Symptom Diary–Based Analysis of Disease Course among Patients with Mild Coronavirus Disease,Germany, 2020

Limited information is available on the clinical course of outpatients with mild coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This information is critically important to inform public health prevention strategies and to provide anticipatory guidance to patients, primary care providers, and employers. We retrospectively assessed the daily prevalence of symptoms in 313 COVID-19 outpatients for the first 20 days of illness. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the probability of symptom occurrence over time. Fatigue (91%), cough (85%), and headache (78%) were the most common symptoms and occurred a median of 1 day from symptom onset. Neurologic symptoms, such as loss of taste (66%) and anosmia (62%), and dyspnea (51%) occurred considerably later (median 3–4 days after symptom onset). Symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to those of other respiratory pathogens, so symptomatic patients should be tested more frequently for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during influenza season to prevent further spread of COVID-19.     

Safety and adverse effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine among the general Japanese adult population

ObjectivesWe aimed to identify and explore the association between the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine recipients and the types of vaccine-related adverse effects in the general Japanese adult population.MethodsAn anonymous self-report questionnaire was distributed to 4393 students and 1657 white and blue-collar workers (N = 6050). Data on vaccine-related adverse effects were collected twice, once after each vaccination. The data collection was performed daily from the day of injection (D0) until the sixth day after injection (D6). The list of adverse effects comprised local reactions at the injection site (pain, redness, and swelling) and systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia, joint pain, chills, and nausea or vomiting). The Student's t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used to analyze parametric and non-parametric data, respectively.ResultsThe incidence of adverse reactions to the COVID-19 vaccination was higher after the second dose (e.g., redness: 47.1%; swelling: 60.6%; fever: 80.6%) of vaccination than after the first dose (e.g., redness: 16.4%; swelling: 37.2%; fever: 11.9%). Women reported adverse reactions to the vaccination more frequently. Some adverse reactions included more symptoms in younger participants, and participants with a lower body mass index were more at risk for these symptoms.ConclusionsSome adverse reactions to the COVID-19 vaccination are a greater risk of symptoms in the younger group, women, and participants with lower BMI. Care should be taken to monitor women, younger people, and individuals with a low body mass index for adverse effects after receiving the COVID-19 vaccination.     

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in Georgia,USA, February 1–July 13, 2020

The serial interval and effective reproduction number for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are heterogenous, varying by demographic characteristics, region, and period. During February 1–July 13, 2020, we identified 4,080 transmission pairs in Georgia, USA, by using contact tracing information from COVID-19 cases reported to the Georgia Department of Public Health. We examined how various transmission characteristics were affected by symptoms, demographics, and period (during shelter-in-place and after subsequent reopening) and estimated the time course of reproduction numbers for all 159 Georgia counties. Transmission varied by time and place but also by persons’ sex and race. The mean serial interval decreased from 5.97 days in February–April to 4.40 days in June–July. Younger adults (20–50 years of age) were involved in most transmission events occurring during or after reopening. The shelter-in-place period was not long enough to prevent sustained virus transmission in densely populated urban areas connected by major transportation links.     

COVID-19 Symptoms and Deaths among Healthcare Workers,United States

We evaluated whether demographics and COVID-19 symptoms predicted COVID-19 deaths among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the United States by comparing COVID-19 deaths in HCWs with 3 control groups (HCW nondeaths, non-HCW deaths, and non-HCW nondeaths) using a case–control design. We obtained patient-level data of 33 variables reported during January 1, 2020–October 12, 2021, in all US states. We used logistic regression analysis while controlling for confounders. We found that persons who were >50 years of age, male, Black, or Asian experienced significantly more deaths than matched controls. In addition, HCWs who died had higher risks for the most severe clinical indicators. We also found that the most indicative symptoms were preexisting medical conditions, shortness of breath, fever, cough, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In summary, minority, male, and older HCWs had greater risk for COVID-19 death. Severe clinical indicators and specific symptoms may predict COVID-19–related deaths among HCWs.     

