腹腔镜下脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜的临床应用研究(附15例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下脾切除术的手术方法和治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)的临床效果。方法:选择15例ITP患者在腹腔镜下完成脾切除术,比较手术前后的血小板计数。结果:15例均在腹腔镜下完成脾切除术,平均手术时间160min,术中平均失血50ml,术后平均住院8d,总有效率为94%。术后1周内血小板的反应率为100%。无死亡、出血等严重并发症发生。结论:ITP患者行腹腔镜脾切除术是安全可行的,手术效果满意。     

Laparoscopic splenectomy in a pregnant patient with immune thrombocytopenic purpura

We describe the perioperative management of a pregnant woman at 19 weeks' gestation with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura requiring laparoscopic splenectomy. The preoperative platelet count ranged between 1 and 5 x 10(9)/L and did not respond to conventional medical therapy. To reduce the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, platelets were transfused before induction of anesthesia to maintain platelet count closer to 20 x 10(9)/L. The blood pressure was monitored continuously via an arterial line and remifentanil was infused to prevent a hypertensive response to induction/intubation, carbon dioxide insufflation, and surgery. After the splenic artery was clamped, additional platelet units were transfused to assure surgical hemostasis.     

Splenectomy in haematologic diseases. Clinical indications and surgical technique

After the introduction of corticosteroids fifty years ago the indications for splenectomy in benign haematological diseases became more controversial, also due to the morbidity and mortality associated at that time with open splenectomy. The advent of minimally invasive techniques has provided safe procedures for removal of the spleen in cases of benign as well as malignant haematological disease. Laparoscopic splenectomy has been performed for spleens of normal size or larger size or weight. In this study the indications in haematological diseases and the results after splenectomy are analysed. From June 1998 to December 2004 107 patients with benign or malignant haematological disease were referred to our unit for splenectomy. Splenomegaly was defined as a spleen diameter > 15 cm and weight > 400 g and was present in 53% of cases in this series. Open splenectomy was carried out in 30 cases and laparoscopic splenectomy in 77. Operating time, blood loss, conversion rate, need for transfusion, complications, length of hospital stay and operative morbidity were analysed for both open and laparoscopic procedures. In the laparoscopic splenectomy group the outcomes after removal of spleens < 15 cm and > 15 cm were compared. Clinical results after splenectomy in haemolytic anaemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura are reported. In the open splenectomy group the spleens were larger and heavier, hence the operating time was greater than in the laparoscopic splenectomy group. The mean age of patients in the open group was 65 years as against 43 years in the laparoscopic group. Morbidity was 23% in the open group and 10% in the laparoscopic group. Mortality was nil in both groups. The overall conversion rate in the laparoscopic group was 2.6% owing to extensive adhesions and bleeding in 2 large spleens measuring > 27 cm and weighing > 2 kg (conversion rate for larger spleens: 6.2%). Spleens > 15 cm were associated with greater blood loss (p < 0.01), longer operating times and a longer hospital stay. No cases of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection were registered in either group. The healing rate for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after splenectomy was 87%, while for haemolytic anaemia it was 100%. In this study splenomegaly was associated with malignant haematological disease occurring in patients aged 65 on average in whom an open splenectomy was generally carried out. Benign diseases occurred in patients aged 43 on average in whom laparoscopic splenectomy was the preferred procedure. Conversion rate, morbidity and length of hospital stay were comparable with those of other series. Laparoscopic splenectomy can be considered the gold standard procedure for benign disease in young patients and also as a safe procedure in selected cases of malignant haematological disease.     

