51例婴幼儿急性骨髓炎临床特征分析

目的 探讨婴幼儿急性骨髓炎的临床特征。方法 收集2017年11月至2022年5月诊治的51例急性骨髓炎患儿的病例资料,其中男30例,女21例,年龄为19天~2岁11月,回顾性分析婴幼儿骨髓炎的临床特点、实验室指标、治疗及预后等。将同期收治的3岁以上急性骨髓炎患儿的临床资料与其进行对比分析。结果 所有患儿起病时均伴有发热,发病时均表现为患处不同程度的疼痛肿胀、肢体活动受限（新生儿可表现为假瘫）,发病部位以股骨、胫骨多见。细菌培养阳性者41例,其中金黄色葡萄球菌最多见。入院24小时内实验室检查白细胞升高者39例（76.5%）,中性粒细胞计数升高者32例（62.7%）,C-反应蛋白（CRP）升高者44例（86.3%）,红细胞沉降率（ESR）升高者49例（96.1%）。51例患儿均采用抗生素联合骨质开窗引流治疗,总住院天数为16~61 d。随访截至2022年11月,出现并发症者3例,其中髋关节病理性脱位2例,关节挛缩1例。3岁以上急性骨髓炎患儿与3岁以下急性骨髓炎患儿的性别、细菌培养阳性率、发病时最高体温、中性粒细胞升高程度、CRP升高程度、ESR升高程度、发病时长、住院天数、合并关节炎和并发症的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;白细胞升高程度的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 婴幼儿骨髓炎由于临床表现不典型,易漏诊或误诊,若患儿出现肢体异常,应警惕急性骨髓炎的可能,及时进行相关检查,做到早期诊断及早期治疗,减少相关并发症、后遗症的发生。     

40例慢性骨髓炎发病诱因及菌群特点研究

目的分析40例慢性骨髓炎发病诱因及菌群特点以指导临床预防和治疗骨髓炎。方法将慢性骨髓炎发病诱因划分为闭合骨折行手术治疗、开放性骨折及无明显诱因3类;慢性骨髓炎患者术中取坏死组织进行细菌培养及药敏实验。结果发病诱因中闭合骨折行手术治疗导致骨髓炎22例,开放性骨折导致骨髓炎15例,无明显诱因3例;培养出病原菌17种,金黄色葡萄球菌占34.55%,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占金黄色葡萄球菌31.60%,阴沟肠杆菌9.09%。结论对于慢性骨髓炎的防治,预防手术相关感染是关键;细菌谱中金黄色葡萄球菌为主,革兰氏阴性菌较多,应选用敏感抗生素治疗。     

儿童金黄色葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征31例临床分析

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法对31例金黄色葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征患者儿的临床资料进行归纳分析。结果仅有3例患儿血沉轻度增高，2例CRP增高，血培养阳性1例，为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌，抗生素治疗效果显著，无一例有严重并发症，预后好。结论本病起病急、症状重，早诊断及合理使用抗生素是治疗成功的关键。     

山东某三甲医院儿童急性骨髓炎致病菌及耐药性分析

目的 总结山东大学附属儿童医院儿童急性骨髓炎脓液培养及药敏结果,为临床抗生素的使用提供参考。方法 收集我院2018年1月至2023年1月诊治的115例儿童急性骨髓炎的病例资料进行回顾性分析,其中男孩71例,女孩44例,年龄19天～15岁,对脓液培养结果及药敏结果进行总结分析。结果 115例患儿中,53例为甲氧西林敏感性金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus,MSSA）,33例为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）,2例为肺炎链球菌,1例为肠炎沙门菌,1例为流感嗜血杆菌,25例为阴性。53例MSSA中,51例对氨苄西林耐药,42例对克林霉素耐药,41例对红霉素耐药,仅1例对庆大霉素耐药,所有患儿均对青霉素耐药,均对阿莫西林、头孢西丁、苯唑西林、万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感。33例MRSA中,27例对克林霉素耐药,27例对红霉素耐药,3例对庆大霉素耐药,所有患儿均对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢西丁、苯唑西林和青霉素耐药,均对万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感...     

