家族性颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征患者的临床及影像学特征分析鄢

目的：研究家族性颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征患者的临床及影像学特征,为临床诊断提供依据。方法：对1例家系患者进行颅颌面及全身骨骼检查,拍摄全景片、头颅侧位片、胸部正位片、手及足正位片,分析患者的颅面部及全身骨骼特征。结果：该家族性颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征患者表现为前额突出,面中部发育不足,鼻背塌陷,眼距增宽,食指中节指骨发育不良,远节指骨过短,跖骨轻度弯曲。口内表现为多数乳牙滞留,恒牙迟萌、多生牙、错牙合。结论：分析颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征患者的临床及影像学特征有助于临床医生及时准确的诊断和治疗。     

RUNX2 mutations in cleidocranial dysplasia patients

Objective:  Mutations in the RUNX2 gene, a master regulator of bone formation, have been identified in cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) patients. CCD is a rare autosomal-dominant disease characterized by the delayed closure of cranial sutures, defects in clavicle formation, and supernumerary teeth. The purposes of this study were to identify genetic causes of two CCD nuclear families and to report their clinical phenotypes.
Materials and methods:  We identified two CCD nuclear families and performed mutational analyses to clarify the underlying molecular genetic etiology.
Results:  Mutational analysis revealed a novel nonsense mutation (c.273T>A, p.L93X) in family 1 and a de novo missense one (c.673C>T, p.R225W) in family 2. Individuals with a nonsense mutation showed maxillary hypoplasia, delayed eruption, multiple supernumerary teeth, and normal stature. In contrast, an individual with a de novo missense mutation in the Runt domain showed only one supernumerary tooth and short stature.
Conclusions:  Mutational and phenotypic analyses showed that the severity of mutations on the skeletal system may not necessarily correlate with that of the disruption of tooth development.     

颅骨锁骨发育不全患者牙囊细胞的体外生物学特征

目的：在成功分离培养正常同龄人牙囊细胞（dental follicle cells,DFCs）与颅骨锁骨发育不全（cleidocranial dysplasia, CCD）患者牙囊细胞（DFCs-CCD）的基础上,研究其一般体外生物学特征,包括增殖、克隆、成骨及破骨能力。方法：采用 BrdU细胞增殖实验与倍增法研究两种来源 DFCs 增殖能力;用结晶紫染液染色培养12 d 的两种 DFCs,分析其克隆形成能力;并用成骨诱导液诱导两种 DFCs 成骨,用 Western blot 和茜素红染色法分析成骨能力,用实时定量 PCR 方法研究其破骨基因表达差异。结果：DFCs-CCD 的 BrdU 阳性率高于 DFCs,同时 DFCs 的群体倍增时间为（1．834±0．093）d,而 DFCs-CCD 的则为（1．394±0．028）d,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;DFCs-CCD 的克隆集落多于 DFCs,但 Runt 相关转录因子2（Runt-related transcrip-tion factor 2,Runx2）、成骨细胞特异性转录因子 Osterix、骨钙素（osteocalcin,Ocn）等成骨相关蛋白表达水平低,而其茜素红染色所示钙化结节同样较少;同时,DFCs-CCD 高表达核因子-κB 受体活化因子（receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB,RANK）和骨保护素（osteoprotegerin,OPG）等破骨相关基因（P ＜0．05）,而核因子-κB 受体活化因子配体（receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL）水平无统计学差异（P ＞0．05）。结论：相比 DFCs,DFCs-CCD 具有更强的增殖、克隆能力和更弱的成骨能力,而破骨基因表达紊乱。     

颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征：1例家系报告及文献复习

颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征是一种先天性全身骨骼发育不全性疾病,临床罕见,以锁骨发育不良、囟门闭合延迟、方颅、乳牙脱落延迟、恒牙迟萌或阻生、多生牙以及颌骨形态异常为主要临床特征。本文报告1例颅骨锁骨发育不全综合征家系,并结合相关文献,对该病的发病率、发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗进行讨论。     

Development of the dentition in cleidocranial dysplasia

The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the formation, maturation and eruption of the dentition, including supernumerary teeth in a sample of patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. The dentition was evaluated from orthopantomograms, intraoral radiographs, cephalometric films, surgically removed teeth and intraoral photographs in 19 patients (9 men, 10 women), aged 3.5 to 34 years. Formation of primary teeth was normal, whereas all patients but one had supernumerary permanent teeth. Frequency of supernumerary teeth ranged from 22% in the maxillary incisor region to 5% in the molar regions. Supernumerary teeth were formed lingually and occlusally to the normal teeth. Maturation of the primary dentition was normal, while permanent teeth were delayed from 1 to 4 yr. Supernumerary teeth were delayed about 4 years in relation to normal permanent teeth. Eruption of primary teeth was normal, whereas all patients had severe eruption problems of permanent teeth. It was hypothesized that the dental lamina for both primary and permanent dentition is normal, but does not resolve completely and therefore may form supernumerary teeth. Abnormalities of tooth morphology is related to inadequate space and arrested eruption. Delayed or arrested eruption is probably caused by diminished resorption of bone and of primary teeth and to the presence of multiple supernumerary teeth.     

