我国12省市伤寒噬菌体型别的分布

1.对北京等12省、市的670株伤寒菌进行了噬菌体分型,共有33个型,以A,D₂、D₁、K₁、E₁型为主;发现新型20个。2.几个噬菌体型地区分布较广,如A型见于10个省、市;D₂、E₁分别在9个省、市,D₁型在7个省、市;K₁在4个省、市。3.采用96型噬菌体分型,提高了对伤寒杆菌的分型百分率,可达92.09%。     

广东伤寒菌株的ViⅡ噬菌体型别与药物敏感性监测

作者等对在广东地区收集到的72株伤寒菌株作ViⅡ噬菌体分型及药物敏感性试验,所检出菌型以A、E_1和M_1型为主,结果显示早在1977年已存在M_1型,到八十年代后期仍属普遍常见型。药敏试验表明,72株地方菌株与国家参考标准株一样,仍100％对氯霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素和多粘菌素B敏感;对另14种常用抗菌药物,有不同程度的敏感或耐药。     

我国沿海副溶血性弧菌血清型分布的实验调查

对135株来自我国沿海海产鱼贝类、海水、海泥及食物中毒患者的副溶血性弧菌,进行了血清学分型实验。结果表明:属于已知OK抗原型的106株(78.5%),分布于O1~12群的29个血清型。另有10株菌(7.4%)的血清型属于8个已知K抗原与其它O群组合的新菌型(神奈川现象阴性)。从群别看,以O₄群最多(38/30.4),O₁群次之(26/20.8);从型别看,以O₁K₃₂最多(18/14.4),O₅K₁₇次之(10/8.0)。O₁~O₅群菌株为108株80%)。仅具有O群抗原而未检出K抗原的有19株(14.1%)。不同样品的菌型分布未发现有特殊差异。     

江苏省伤寒病原菌、耐药性及噬菌体分型研究

目的:开展对伤寒病原学和耐药性监测以及伤寒噬菌体的分型研究,摸清伤寒流行规律,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法:伤寒沙门菌分型用血清凝集法;药敏试验用WHO推荐的改良K—B法;噬菌体分型用96型伤寒Vi-II型噬菌体分型法。结果:血清学分型为:伤寒、副伤寒甲、副伤寒乙分别占75.1%、12.2%、0.9%,其他型占11.8%。561株伤寒杆菌噬菌体分型率为81.3%,分出25个噬菌体型,其中以D1型、M1型、D2、型J、1型、E1型为主要流行型,分别占18.6%、15.6%、15.4%、12.7%和11.0%。另外,E4、K3和32型在国内和省内为首次报道。不同年份、不同流行地区分型率以及强势噬菌体型分布不同。对磺胺甲基异噁唑、红霉素伤寒耐药菌株分别占96.5%、89.5%;而甲型副伤寒100.0%为耐药株。对复方新诺明伤寒、甲型副伤寒杆菌耐药株分别占79.4%、58.3%。M1型多重耐药现象依然严重。结论:疫情强度与强势流行株及强势株的耐药有关;伤寒沙门菌对多粘菌素B、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、氯霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢他定药物敏感,其结果可供临床治疗与现场防治用药参考。     