21例骨骺骨髓炎临床分析

目的 总结骨骺骨髓炎临床特点及诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析2017年7月至2021年7月山东大学附属儿童医院经影像学检查、手术、术后脓液培养和病理确诊的21例骨骺骨髓炎患儿资料，其中男孩14例，女孩7例，发病年龄0.7～12岁；发病部位：股骨远端10例，股骨近端1例，胫骨远端7例，胫骨近端2例，肱骨近端1例。21例患儿均采用抗生素联合手术清创引流治疗。结果 21例骨骺骨髓炎患儿起病时均表现为局部肿胀、疼痛、肢体活动受限，并伴有发热。入院后均使用1代头孢抗感染治疗，后期根据脓液培养和药敏结果调整抗生素，最终21例患儿均好转出院，随访截至2022年7月，仅1例患儿股骨头扁平不规整。结论 骨骺骨髓炎临床上较为罕见，好发于股骨远端，治疗采用抗生素联合手术清创引流效果良好。     

糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床研究

目的探讨糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床特征。 方法选取2016年9月至2019年9月恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院收治的128例糖尿病足合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染者为研究对象，对患者溃疡部位细菌进行分离、培养和鉴定，并进行药敏试验，分析病原菌的分布特征及金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况以及相关影响因素。128例患者所分离株金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林敏感者为敏感菌组（33例），对甲氧西林耐药者为耐药菌组（95例）。 结果共分离出128株菌株，其中革兰阳性菌79株（61.72%）、革兰阴性菌45株（35.16%）和真菌4株（3.12%）；敏感菌组和耐药菌组患者中分别分离病原菌33株和95株；敏感菌组患者分离菌株对利福平、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、青霉素G、头孢呋辛、阿奇霉素、头孢噻肟、呋喃妥因菌株耐药率高于耐药组，差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 7.856、12.309、19.998、15.682、4.072、30.258、6.089、22.233、5.264，P = 0.004、0.001、< 0.001、< 0.001、0.041、< 0.001、0.007、< 0.001和0.018）；多因素Logistic回归分析显示，低蛋白血症、溃疡面积、溃疡病程、入院前6个月使用抗菌药以及高血压均为糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的影响因素，差异均有统计学意义（P = 0.001、0.010、0.023、0.012和0.029）。 结论金黄色葡萄球菌是糖尿病足疾病主要感染病原菌，低蛋白血症、溃疡面积、溃疡病程、入院前6个月使用抗菌药、高血压均为糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的危险因素。     

负压封闭引流技术在儿童急性血源性骨髓炎中的应用

背景:目前负压封闭引流技术(VSD)广泛应用于成人创伤及感染的治疗,在治疗儿童急性血源性骨髓炎中的作用尚未见系统报道。目的:探讨VSD在儿童急性血源性骨髓炎治疗中的作用。方法:2008年7月至2010年6月采用VSD治疗儿童急性血源性骨髓炎11例,男8例,女3例;年龄18个月～7岁,平均3.3岁。股骨远端骨髓炎6例,胫骨近端骨髓炎4例,髂骨骨髓炎1例。所有患儿均行术前脓液及血培养和术中脓液培养,采用VSD引流,双联抗生素用药,并根据药敏试验结果调整抗生素,5～7d拆除VSD引流敷料,创口不再有脓液渗出后关闭伤口。抗生素应用至体温平稳后2周停药,复查3次血培养均为阴性方可出院,下肢石膏固定并口服抗生素4周。出院后1、3、6个月进行随访。结果:11例患儿中5例脓液培养及血培养均检出金黄色葡萄球菌,1例仅脓液培养出金黄色葡萄球菌,3例脓液培养及血培养为溶血性链球菌,1例脓液培养为表皮葡萄球菌,1例脓液培养及血培养均阴性。5例VSD引流1次,5例VSD引流2次,1例VSD引流3次,平均1.6次,平均VSD治疗时间1.5周,术后1～5天体温逐渐平稳,整个治疗过程中护理十分方便,无需每日换药,最终11例患儿均缝合关闭伤口。所有病例均完成3次随访,伤口愈合良好,X线片示骨修复良好,无一例出现发热、局部红肿,肢体功能恢复良好。结论:VSD治疗儿童急性血源性骨髓炎操作简便、高效、安全,治疗时间短,患者痛苦少,可作为儿童急性血源性骨髓炎的常规治疗方法。     