家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全的基因突变检测

目的 研究家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全家系的Cbfal基因突变。方法 对临床收集到的一个牙列异常、锁骨颅骨发育不全家系行外周血基因组DNA的提取，利用聚合酶链式反应，DNA直接测序检测突变。结果在该家系中每例患者均存在Cbfal基因外显子3中的杂合性突变，即cDNA674位G〉A的单碱基突变，从而使255位的精氨酸替换为谷氨酰胺（Pa55Q），改变了runt结构域的氨基酸序列。结论Cbfal基因的突变是引起此家系锁骨颅骨发育不全的致病原因。突变检测的结果可用于该家系后代的产前诊断。这也是在中国人家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全患者中首次检测到的基因突变。     

锁骨颅骨发育不全综合征(CCD)的牙面畸形特征分析

目的：分析锁骨颅骨发育不全综合征牙面畸形的表现.方法：收集15年（1990～2004年）诊断为锁骨颅骨发育不全综合征（CCD）患者.其中男性2例、女性2例,就诊时年龄12～18岁,平均年龄14.2岁.所有病例均填写病历、询问其囟门关闭情况,并拍摄胸片,上下颌骨曲面断层片,头颅正、侧位片位,TMJ片、面（牙合）像.结果：1）4例均有多生牙,2）乳牙滞留,3）颌骨发育异常,下颌骨发育过度、上颌骨正常或发育不足,下颌肥大、反（牙合）面型.牙槽骨较一般致密,局部区域骨小梁排列致密.4）4例患者均表现面部异常,头大面小,面下1/3短.眶间距较正常人大且颧弓突出、下弯.结论：分析锁骨颅骨发育不全综合征牙面畸形的表现有助于临床诊断.     

颅锁骨发育不全综合征的X线特征分析

目的:分析总结43例颅锁骨发育不全综合征病例的临床及X线表现。方法:在国内数据库中对颅锁骨发育不全综合征的病例报道进行检索,并结合本院确诊的4例典型病例,对该病的临床表现、X线特征总结分析。结果:颅锁骨发育不全综合征中男/女约1.6∶1;中位年龄17.6岁;牙、颌面畸形发生率达88%;全身其他部位受累发生率达95.3%。主要的牙、颌面畸形X线特征是部分乳牙滞留,恒牙萌出迟缓或不发育并伴有含牙囊肿。上颌骨及颧骨多发育不足及下颌骨正常发育而形成反面型;其它全身部位受累主要表现在指、跖关节的畸形。结论:颅锁骨发育不全综合征好发年轻男性;牙颌面畸形、锁骨发育不全、"钟形"胸、跗跖关节外移畸形、耻骨联合增宽等是诊断颅锁骨发育不全综合征的主要X线特征,骨盘畸形、掌指及跖趾关节的畸形是诊断该病重要的辅助X线特征。     

Restorative treatment strategies for patients with cleidocranial dysplasia

Abstract

Objective. To develop a suitable treatment strategy for patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) who miss the optimal early treatment stage. Materials and methods. This study enrolled 15 patients with CCD who had all missed the optimal treatment stage and were diagnosed with CCD through clinical examinations and genetic tests. Based on the chief complaints and requirements of the patients, three different therapeutic schedules were devised for these patients. Schedules I (periodontal and endodontic treatments) and II (periodontal, endodontic and prosthodontic treatments) were used for patients with low requirements, whereas Schedule III (multidisciplinary strategy, including periodontal, endodontic, surgical, orthodontic and prosthodontic treatments) was used for patients with high requirements. Results. Schedules I, II and III were used in five, seven and three patients, respectively. Schedule III treatments produced the best outcomes in terms of occlusion and esthetics. Conclusions. Schedule III based on a comprehensive multidisciplinary therapy is an ideal restorative therapeutic strategy and can achieve good outcomes for patients with CCD who missed the optimal treatment stage.     

颅骨锁骨发育不良综合征患者的RUNX2基因突变检测分析

目的:检测鉴定我国一个颅骨锁骨发育不良综合征(CCD)家系RUNX2基因突变情况.方法:采用先证者查证法,对家系各成员进行全身健康状况及口腔专科检查,进行CCD诊断;抽取先证者及其父母外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA, PCR扩增RUNX2基因并测序,BLAST同源分析,同时检测100名健康人的相同位点,排除多态位点的可能.结果:先证者具有典型的CCD临床特征,其母亲亦为CCD患者,父亲则无相应临床表现;将先证者的RUNX2基因测序结果进行Blastn比较分析,在Exon 2上发现了一个A→G突变;实际测序图谱显示双峰结构(G、A),对其CCD母亲的基因检测表明,此突变来自母系染色体该基因478位点的基因突变;密码子AAC→GAC可能部分引起第160位氨基酸的改变,天冬酰胺(Asn,N)变成天冬氨酸(Asp,D);该突变型为478 A>G,N160D.家系健康成员同一位点显示G的单峰,即与野生型序列相同.结论:检测到的478 A＞G,N160D为新的基因突变位点,拓展了国内CCD基因层次的研究领域,为国内外CCD致病基因的突变位点数据库增添了新的资料.     

Novel complex disease allele mutations in cleidocranial dysplasia patients

This study reports a novel identical complex disease allele harboring two non‐synonymous mutations that were identified in two southern Chinese individuals of the same family with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD). Blood samples were obtained from the proband, his parents, plus 100 matched control subjects. Exons 0 to 7 of the RUNX2 gene were amplified using specific primers and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment and protein structure modeling was performed using ClustalW2 and MODBASE software while PolyPhen‐2 and MutationTaster applications were employed to predict the disease‐causing potential of the identified mutations. A complex disease allele in two affected individuals harboring two non‐synonymous mutations in a cis‐position on exons 4 (D273N) and 5 (P299L) were identified. The identified mutations were in the conserved region and changed the protein structure.     

牙种植机去骨切割法拔除56颗下颌低位水平阻生牙的体会

应用种植机去骨切割法拔除下颌低位水平阻生牙56颗,同时选取相同年龄范围的56颗下颌低位水平阻生牙,应用高速涡轮钻拔除,以作比较。结果,应用种植机拔除下颌低位水平阻生牙安全、快捷,术后反应和并发症可降至最低,是目前拔除下颌低位水平阻生牙较理想的方法之一。