广东省2013年副溶血弧菌暴发与散发菌株的病原学特征

目的 了解2013年广东省副溶血弧菌暴发与散发分离株的血清型别、抗菌药物耐药性、毒力基因携带情况以及分子分型特征.方法 对36株暴发分离株和43株散发分离株进行血清分型、药敏试验以及耐热直接溶血毒素基因(tdh)、耐热相关溶血毒素基因(trh)、GS-PCR和orf8基因的PCR检测,并进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型.结果 36株暴发分离株全部为O3:K6血清型,43株散发分离株的优势血清型为O3:K6型(23株,53.49%).药敏检测结果显示,对氨苄西林(96.20%)和头孢噻吩(40.50%)的耐药率较高;对复方新诺明和氯霉素则高度敏感,敏感性均为100%.多重耐药分析显示,83.33%(30/36)的暴发分离株同时耐受≥3种抗菌药,37.21%(16/43)的散发分离株同时耐受≥3种抗菌药物.毒力基因PCR检测显示,36株暴发分离株均为tdh⁺tdh^-型菌株.86.05%(37/43)的散发分离株为tdh⁺tdh^-型菌株,11.63%(5/43)为tdh^-tdh⁺型菌株,仅1株为tdh⁺tdh⁺型菌株.暴发分离株全部携带GS-PCR和/或orf8基因,51.16%(22/43)的散发分离株携带GS-PCR和/或orf8基因.PFGE显示,79株副溶血弧菌经NotⅠ酶切后的PFGE图谱可分为3个聚类,32种PFGE型别,相似值为59.8%～100.0%.暴发菌株聚集在同一个聚类中,散发菌株散布在各个聚类中.结论 2013年广东省副溶血弧菌优势血清型为O3:K6型,菌株对多数抗菌药物仍然比较敏感,但存在多重耐药现象,多数菌株携带tdh基因,大部分O3:K6型菌株携带GS-PCR和/或orf8基因;PFGE结果提示广东省副溶血弧菌存在遗传多样性.     

国内所见侵袭性大肠杆菌血清型

本文报告1984~85年间,国内13个省市送检的侵袭性大肠杆菌(EIEC)的鉴定与血清学分型结果。受检的276株中,确定为EIEC的77株(27.9%)。其中能引起豚鼠角膜炎的有毒力菌株68株(88.3%),11.7%菌株在较短时间内丧失了毒力(EIEC,Inv^-)。77株EIEC分布于7个O抗原的8个血清型,其中O₂₈ac:H-占49.2%,O₁₆₄:H-为22.1%,O₁₂₄有二个侵袭性血清型H-和H₃₀,占11.7%。O₂₉:H-,O₁₁₂ac:H-,O₁₃₆:H-,O₁₅₂:H-也占有一定比例。
在本文中,作者提出了侵袭性大肠杆菌的诊断标准与侵袭性大肠杆菌毒力丧失株的概念以及鉴别特征,并作了详细的讨论。     

山东省2013年致猩红热及无症状携带者A群链球菌分子分型研究

目的 描述2013年山东省致猩红热及无症状携带者A群链球菌(GAS)分子分型特征,探讨各分型方法与emm型别的关联.方法 自猩红热、无症状携带者咽拭分离获得GAS 72株,利用emm、多位点序列分型(MLST)、超抗原(SAg)基因(speA、speC、speG、speH、speI、speJ、smeZ、ssa、speK、speM、speL)检测和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对其进行分型检测.结果 72株GAS中,以emm1型(41.67%)和emm12型(56.94%)为主;共检出两种ST型别,其中ST28型31株(43.06%),ST36型41株(56.94%);ST28型与emm1相关(P<0.05),而ST36型与emm12相关(P<0.05);speA、speC、speG、speH、speI、speJ、smeZ、ssa的检出率分别为38.89%、95.83%、97.22%、38.89%、54.17%、41.67%、100.00%、100.00%,speK、speM、speL未检出;emm1型菌株倾向于含有speA、speJ,不含有speH、speI(P<0.05);emm12恰好相反,倾向于含有speH、speI,不含有speA、speJ(P<0.05);PFGE共检出20种型别.结论 2013年山东省致猩红热和无症状携带者中GAS型别分布较为单一,emm型别以emm1和emm12为主;ST型别主要为ST28和ST36,超抗原基因携带以speC、speG、smeZ、ssa为主.各分型方法间存在一定关联.     