关节置换术后耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌迟发感染的抗生素使用

[目的]探讨关节置换术后耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌迟发感染治疗中的抗生素使用策略.[方法]Ⅱ期翻修治疗人工髋、膝关节置换术后耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌迟发感染9例,其中男5例,女4例,年龄40～86岁,平均67.2岁.初次手术包括髋关节置换术5例,膝关节置换术4例,发生感染距离初次手术的时间为2～96个月.术前及术中取关节液培养,Ⅰ期取出内植物彻底清创,然后用临时间隔器(包括万古霉素骨水泥7例、可灌洗间隔器2例)填充缺损区域,术后引流液万古霉素药物浓度测定.根据药敏结果,静脉用抗生素3～6周.清创术后3周～1年,Ⅱ期关节置换重建8例;1例因全身情况欠佳,局部旷置.采取接触隔离方式预防感染的院内播散.每2周检查肝、肾功能.[结果]细菌培养发现,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌7例,耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌2例,所有菌株均对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻吩、苯唑西林、青霉素等均高度耐药,对万古霉素敏感9例,利福平敏感7例.克林霉素敏感5例,复方磺胺敏感4例,左旋氧氟沙星敏感4例,庆大霉素敏感3例.治疗后感染均得以控制,肝功能短暂升高1例.随访25.5～108个月,平均50.9个月,未见感染复发,亦未在病区内播散.[结论]造成关节置换术后迟发感染的耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对多种抗生素耐药,但对万古霉素敏感;彻底清创手术后,全身和局部合理使用抗生素可以有效的控制感染,并减少不良反应的发生.根据条件行Ⅱ期成形手术相对安全;严格的接触隔离措施可以预防感染的院内播散.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的四肢创伤性骨髓炎的手术治疗

目的： 总结并探讨采用利奈唑胺静滴联合万古霉素局部靶向缓释治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（dumethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）感染的四肢创伤性骨髓炎的临床疗效及应用价值。方法： 回顾分析2015年3月至2017年3月在我院就诊的MRSA感染的四肢创伤性骨髓炎30例,其中男21例,女9例;年龄25~64（47.94±6.23）岁;病程9~23（15.68±6.23）个月。病灶部位：胫骨18例,跟骨12例。致伤原因：摔伤12例,车祸伤9例,坠落伤9例。闭合性骨折22例,开放性骨折8例。存在内固定13例。22例存在窦道,8例存在一定范围的软组织缺损伴骨及内固定外露,软组织缺损面积2.0 cm×3.0 cm~8.2 cm×12.3 cm;10例存在骨缺损,缺损范围0.5~3.4 cm;所有患者窦道或创面分泌物细菌培养均为MRSA。所有病例在彻底清创的基础上,病灶处植入载万古霉素硫酸钙人工骨,同时在围手术期静滴利奈唑胺葡萄糖注射液。术后从抗生素使用时间,血常规、红细胞沉降率、超敏C反应蛋白及肝肾功能等相关实验室指标,X线片、CT等影像学检查,骨质愈合、皮瓣成活、关节功能等情况以及根据McKee等骨髓炎治愈标准进行定期随访评价。结果： 所有患者获随访,时间3~6（4.23±0.76）年,均未出现骨髓炎复发情况,实现了骨折愈合、感染控制、创面愈合、功能恢复。结论： 利奈唑胺静滴联合万古霉素局部靶向缓释治疗MRSA感染的四肢创伤性骨髓炎的疗效显著,复发率低。     

MRSA感染的治疗

<正>1961年首次发现耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)引起的感染[1]。40年来,由于抗生素尤其是广谱抗生素的滥用,MRSA造成的院内与院外感     

Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis with a fibrin sealant antibiotic implant

Two methods currently are available for the delivery of antibiotics: intravenous injection with a long-term indwelling catheter and local implant of antibiotic-containing polymethylmethacrylate beads. Both of these methods have significant disadvantages. A fibrin sealant implant, impregnated with tobramycin, was evaluated in a rabbit model of osteomyelitis to determine whether it has the potential of supplying a basis for bone reconstruction and providing an improved treatment method for the delivery of antibiotics to orthopaedic infections. Localized tibial osteomyelitis, with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, was developed surgically in female New Zealand White rabbits. After 2 weeks, rabbits with evidence of osteomyelitis were treated with debridement alone, debridement plus systemic tobramycin, debridement plus fibrin sealant, debridement plus fibrin sealant loaded with tobramycin, polymethylmethacrylate beads loaded with tobramycin, or not treated at all (control). After 4 weeks of therapy, the rabbits were sacrificed and the involved bones were cultured for concentrations of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus per gram of bone and marrow. Preliminary data (N = 14) indicate fibrin sealant plus tobramycin may be as effective as polymethylmethacrylate beads plus tobramycin against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in a rabbit model.     