腹腔镜脾切除治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜(附8例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜脾切除术(LS)治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的临床意义。方法:回顾分析8例LS治疗ITP的临床资料。结果:8例均治愈,无再发出血,血小板总数上升为7.8×109~29.1×109/L,1例5.1×109/L,经糖皮质激素治疗(15mg/d),3月后停药,1例脾窝积液,2例脾热,经抗炎对症治疗后14d痊愈。结论:LS治疗ITP是一种理想的治疗方法。     

Splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a five-year retrospective review

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a condition that is characterized by persistently low platelet counts. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura results from splenic sequestration and accelerated platelet destruction mediated by antiplatelet antibody. Most cases arise in previously healthy patients, mostly women ages 20 to 40. Clinical symptoms consist of bruising, petechiae, mucosal bleeding, menorrhagia, and intracranial bleeding. Platelet-associated immunoglobulin G can be detected in 90 per cent of patients. Therapy for adults and children is somewhat different. Splenectomy in adults should be considered in patients who fail to respond to steroids, develop thrombocytopenia after taper, or develop steroid toxicity. Ninety per cent of children will maintain normal platelet counts in 9 to 12 months. Some will recover spontaneously without medical therapy. Splenectomy in children is recommended if idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura persists for more than one year or fails to respond to steroids. Our purpose was to determine whether management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients who undergo splenectomy at our institutions is appropriate and effective. We undertook a 5-year retrospective review of 27 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura which have undergone splenectomy. All of the 27 patients were referred to surgeons after initial medical management. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of length of therapy: longer than 6 months and less than 6 months. The longer than 6 months group contained 15 patients. This group had a postoperative complication rate of 40 per cent. Those in the group with <6 months therapy had a complication rate of 7 per cent. Average follow-up for all patients was 20 months. Eighty-eight per cent of the patients had complete response. Three per cent had a partial response with platelet counts >50,000. The partial response group did not respond well to preoperative steroid boluses with a great rise in platelet counts. Eighteen per cent of patients received platelet transfusions. Sixty per cent of the transfusions were given for inappropriate reasons. A large percentage of our patients had prolonged medical therapy before splenectomy. The inappropriate use of platelets was a common error in management. Patients treated for more than 6 months had more postoperative complications. An initial increase in platelets after steroid bolus is a good indicator for favorable response to splenectomy. We conclude that splenectomy is a safe and effective method of treatment for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with no deaths or postsplenectomy sepsis to date.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy: a selected retrospective review

Previous investigators have suggested that laparoscopic splenectomy should be the procedure of choice for the treatment of benign hematologic disorders unresponsive to medical therapy. To evaluate the safety and utility of laparoscopic splenectomy for a variety of splenic disorders, we reviewed our collective experience at 2 institutions. We studied our 8-year experience by retrospective chart review. Patient demographic data, splenic pathology, intraoperative events, concomitant procedures, and all adverse perioperative events were recorded. A total of 131 patients had laparoscopic splenectomy, and there were 8 conversions to open surgery. Pathology included 63 with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 23 malignancies, 12 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 10 autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and 23 others. Accessory spleens were noted in 21 patients (16%). Concomitant surgical procedures included 12 hepatic biopsies, 4 distal pancreatectomies, 4 cholecystectomies, and 7 others. Mean operative time was 170 minutes. There were 16 major complications in 16 patients and 2 deaths. Median postoperative length of stay was 3 days. Conversions, due mostly to bleeding, are related to splenic pathology and medical comorbidity and are not temporally related to surgical experience (learning curve). The morbidity, mortality, and conversion rates were low. Laparoscopic splenectomy permits an appropriate abdominal exploration and is associated with a short hospital stay. It is the procedure of choice for most indications for splenectomy.     

Laparoscopic accessory splenectomy with intraoperative gamma probe localization for recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Laparoscopic excision of retained splenic tissue has been described as a treatment of recurrent hematologic disease after formal splenectomy. It is associated with a shorter hospital stay, more rapid recovery, and lower or equivalent morbidity compared with open surgery. However, intraoperative identification of residual splenic tissue remains difficult, particularly when preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging results are unremarkable. It has been suggested that the laparoscopic approach has a lower success rate due to the loss of tactile feedback. We report a case of successful laparoscopic excision of retained splenic tissue using technetium sulfur colloid injection and intraoperative gamma probe localization in a patient with recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 12 years after open splenectomy. This represents the first report of this intraoperative adjunctive measure for the laparoscopic identification and excision of functional accessory splenic tissue.     