非O1群非O139群霍乱弧菌血流感染的诊疗及防控2例报告

目的 对2例血流感染患者血培养标本分离的弧菌属进行鉴定和药敏试验,分析非O1群非O139群霍乱弧菌(NOVC)的微生物学特性,为霍乱弧菌感染的诊断和防控提供依据。 方法 通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)、API细菌生化反应鉴定卡、VITEK 2 Compact鉴定仪和16S rRNA基因测序鉴定2株弧菌分离株,并进行血清学分型、毒力基因分子检测和耐药表型检测。 结果 2株菌株均鉴定为霍乱弧菌,血清学试验确定为NOVC,毒力基因ctxAB检测阴性;药敏试验显示1株菌对氨苄西林、阿奇霉素、多西环素和氯霉素敏感,对四环素和复方磺胺甲唑耐药,另一菌株对所有检测抗菌药物均敏感。 结论 NOVC所致的血流感染在中国少有报道,完善血培养标本分离霍乱弧菌的准确鉴定、分型和耐药表型检测,对诊断、治疗和防控霍乱弧菌感染具有重要价值。     

广东省2009－2013 年霍乱弧菌病原学特征分析

目的 分析广东省2009－2013 年霍乱病例及环境来源O1/O139 群霍乱弧菌病原学特征。方法 选取2009－2013 年广东省霍乱病例来源、环境（水体和海水产品）来源的O1/O139群霍乱弧菌。采用血清分型、抗菌药物敏感性试验、毒力基因PCR 检测和脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分子分型方法 , 研究不同来源的霍乱弧菌血清型、抗菌药物敏感性、毒力基因携带以及分子分型方面的异同。结果 2009－2013 年广东省共分离得到各类来源O1/O139 群霍乱弧菌190株（病例16 株, 外环境174 株）。病例来源菌株分为O1 群稻叶型（3 株）、小川型（7 株）和O139 群（6株）3 种菌型;其中10 株ctxA 基因阳性, 2 株小川型菌株携带不完整CTXΦ噬菌体;5 株菌对11 种抗菌药物完全敏感, 3 株对4 种抗菌药物表现出耐受。外环境来源菌株中53 株稻叶型, 22 株小川型和2 株O139 群菌株携带不完整CTXΦ噬菌体;2 株O139 菌株检出ctxA 基因阳性;25 株对≥4 种抗菌药物耐受, 其中有2 株同时对11 种抗菌药物中的7 种耐受, 以水产品中的稻叶型菌株为主（13株）。PFGE分子分型结果显示, 菌株经NotⅠ酶切后的PFGE型别表现出明显的多样性。稻叶型和O139 群病例菌株的带型聚集在同一个聚类中, 小川型病例菌株带型分散在不同的聚类中, 病例来源菌株与环境来源菌株的带型差别较大。结论 广东省O1/O139 群霍乱弧菌毒力基因和遗传特征复杂多样, 菌株多重耐药形势严峻, 需要加强菌株型别变异及耐药监测。     

北京市猩红热患者A群乙型溶血性链球菌感染与T-抗原分型研究

1983年4~5月和1984年2~5月间对110例确诊为猩红热病人进行了研究,为分离病原采集了鼻咽部标本,分到了74株A群β-链球菌。对其中的68株作了T-抗原血清分型,其分布是:I型9株(13.2%)、3型7株(10.3%)、4型35株(51.5%)、8型1株(1.5%)、12型7株(10.3%)、22型2株(2.9)、28型1株(1.5%)。有6株未能定型(8.8%)。
全部菌株对8种抗菌素做了药物敏感性试验。结果,对青霉素(100%)、氯霉素(98.5%)、红霉素(95.6%)、庆大霉素(94.1%)敏感。而对四环素有(33.8%)的抗药菌株。     

Phage types of Salmonella typhi isolated in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1970-1979.

The pattern of phage types of 2553 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated over the 10-year period 1970-9 was studied. During the period 29 different phage types were encountered, not including the categories of ''untypable strains'', ''degraded Vi-strains'' and Vi negative strains. For the period as a whole, the commonest phage types encountered were A (20.9%), E1 (14.8%), D1 (10.3%), degraded Vi positive strains (10.3%), untypable Vi strains (7.3%), C4 (7.1%), D2 (4.4%), E2 (3.9%) and type 25 (2.6%). There were phage types which appeared in the early years of the period and then disappeared (types B2, D9 and D1-N). Others only made their appearance in recent years (K1 and 53). Notable differences were also seen in the predilection of some phage types for certain geographical areas.     

