上消化道出血病因及治疗方式的变化趋势

目的 探讨鄂西北地区近十年来上消化道出血(upper gastro intestinal bleeding,UGB)的病因及治疗方式的变化.方法 回顾性分析湖北医药学院附属十堰市人民医院、太和医院、东风总医院2001 ～ 2010年确诊的1005例上消化道出血住院患者的临床资料.结果 上消化道出血病因前5年构成比消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌、急性胃黏膜病变、食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征、糜烂性食管炎分别为55.1％、14.1％、6.6％、9.6％、3.5％、4％,后5年分别为29.9％、12.4％、17.5％、7.3％、2.2％、0.7％;消化性溃疡发病呈下降趋势,差异有显著性(x2=42.146,P＜0.001);胃癌发病呈上升趋势,差异有显著性(x2=29.660,P＜0.001);上消化道出血治疗方式前5年构成比药物治疗、手术治疗和介入治疗分别为75.6％、17.7％、6.7％,后5年分别为74.5％、8.0％、17.5％ 其中内镜下治疗前5年22.6％,后5年82.5％:内镜治疗明显增加,差异有显著性(x2=350.111,P＜0.001);介入治疗明显呈上升趋势,差异有显著性(x2=29.66,P＜0.001),手术治疗差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05).结论 近十年鄂西北上消化道出血的主要病因依旧为消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌、急性胃黏膜病变;但消化性溃疡出血发病率明显降低,胃癌发病率略有增高.治疗方式依旧以药物治疗为主,介入治疗、内镜治疗明显增多.     

上消化道出血322例分析

目的探讨上消化道出血的原因和相关因素。方法回顾性分析我科2年来322例上消化道出血的临床资料。结果322例中通过检查有明确病因者293例,主要病因依次为消化性溃疡、急性胃粘膜病变、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃癌;男性明显高于女性;消化性溃疡占各年龄组上消化道出血的首位,中、青年组以十二指肠溃疡多见,老年组以胃溃疡多见;胃癌位于老年组上消化道出血的第二位,显著高于中、青年组(P<0.01)。结论上消化道出血的病人以消化性溃疡、胃癌、食道胃底静脉曲张、急性胃粘膜病变为最常见的病因,性别、年龄等均为上消化道出血的相关因素。     

住院患者消化道出血的病因分布与临床分析

目的统计分析消化道出血的病因与相关因素,分析消化内镜在消化道出血患者中的应用,并比较上消化道出血患者和下消化道出血患者的临床差异。方法对宜昌市中心人民医院消化内科2012年1月-2012年12月所有434例消化道出血住院患者进行回顾性分析。结果消化道出血占消化科所有住院患者的17.5%,消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜病变和结肠癌为消化道出血的主要原因。上消化道出血以消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜病变、胃癌居多,下消化道出血主要为结肠癌、结肠息肉、炎症性肠病及慢性结肠炎。内镜对消化道出血患者的诊断阳性率高(83.4%),内镜下介入治疗患者较未接受内镜介入治疗患者有更高的治愈率(91.0%vs 65.5%,P0.05)和更少的住院时间[(8.2±4.3)d vs(12.8±6.1)d,P0.05]。结论消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜病变、结肠癌为消化道出血最常见的病因,内镜检查可明显提高诊断率,内镜介入治疗可提高治疗成功率。     

肝硬化上消化道出血和幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性研究

目的研究肝硬化患者幽门螺杆菌感染和上消化道出血之间的关系.方法肝硬化患者160例,内镜检查了解食管静脉曲张和消化性溃疡的发生情况及出血的原因,同时胃粘膜活检作尿素酶试验,检测幽门螺杆菌(Hp).结果Hp阳性组消化性溃疡发生率(64.1%)明显高于阴性组(37.8%,P＜0.01).出血率在Hp阳性组(38.5%)也明显高于阴性组(22%,P＜0.05).结论Hp感染和肝源性溃疡发生有关,Hp感染者的肝源性溃疡发生率增高及胃粘膜活动性炎症可能导致出血率升高,根除Hp有可能降低肝硬化上消化道出血.     

急性上消化道出血原因分析及药物治疗

急性上消化道出血(UGB)是指屈氏韧带以上的消化道疾病引起的出血,主要病因有消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂、急性胃黏膜病变、上消化道恶性肿瘤、门脉高压症、胆道出血、食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征等.UGB可发生于各年龄段,可有多种因素引起出血,如不能明确诊断,及时作出有效处理,其病死率可达10%以上[1].本文回顾性分析了UGB的原因及药物治疗情况.     