Steep learning curve of laparoscopic splenectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In 1992, Ochsner Foundation Hospital was among the first institutions in which laparoscopic splenectomy was performed. The aim of this study is to review our experience and discuss the lessons learned. METHODS: A retrospective review of 33 cases of laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (N = 22), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) (5), thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (2), and other disorders (4) at Ochsner Foundation Hospital between 1992 and 1999 was conducted. Several measures, including rates of conversion to open splenectomy, were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 33 cases, 26 (79%) were completed laparoscopically. Four were converted to an open procedure secondary to bleeding and three secondary to difficulty in dissection. Six conversions to open surgery were necessary during the first eight laparoscopic splenectomies and only one during our last 25 cases. Two patients required reoperations for bleeding. The average hospital stay after laparoscopic splenectomy was 2.3 days; eight patients stayed only 1 day. All of the TTP patients, 86% of the patients with ITP, and 40% of those with AIHA responded well to splenectomy. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe although complex procedure. Bleeding is the major complication but has been less common with experience. Even with today's technology, very large spleens are still extremely difficult to remove. With the short recovery and ready acceptance of patients and physicians, this technique is being used with increasing frequency. A significant learning curve exists for the safe completion of this challenging procedure.     

Laparoscopic Splenectomy for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Outcome and Long-term Results

The technical feasibility of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has been recently established. However, data regarding the efficacy of the procedure with long-term follow-up of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine retrospectively the immediate efficacy and the long-term results of a standardized laparoscopic procedure applied to patients with ITP refractory to medical treatment. Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed in 35 patients for ITP between May 1993 and May 1998. The lateral approach was used in the last 27 patients. Data were recorded retrospectively on that group. Twenty-six patients (96%) underwent successful LS. Mean operative time for the laparoscopic procedure was 90 minutes. There were no postoperative deaths. Postoperative complications developed in three patients. Thrombocytopenia resolved after surgery in 93% of patients, but 7 patients (25%) experienced relapse during a mean 28-month follow-up. At present no patient needs medical therapy to maintain a normal platelet count. Laparoscopic splenectomy is feasible and safe in patients with ITP. Long-term results of LS for ITP are comparable to those achieved with open splenectomy.     

Results of laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic splenectomy has been demonstrated to be technically feasible and safe for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), hereditary spherocytosis, and Hodgkin's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 76 consecutive patients with chronic ITP who were admitted to our hospital from 1968 to 1997 and underwent splenectomy; 35 patients underwent a laparoscopic splenectomy, and 41 had open surgery. RESULTS: Laparoscopic splenectomy involved minimal incision, and a significantly lower frequency of analgesia was required for postoperative abdominal pain (1.4 versus 3.3); postoperative hospital stay was shorter (9.6 versus 20.1 days, P <0.05). Operative time was significantly longer for the laparoscopic surgery (204.5 versus 99.8 minutes, P <0.01), but blood loss was less (154.4 versus 511.7 g, P <0.01). During the present study (range 3.8 to 80 months), accumulative nonrecurrence rate was 67.9% in 5 years after surgery, which is similar to that of the previous open splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic splenectomy can become an alternative therapeutic modality in the treatment of ITP.     

腹腔镜脾切除术44例临床分析

目的：总结腹腔镜脾切除术的经验体会。方法：2006年9月至2009年10月行腹腔镜脾切除术44例,其中外伤性脾破裂出血6例,特发性血小板减少性紫癜3例,自身免疫性溶血性贫血1例,脾囊肿4例,脾血管瘤2例,脾淋巴管瘤1例,脾错构瘤2例,肝硬化门脉高压脾功能亢进25例。均采用二级脾蒂离断法。结果：43例成功完成腹腔镜手术,1例行开腹手术。手术时间55~240min,平均（126.40±52.43）min,术中出血30~1 000ml,平均（221.7±214.43）ml,术后住院5~15d,平均6.5d,1例脾错构瘤由于术后短时间引流量多,引流液色红而再次行腹腔镜探查,发现为取脾时意外撕裂大网膜导致出血,腹腔镜下成功止血。术后无死亡病例。结论：腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除术安全、可行、微创、经济。     