Insertion sequence IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi: an assessment of epidemiological applicability.

When Pst I-generated digests of genomic DNA from each of the type strains of 49 of the Vi phage types of Salmonella typhi were probed with a PCR-amplified IS200 gene probe, all strains were found to possess at least 11 IS200 elements carried on fragments in the range 24.2-1.2 kb. Fourteen fingerprints were identified but two patterns designated IS200Sty1 and IS200Sty2 predominated. In one strain, a plasmid-mediated IS200 element was identified. When IS200 fingerprinting was applied to epidemiologically-unrelated strains of S. typhi isolated in Ecuador, 3 patterns were identified in 10 strains belonging to 9 different phage types. It is concluded that Vi phage typing remains the method of choice for the primary differentiation of S. typhi but that IS200 fingerprinting may be of limited use in laboratories which do not have access to phage typing.     

Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella typhi.

The distribution of phage types was studied among 577 strains of Salmonella typhi from Indonesia. Chemotype, colicinogeny, and tetrathionate reductase activity were also studied for most of these strains. The current phage type formula for Java was determined to be: A, D2, D6, E1a, E2, M1, and 46, but two other large groups of strains were also found, I + IV and degraded Vi+ strains. Significant differences in S. typhi strain distributions were noted between two localities on Java with respect to phage type and tetrathionate reductase activity. Comparisons were made with past phage typing studies in Jakarta as well as with more recent studies in other parts of south-east Asia. Phage types A, D1, D2, and E1 persisted at a rather steady level in Jakarta for 28 years. Evidence was found for epidemiological links to European and Asian areas. Antibiotic resistance among these Indonesian S. typhi strains was rare.     

长沙市沙门菌表型特征及PFGE分子分型研究

目的研究长沙市沙门菌的血清型分布、耐药特点及分子流行病学特征。方法对分离自长沙地区食源性疾病粪便标本及市售食品中的70株沙门菌,用玻片凝集试验确定血清型,微量肉汤稀释法检测14种抗生素的敏感性,脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）进行分子分型。结果鼠伤寒沙门菌为优势血清型,占51.43%,其次是肠炎沙门菌,占7.15%。在抗生素敏感性测试中,对氨苄青霉素、磺胺嘧啶和氯霉素的耐药率较高,分别为68.57%、61.43%和57.14%。62.86%（44/70）的沙门菌呈多重耐药,且鼠伤寒沙门菌的多重耐药率比其他血清型高（χ²=7.068,P≤0.01）,差别有统计学意义。PFGE分型结果显示69株沙门菌按照100%的相似度可分为57个PFGE型,36株鼠伤寒沙门菌可分为4个聚类,相似度在58.1%~100%之间。结论本市的沙门菌以鼠伤寒和肠炎沙门菌为主,PFGE分型结果显示可能存在沙门菌的流行株,且菌株耐药形势严峻。     

Distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada

The distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada is described; 606 of 674 strains examined were of human origin. Typable strains of all sources, constituted 99.6% (671/674) of all strains examined, and were representative of 15 different phage types. Five phage types (8, 13, 4, 13a and 1) accounted for 92.4% of the total. Phage type 8 consistently showed the highest incidence in human (69.96%) and non-human (72.05%) sources and appeared to be the most common in North America. Phage type 4, the most prevalent in the UK, is infrequent in Canada (38/674). The distribution of phage types showed regional variation among infrequent phage types, whereas the common type, 8, was observed in different frequencies in all provinces. Examination of 29 outbreaks of S. enteritidis representing 254 isolates for humans revealed 5 different phage types, the highest number of outbreaks (11) were type 8. A study of these outbreaks and the animal-host-associations of the common phage types, 8 and 13, indicated that contaminated poultry appeared to be the most common source of human infection in Canada.     

A longitudinal study of Staphylococcus hyicus colonization of vagina of gilts and transmission to piglets.