Changing trends in acute osteomyelitis in children: impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common etiologic agent of acute osteomyelitis in children. Recently, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen. METHODS: Records of all children admitted with acute osteomyelitis from January 1999 to December 2003 were reviewed. For the comparative analysis, the study population was evenly distributed in 2 periods: period A, January 1999 to June 2001; n = 113; and period B, July 2001 to December 2003; n = 177. In addition, clinical findings of MRSA osteomyelitis were compared with non-MRSA osteomyelitis, including methicillin-sensitive S. aureus infections. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety children (60% male subjects) with acute osteomyelitis were identified. Median (25th-75th percentile) age at diagnosis was 6 years (range, 2-11 years). Significant clinical findings included the following: localized pain (84%), fever (67%), and swelling (62%). Affected bones included the following: foot (23%), femur (20%), tibia (16%), and pelvis (7%). Thirty-seven percent of blood cultures were positive, and a bacterial isolate was obtained in 55% of cases. Bacteria most frequently isolated included the following: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (45%) (57% in period Avs 40% in period B), MRSA (23%) (6% in A vs 31% in B; P < 0.001), Streptococcus pyogenes (6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%). Children with MRSA compared with those with non-MRSA osteomyelitis had significantly greater erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values on admission and increased length of hospital stay, antibiotic therapy, and overall rate of complications. We observed significant changes in antibiotic therapy related to increased use of agents with activity against MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was isolated more frequently in the second study period and was associated with worse clinical outcomes.     

Varicella-related musculoskeletal complications in children

Eight children with post-varicella musculoskeletal complications were treated between 2001 and 2009. The complications that were observed were cellulitis (three children), pyomyositis (three children), osteomyelitis (two children) and gangrene (one child). On average, 8.8 days elapsed between primary varicella infection and complication. The most common presentation was pain. Before we started treating them, all children received antibiotics during interhospital transfers (average: 2.4). Interventions included drainage (eight), fasciatomy (one), arthrotomy (one), bone drilling (one), and amputation (one). Blood cultures were negative in all children. Two children had positive pus cultures for Staphylococcus aureus, one of them had a methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. One of the four children who developed coagulopathy ended with significant morbidity. Varicella-related methicillin-resistant S. aureus osteomyelitis suggests a widening spectrum of these infections.     

Chronic osteomyelitis in children: Shriners Hospital Honolulu experience

Chronic osteomyelitis incidence and severity in 55 hospitalized Pacific Island children between 1990 and 2002 were compared with the expected incidence and reports in the literature. Of these 55 cases, 87% were from Polynesia/Micronesia. The average length of hospital stay was 104 days. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 64% of the cases with 43% of those being methicillin resistant S. aureus. A total of 111 bones were involved. Average antibiotic treatment was 135 days. Each case required an average of 1.3 irrigations/debridements and 45% required a sequestrectomy. Ninety-two percent had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate on admission. Sixty-nine percent of the cases involved metaphyseal, diaphyseal and epiphyseal segments of the bone and 29% were multifocal. Results indicate that Pacific Island children have a higher incidence and increased severity of osteomyelitis when compared with non-Pacific Island children in the literature, requiring a high suspicion for multifocal osteomyelitis, extensive bone involvement, S. aureus positive cultures and a longer period of antibiotic treatment.     