Analysis of risk factors for massive intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic splenectomy

Background/Purpose Laparoscopic splenectomy is occasionally converted to open surgery due to massive intraoperative bleeding. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for massive bleeding during laparoscopic splenectomy. Methods Fifty-three patients underwent laparoscopic splenectomy. The indications were hematologic disease in 25 patients, liver cirrhosis in 17 patients, and other conditions in 11 patients. Univariate analysis was conducted with Fisher's exact test, and multivariate analysis was conducted with a stepwise logistic regression model. Results None of the patients required open surgery. Blood loss of more than 800 ml was defined as massive intraoperative bleeding. Univariate analysis showed significant risk factors for massive bleeding to be liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, Child class, and preoperative platelet count. Independent risk factors in the multivariate analysis were portal hypertension and Child class. Conclusions Careful attention to intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic splenectomy is necessary for patients with portal hypertension and/or deteriorated liver function.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Background: Laparoscopic splenectomy is a novel approach for the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in patients requiring surgical intervention. This technique was used for treatment in 16 consecutive patients. Follow-up was initiated at a median of 13.5 months after surgery to determine whether or not laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and successful procedure that should be used in all patients requiring splenectomy for ITP. Methods: Sixteen patients underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for ITP between May 1994 and September 1996. They were evaluated prospectively prior to surgery, immediately following surgery, at discharge, and at 13.5 months following surgery (n= 14) to determine the short- and long-term results of the procedure. Results: Mean operation time was 123.4 ± 12.1 min, and there were no significant intra- or postoperative complications. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 437.5 ± 73.5 ml. Autologous blood transfusion was necessary in one patient (6.3%). Mean organ weight was 202.2 ± 47.3 g. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.6 ± 0.4 days. Before discharge, mean platelet count rose by 100.7%. At follow-up (13.5 months postoperatively), it was 77.7% above preoperative values. No additional surgery was necessary in any of the patients undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy, and hematologic success was achieved in 12 patients (85.7%). Conclusions: Our results clearly indicate that laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and successful procedure in patients suffering from ITP. It offers the well-known advantages of minimal invasive surgery as well as the surgical effectiveness of the open approach. This surgical technique should therefore be considered in all patients requiring splenectomy for the treatment of ITP.     

Minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of splenosis

Splenosis has been serious etiologic reason in the recurrence of benign hematologic diseases after elective open or laparoscopic splenectomy. Although, the incidence of splenosis in patients splenectomized for trauma is high, as long as they are asymptomatic, they do not require surgical treatment. Herein, we report a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura recurrence due to splenosis 5 years after the initial laparoscopic splenectomy. Laparoscopic treatment of splenosis was performed successfully.     

An 18-year review of open and laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic splenectomy has become the preferred surgical procedure for the management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, there studies have directly compared the incidence of recurrent ITP secondary to missed accessory spleens in open versus laparoscopic splenectomy. METHODS: Open and laparoscopic splenectomies performed for ITP at 4 sites over 18 years were analyzed. The incidence of recurrent disease secondary to missed accessory spleens was compared between the open and laparoscopic splenectomy groups. RESULTS: A total of 105 splenectomies (54 open/51 laparoscopic) were performed. Accessory spleens were identified in 6 laparoscopic and 6 open cases (P = .57). Recurrent disease occurred in 27.6% of open and 14.6% of laparoscopic cases (P = .222). There were no cases of recurrent ITP secondary to a missed accessory spleen in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of missed accessory spleens causing recurrent disease is similar when splenectomy is performed either open or laparoscopically.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for treatment of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) is one of the advanced laparoscopic procedures that benefit most from minimally invasive surgery. This study was undertaken to compare the operating time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, and platelet count response for patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) undergoing open splenectomy (OS) versus LS. METHODS: We performed OS in 20 cases before 1992 and LS in 14 cases after 1993 for the treatment of ITP. RESULTS: The operating time was significantly shorter for OS than for LS (126 +/- 52 min versus 203 +/- 83 min, p < 0.01). Blood loss was less for OS than for LS (321 +/- 264 ml versus 524 +/- 648 ml, p = 0.287). None of the patients who underwent LS were converted to open surgery. Accessory spleens were found in four OS patients (20.0%) and four LS patients (28.6%). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer for OS patients than for LS patients (15.2 +/- 5.8 days versus 8.9 +/- 2.9 days, p < 0.0005). No significant difference was noted in the long-term results of splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with OS, LS required more operating time, had the potential to cause greater blood loss, had a comparable incidence of accessory spleen and response rate, and appeared to shorten the postoperative stay.     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜行腹腔镜脾切除术的临床体会