上消化道出血病因趋势及相关因素分析

目的探讨近10年来上消化道出血（upper gastrointestinal bleeding，UGB）的病因构成、发病趋势及与几个相关因素的关系。方法对1995～2004年期间在我院行胃镜检查并明确病因的l909例上消化道出血病人的临床资料进行统计分析。结果①上消化道出血主要病因依次为十二指肠球部溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、胃溃疡、出血性胃炎、胃癌、复合性溃疡。其中十二指肠球部溃疡的发病呈上升趋势，胃癌所致出血则有下降趋势。②发生上消化道出血以中年组最多，其次是青年组，老年组最少，且青年人发病呈上升趋势。③上消化道出血男性病人明显多于女性病人。④上消化道出血及常见病因的发病多见于春秋冬季，夏季最少，但无统计学意义。结论十二指肠球部溃疡是上消化道出血最主要病因，且有上升趋势，其次是食管胃底静脉曲张、胃溃疡，而胃癌的发病构成有下降。上消化道出血的分布与年代变化、年龄、性别、季节等因素相关。     

海岛地区军人上消化道出血病因

目的:分析海岛地区军人上消化道出血(upper gastrointestinal bleeding,UGIB)的病因.方法:回顾性分析中国人民解放军海军四一三医院近年来收治的146例次UGIB患者的病因,比较军人组与非军人组病因构成及其差别(例如消化性溃疡,食道胃底静脉曲张破裂,恶性肿瘤各自所占的百分比),分析军人组病因构成的原因.结果:海岛地区军人UGIB患者的年龄较轻、男性为主,出血部位以胃和十二指肠更多见.病因中消化性溃疡占85.2%,食管胃底静脉曲张破裂占3.7%;非军人UGIB病因中消化性溃疡和食管胃底静脉曲张破裂分别占33.6%和35.3%,军人组中消化性溃疡比例明显高于非军人组(P0.001)而军人组中食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血明显低于非军人(P0.001),非甾体类抗炎药(nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs及恶性肿瘤相关出血两者比例差别不大(P0.05).两组的内科保守治愈率分别为96.3%和92.7%.结论:海岛地区军人UGIB病因有别于一般人群,以消化性溃疡为主,食管胃底静脉曲张的发病率较低.绝大多数军人UGIB患者的预后良好.     

上消化道出血急诊内镜检查130例

[目的]探讨急诊内镜在诊断与治疗上消化道出血中的价值;进一步了解上消化道出血的病因.[方法]对130例患者在发病24、48 h内行内镜检查,对比24与48 h内内镜检查的确诊率,同时进行镜下止血治疗48例.[结果]24 h内进行检查的患者确诊率为98.9%,48 h内检查确诊率80.6%,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).48例镜下止血均成功,消化性溃疡并出血占79.7%.[结论]急诊内镜检查在诊断与治疗上消化道出血中具有重要价值,可减少误诊误治,可镜下止血并能估计预后.消化性溃疡并出血居上消化道出血各种病因之首位.     

消化道出血病因学研究

目的探讨消化道出血的病因,分为上消化道出血和下消化道出血的病因.方法作者对本院建院以来门诊、内镜室和住院患者确诊为上消化道出血者1238例,下消化道出血者310例,进行统计分析,探讨消化道出血的病因,有利于采取有效的治疗措施,从而达到良好的治疗效果.结果上消化道出血者1238例,其中消化性溃疡549例占44.43%,食管静脉曲张破裂出血者132例占10.66%,急性胃粘膜病变者85例占6.86%,慢性胃炎者56例占4.52%,胃癌者201例占16.24%,食管贲门粘膜撕裂综合征11例占0.88%,胃粘膜脱垂症11例占0.88%,食管裂孔疝及反流性食管炎与出血性十二指肠炎各38例占3.06%,食管、胃及十二指肠憩室24例占1.94%,胆道出血5例占0.4%,胰源性上消化道出血11例占0.88%,胰腺及壶腹癌8例占0.65%,血管疾病10例占0.8%,脑溢血及颅内疾病22例占1.77%,全身疾病32例占2.58%.下消化道出血310例,其中结肠癌122例占39.35%,息肉64例占20.6%,慢性结肠炎58例占18.1%,溃疡性结肠炎23例占7.4%.Crohn病19例,内痔肛周病变12例,结肠单纯性溃疡3例,肠阿米巴病1例,肠结核4例,术后吻合口炎2例,结肠憩室3例,结肠静脉曲张1例,原因不明8例.结论上消化道出血的最常见病因是消化性溃疡,其后依次为胃癌、食管静脉曲张破裂出血、胃粘膜病变、慢性胃炎.下消化道出血的最常见病因是结肠癌,其次为息肉、慢性结肠炎等     

243例上消化道出血临床分析

目的探讨我院消化科上消化道出血患者的原因和诱因及各月分布情况。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月份至2007年12月243例上消化道出血并经胃镜检查的临床病历资料。结果男性明显高于女性,在上消化道出血原因中消化性溃疡最多,依次是急性胃黏膜病变、食管静脉曲张、胃癌。上消化道出血中多数无明确诱因,有明确诱因的以非类固醇抗炎药(NSAID)最常见。消化性溃疡引起的上消化道出血在4月、8月、10～12月显著增高,2月和9月显著降低,急性胃黏膜病变引起的上消化道出血在各月分布无显著差异,食管静脉曲张引起的上消化道出血2月最高。结论上消化道出血最常见原因是消化性溃疡,最常见诱因是NSAID类药物,每年4月出血发生率最高,避免使用NSAID类药物可减少上消化道出血。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.