Osteomyelitis of flat bones: A report of 20 cases and review of the literature

ObjectiveOsteomyelitis is frequently localized on the fertile metaphysis of long bones. However, there are other locations such as short or flat bones. The aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of osteomyelitis of flat bones in our environment.MethodsIt's was a retrospective study conducted from January 2013 to December 2017; Children from 0 to 16 years admitted for osteomyelitis of a flat bone where included.ResultsWe followed 19 patients who presented 20 locations of osteomyelitis on a flat bone. They accounted for 9.1% of all osteomyelitis observed during the study period. The average age was 6.7 years (9 months–14 years). The clinical picture most often associated with fever and local inflammatory swelling related to an abscess. The predominant locations were the sternum with 8 cases and the scapula with 4 cases. Eleven patients were homozygous sickle cell patients. The diagnosis was strengthened with standard radiography in the majority of cases. A micro-organism was isolated in 8 cases (40%) and Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant germ in 7 cases. Nearly all patients were treated with surgical drainage of the abscess, bone curettage and antibiotics. A typical radiographical evolution has been observed with bone reconstruction in 15 cases with a mean follow-up of 3.3 years.ConclusionFlat bones are relatively rare locations of osteomyelitis. Standard radiography remains the first-line examination. Their treatment obeys the same rules as that of osteomyelitis of long bones. There is a successful outcome when the care is early and adequate.     

Inappropriate antibiotic use in soft tissue infections

HYPOTHESIS: Many soft tissue infections treated with surgical drainage resolve even when treated with antibiotics not active against the organism isolated from the infection. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Integrated Soft Tissue Infection Services clinic. PATIENTS: All patients treated from July 19, 2000, to August 1, 2001, who underwent surgical drainage of a soft tissue infection and had microbiological culture results. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Documented resolution of the infection with drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy alone was deemed a cure. An infection resulting in death or other surgical therapy was deemed a failure. Therapy was appropriate when the organism was sensitive to prescribed antibiotics and was inappropriate when the organism was insensitive. RESULTS: The study included 376 patients with 450 infections. Staphylococcus aureus as the primary organism was isolated from 441 of the cultures. Methicillin sodium-sensitive S aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus were found in 157 and 284 of these isolates, respectively. Appropriate antibiotics were prescribed in 153 infections with methicillin-sensitive S aureus and in 25 with methicillin-resistant S aureus. Of 441 episodes, 408 were clinically evaluated for cure. Three patients failed treatment, 2 in the appropriately treated group (resulting in death and amputation) and 1 patient with osteomyelitis in the inappropriately treated group. The cure rate for infections treated appropriately or inappropriately was the same. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of soft tissue infections after surgical drainage, even with inappropriate antibiotics, has a high cure rate. Further studies to evaluate the efficacy of treating these infections without antibiotics are needed.     

儿童跟骨骨髓炎临床特征及治疗

目的 分析儿童跟骨骨髓炎病例特点,观察治疗效果,总结治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年12月我院治疗的12例儿童跟骨骨髓炎病人的临床资料,其中男7例,女5例,年龄为9个月～15岁,平均8.8岁;左侧9例,右侧3例.7例无诱因,5例有外伤史.就诊前病程大于1周7例(58.3％),12例就诊时均有足跟疼痛...     

Acute staphylococcal hind foot osteomyelitis in a healthy adult: A case report

IntroductionAcute osteomyelitis of the hind foot is uncommon in a normal immunocompetent adult.Case presentationWe present a previously healthy 52year old caucasian male who developed painful swelling of his ankle/hindfoot following closed soft tissue football injury. He had no antecedent systemic symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging and bone scan imaging, followed by surgical decompression and bone biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus hind foot osteomyelitis. He underwent triple fusion after debridement and had suppressive antibiotics. His pain and swelling resolved at 6 weeks postoperation and CT confirmed fusion at 6 months. His inflammatory markers normalised over the course of 7 months. After 18 months, he remained asymptomatic without any evidence of recurrence.ConclusionThis case represents an unusual and important variation of presentation of acute osteomyelitis in a healthy adult. It can be easily overlooked when a normal patient presents with pain and functional impairment after a closed soft tissue trauma, but a high index of suspicion is paramount because virulent organisms can infect immunologically normal patients.     

Osteomyelitis due to Kingella kingae infection

A case of osteomyelitis due to Kingella kingae is presented to illustrate the insidious onset and indolent course typical of bone infections caused by this organism. The frequently negative result obtained with Gram's stain and the fastidious nature of the organism makes diagnosis difficult. Initial therapy with an aminopenicillin such as ampicillin in addition to antimicrobial drugs for Staphylococcus aureus should be effective in resolving bone and joint infections in children.