High-Dose Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of Severe COVID-19

To assess whether high-dose coronavirus disease (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion may benefit patients with severe COVID-19, we conducted a multicenter randomized trial in Brazil. Patients with severe COVID-19 who were within 10 days of initial symptom onset were eligible. Patients in the CCP group received 3 daily doses of CCP (600 mL/d) in addition to standard treatment; control patients received standard treatment only. Primary outcomes were death rates at days 30 and 60 of study randomization. Secondary outcomes were ventilator-free days and hospital-free days. We enrolled 107 patients: 36 CCP and 71 control. At day 30, death rates were 22% for CCP and 25% for the control group; at day 60, rates were 31% for CCP and 35% for control. Needs for invasive mechanical ventilation and durations of hospital stay were similar between groups. We conclude that high-dose CCP transfused within 10 days of symptom onset provided no benefit for patients with severe COVID-19.     

Coronavirus Disease Contact Tracing Outcomes and Cost,Salt Lake County,Utah, USA,March–May 2020

Outcomes and costs of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) contact tracing are limited. During March–May 2020, we constructed transmission chains from 184 index cases and 1,499 contacts in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA, to assess outcomes and estimate staff time and salaries. We estimated 1,102 staff hours and $29,234 spent investigating index cases and contacts. Among contacts, 374 (25%) had COVID-19; secondary case detection rate was ≈31% among first-generation contacts, ≈16% among second- and third-generation contacts, and ≈12% among fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-generation contacts. At initial interview, 51% (187/370) of contacts were COVID-19–positive; 35% (98/277) became positive during 14-day quarantine. Median time from symptom onset to investigation was 7 days for index cases and 4 days for first-generation contacts. Contact tracing reduced the number of cases between contact generations and time between symptom onset and investigation but required substantial resources. Our findings can help jurisdictions allocate resources for contact tracing.     

不发热COVID-19患者临床特征及胸部薄层CT筛查价值评估

 目的 分析20例不发热新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者临床及胸部薄层CT影像特征。方法 回顾性分析某院20例临床确诊为COVID-19不发热患者首次入院临床特征，主要包括呼吸道、消化道等症状及白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、C反应蛋白等试验室指标，同时对胸部薄层CT扫描资料进行分析。结果 临床症状分为完全无症状、不发热有呼吸道或消化道症状，后者症状均轻微，主要症状为干咳，实验室以白细胞计数及淋巴结细胞计数减少多见。不发热COVID-19患者胸部薄层CT以早期、恢复期影像表现为主，少数表现为进展期：（1）早期呈单肺段或多肺段斑片状、结节状、不规则形磨玻璃密度影（GGO），以肺外周或胸膜下分布为主，常见血管增粗穿行，部分出现长短不一细线状高密度影；（2）进展期病灶融合成不规则片状，可累及多个肺段、肺叶，可见小叶间隔增厚或呈"铺路石"征，部分可见局灶性实变影；（3）恢复期病灶范围缩小、变淡，通常吸收较完全，少见纤维残留灶。结论 不发热COVID-19患者临床特征隐匿，但胸部影像表现具有特征性，胸部薄层CT对COVID-19的早期诊断和评估有重要价值。     

Universal Admission Screening for SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Hospitalized Patients,Switzerland, 2020

Switzerland began a national lockdown on March 16, 2020, in response to the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We assessed the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients admitted to 4 hospitals in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, in April 2020. These 4 acute care hospitals screened 2,807 patients, including 2,278 (81.2%) who did not have symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Overall, 529 (18.8%) persons had >1 symptom of COVID-19, of whom 60 (11.3%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Eight asymptomatic persons (0.4%) also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Our findings indicate that screening on the basis of COVID-19 symptoms, regardless of clinical suspicion, can identify most SARS-CoV-2–positive persons in a low-prevalence setting.     

Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Notifications,Malawi

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic might affect tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and patient care. We analyzed a citywide electronic TB register in Blantyre, Malawi and interviewed TB officers. Malawi did not have an official COVID-19 lockdown but closed schools and borders on March 23, 2020. In an interrupted time series analysis, we noted an immediate 35.9% reduction in TB notifications in April 2020; notifications recovered to near prepandemic numbers by December 2020. However, 333 fewer cumulative TB notifications were received than anticipated. Women and girls were affected more (30.7% fewer cases) than men and boys (20.9% fewer cases). Fear of COVID-19 infection, temporary facility closures, inadequate personal protective equipment, and COVID-19 stigma because of similar symptoms to TB were mentioned as reasons for fewer people being diagnosed with TB. Public health measures could benefit control of both TB and COVID-19, but only if TB diagnostic services remain accessible and are considered safe to attend.     