High Staphylococcus hyicus colonization rates were found in vaginal samples of healthy breeding sows and in skin samples of their offspring. Twenty-two different phage types were identified among the 720 isolates of S. hyicus examined. Two to 13 different phage types were isolated per herd. Phage typing, as well as characterization of about 10% of the isolates by plasmid profiles and antibiogram patterns, showed that, several different clones of S. hyicus could be present simultaneously in vagina of gilts and also on skin of piglets. Generally isolates from the vagina of one animal were identical as regards to phage types, plasmid profiles, and antibiogram patterns during the entire investigation period. Isolates from the skin of piglets were of the same type as their mothers, indicating that vertical transmission had taken place. S. hyicus strains isolated from the skin of piglets within 24 h after birth were identical to strains isolated 3 weeks after birth from the same litter, indicating that the vaginal strains became part of a stable skin flora.     

Characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in the Czech Republic: phage types, antimicrobial and plasmid profiles

In this study a collection of 547 S. Typhimurium strains isolated in the years 2000 and 2001 both of the human and non-human origin were analysed. 21 different phage types were detected, the most frequent one was DT104 (46%) followed by DT141 (28%) and DT68 (3%). Resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents was found mainly in DT104 (77.4%). S. Typhimurium isolates resistant to 5 and more antimicrobial agents were found in three phagetypes DT104 (57%), DT120 and DT155. Plasmid profiling of DT104 isolates showed 10 different profiles. Pattern A found in 30.5% of tested strains was predominant and carried serovar specific plasmid and one additional small plasmid of approx. 2.5 kb.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and phage types of Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in the Lublin area

The study aimed at specifying the value of two traditional methods of typing, using the collection of 241 strains of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from people and animals in the Lublin area in 1994-1995 from the occasional cases of infections. There were 8 phage types identified among the examined strains. Phage types PT 6 (40.24% of strains) and PT 7 (29.46%) were the most numerous ones. Salmonella Enteritidis was numbered among 38 profiles on the basis of the analysis of resistance to 15 antimicrobial agents. It was found that nitrofurantoin had the lowest efficacy in vitro in relation to the examined collection of Salmonella isolates. High percentage of strains were characterized by lack of susceptibility to streptomycin, neomycin, cefixime, tetracycline and canamycine. While analyzing the profiles of resistance to chemiotherapeutics and the expression of phage type of the examined strains it was observed that only 14.1% of all strains showing resistance to nitrofurantoin represented at the same time phage type PT 6, whereas 10.8% of strains belonging to the same resistance profile indicated PT 7 phage type. In correlated analysis of resistance to chemiotherapeutics and phage type expression of the examined collection of 241 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis, 18.3% of strains showed distinct and unique set of these two features, which can be used in epidemiological investigations for the preliminary characterization of the bacterial population.     

试用噬菌体对逼溶血性弧菌分型的研究

应用噬菌体分型是在疾病发生流行时追索传染源和传播途径等病学调查中的一种有效手段。本文作者采用自行分离的８株副溶血性弧菌噬菌体对实验室保存的２１４株副溶血性弧菌试验做了分型研究，结果分型率为８９．７２％，检出３６个不同的噬菌体型，其中以４００、１００、３００、０１０、４４０、２２０和２２０等７个型较常见，占总分型菌的５７．４８％。有明副溶血性弧菌 噬菌体型分布较复杂，型别多且分散，可能与本次供试菌株     

Analysis of an outbreak of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: strategies for typing ‘non-typable’ strains

Thirteen newborn babies were studied during an outbreak of scalded skin syndrome. Staphylococci isolated from seven babies were non-typable using the international set of typing phages; the remainder were of phage group II. In only one instance was there transmission of phage group II strains other than within families. However, 'heat treatment' and plasmid profiles of the non-typable strains showed that five of the seven babies were infected by strains which were indistinguishable. These five strains were more closely related to phage III staphylococci than to phage group II. The identity of the epidermolytic toxin has not been established.