内LGA脑瘫发生率均不比AGA高,除足月儿层相近为0．98倍外,早产儿及过期产儿层均较AGA低,RR分别为0．74倍和0．58倍。按胎龄大小及胎龄别出生体重大小联合分成9组进行比较,发现多数组脑瘫发生率均较足月AGA组高,RR按次序为早产SGA40．99倍、早产AGA28．34倍、早产LGA21．08倍、过期SGA8．39倍、足月SGA4．41倍、过期AGA2．63倍、过期LGA1．53倍、足月LGA0．98倍;前6组差异均有显著性,后2组倍数接近1．0,差异无显著性。结论 早产及SGA两种因素均与小儿脑瘫发生率增加关联,这两个因素分别为小儿脑瘫独立的危险因素;过期产与脑瘫的关联很弱,LGA则与脑瘫的发生率增加无关。     

A comparison of prematurity and small for gestational age as risk factors for age 6-13year emotional problems

Background

Although both very preterm (VP) and small for gestational age (SGA) births are suggested to increase the likelihood of childhood emotional problems, there has been a lack of research comparing these effects.

Aims

To investigate levels of emotional problems between 6–13 years of age and contrast the impact of being born either very premature (irrespective of birth weight) or small for gestational age.

Study design

Prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Subjects

654 Bavarian children (born 1985–1986) who were followed from birth to age 12/13 years.

Outcome measures

Emotional problems at ages 6.3 and 8.5 years were measured via the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). Emotional problems were measured at age 12/13 years via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Trajectories of emotional problems were derived between 6.3 and 13 years.

Results

Two distinctive patterns of age 6–13 year emotional problems were found: 1) a low and stable level of problems in 76% of children; 2) a high and stable level of problems in 24% of children. The high and stable pattern of emotional problems was significantly associated with a VP but not an SGA birth. Consistent additional determinants included male child gender and lower family socioeconomic status.

Conclusions

The disparity between VP and SGA births as a predictor of age 6–13 year old emotional problems is considered in terms of fetal and/or glucocorticoid programming. The stability of emotional problems between 6 and 13 years reinforces the need for early childhood interventions aimed at children born very preterm.