[摘 要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜（idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP）的安全性和可行性。方法 回顾性分析皖南医学院第一附属医院2014年6月至2017年6月期间收治的确诊ITP患者27例,按照手术方法不同分为两组：腹腔镜组行腹腔镜脾切除术,共17例;开腹组行开腹脾切除术,共10例。观察两组手术基本情况,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后通气时间、术后脾窝引流管拔除时间、术后住院天数,以及术后第1、3、7天患者外周血血小板计数。 两组患者均顺利出院,术后第7天两组患者外周血血小板计数均大于100×10 9 /L。两组手术时间、结果 术中出血量、术后第1、3、7天外周血血小板计数,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。但腹腔镜组在术后通气时间、术后脾窝引流管拔除时间、术后住院时间均较开腹组明显缩短（P<0.05）。结论 腹腔镜脾切除术治疗ITP创伤相对小、术后恢复快,安全、可行,值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜脾切除术32例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜脾切除术（laparoscopic splenectomy，LS）的可行性。方法我院1999年6月-2005年12月行LS32例，超声刀游离脾周韧带，血管切割缝合器离断脾蒂，脾脏装入塑料袋剪碎取出。结果LS成功29例，手术时间60-270min，平均100min；术中出血量30-1000ml，平均230ml。术后住院3—7d，平均5d，无术后并发症。3例中转开腹，1例为脾蒂出血，1例为胃短血管出血，1例为脾周围炎粘连紧密出血。22例特发性血小板减少性紫癜中18例血小板恢复正常，4例术后无升高。2例溶血性贫血术后血红蛋白升高。4例肝炎后肝硬化合并脾功能亢进者术后血小板恢复正常。结论腹腔镜脾切除术安全可行．尤其适合于血液系统疾病中须行脾切除者及脾脏本身病变者。     

腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除

目的总结腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除的应用价值。方法2006年9月～2007年5月,行腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除13例,其中外伤性脾破裂出血5例、特发性血小板减少性紫癜2例、肝硬化脾功能亢进6例。结果全部镜下完成,未使用手辅助。手术时间150～300min,平均210min,术中出血50～800ml,平均350ml,术后住院5～9d,平均7.5d,无手术并发症。随访1～6个月,血小板均在正常范围。结论腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除术安全、可行、微创。     

Splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Background: This study aimed to compare the safety, efficacy, and clinical benefits of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) to open splenectomy (OS) in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Methods: The results from 14 consecutive patients who underwent LS for ITP were reviewed and compared with the results from patients who underwent OS for the same disease. Demographics, concomitant disease on admission, and platelet counts were evaluated, as were details of the surgical procedure, postoperative physiologic status, and hospital stay. Results: Mean operative time was 88.3 min for OS and 146.4 min in LS group (p < 0.05). The conversion rate to open splenectomy was 7.1. Therapeutic response to splenectomy was 92.8% in the LS group and 86.6% in the OS group. Bowel canalization, return to liquid diet, and length of hospital stay were all significantly delayed in the OS group as compared with those who underwent LS (p= 0.01, p= 0.02, p= 0.005, respectively). In the OS group the morbidity rate was 13.3%, whereas in the LS group it was 7.1%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic splenectomy represents a valid alternative to conventional splenectomy in the treatment of ITP. Received: 10 October 1997/Accepted: 11 March 1998