Antibody Profiles According to Mild or Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection,Atlanta, Georgia,USA, 2020

Among patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), IgM levels increased early after symptom onset for those with mild and severe disease, but IgG levels increased early only in those with severe disease. A similar pattern was observed in a separate serosurveillance cohort. Mild COVID-19 should be investigated separately from severe COVID-19.     

Outbreak of Mucormycosis in Coronavirus Disease Patients,Pune, India

We provide an overview of the epidemiology and clinical course of mucormycosis in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic era. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 178 patients with clinical or diagnostic, endoscopically or histopathologically confirmed rhino-sino-orbital or cerebral mucormycosis after COVID-19 treatment during the second wave of COVID-19 in Pune, India. Median time to symptom onset from COVID-19 detection was 28 days. Moderate or severe COVID-19 was seen in 73% of patients and diabetes in 74.2%. A total of 52.8% received steroids. Eschar over or inside the nose was seen in 75%, but baseline clinical and laboratory parameters were mostly unremarkable. Bone penetration was present in ≈90% of cases, 30% had soft-tissue swelling of the pterygopalatine fossa and 7% had cavernous sinus thrombosis, and 60% had multifocal mucormycosis. Of the 178 study cases, 151 (85%) underwent surgical debridement. Twenty-six (15%) died, and 16 (62%) of those had multifocal mucormycosis.     

Coccidioidomycosis and COVID-19 Co-Infection,United States, 2020

We review the interaction between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and coccidioidomycosis, a respiratory infection caused by inhalation of Coccidioides fungal spores in dust. We examine risk for co-infection among construction and agricultural workers, incarcerated persons, Black and Latino populations, and persons living in high dust areas. We further identify common risk factors for co-infection, including older age, diabetes, immunosuppression, racial or ethnic minority status, and smoking. Because these diseases cause similar symptoms, the COVID-19 pandemic might exacerbate delays in coccidioidomycosis diagnosis, potentially interfering with prompt administration of antifungal therapies. Finally, we examine the clinical implications of co-infection, including severe COVID-19 and reactivation of latent coccidioidomycosis. Physicians should consider coccidioidomycosis as a possible diagnosis when treating patients with respiratory symptoms. Preventive measures such as wearing face masks might mitigate exposure to dust and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, thereby protecting against both infections.     

Considerations for Establishing Successful Coronavirus Disease Vaccination Programs in Africa

The accelerated development of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) candidate vaccines is intended to achieve worldwide immunity. Ensuring COVID-19 vaccination is crucial to stemming the pandemic, reclaiming everyday life, and helping restore economies. However, challenges exist to deploying these vaccines, especially in resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa. In this article, we highlight lessons learned from previous efforts to scale up vaccine distribution and offer considerations for policymakers and key stakeholders to use for successful COVID-19 vaccination rollout in Africa. These considerations range from improving weak infrastructure for managing data and identifying adverse events after immunization to considering financing options for overcoming the logistical challenges of vaccination campaigns and generating demand for vaccine uptake. In addition, providing COVID-19 vaccination can be used to promote the adoption of universal healthcare, especially in sub-Saharan Africa countries.     

Fatal Exacerbations of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome Complicating Coronavirus Disease

We report 2 fatal exacerbations of systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), also known as Clarkson disease, associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the United States. One patient carried an established diagnosis of SCLS and the other sought treatment for new-onset hypotensive shock, hemoconcentration, and anasarca, classic symptoms indicative of an SCLS flare. Both patients had only mild-to-moderate symptoms of COVID-19. This clinical picture suggests that these patients succumbed to complications of SCLS induced by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Persons with known or suspected SCLS may be at increased risk for developing a disease flare in the setting of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection.     

Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among US Healthcare Personnel,May–December 2020

To determine risk factors for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among US healthcare personnel (HCP), we conducted a case–control analysis. We collected data about activities outside the workplace and COVID-19 patient care activities from HCP with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results (cases) and from HCP with negative test results (controls) in healthcare facilities in 5 US states. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate adjusted matched odds ratios and 95% CIs for exposures. Among 345 cases and 622 controls, factors associated with risk were having close contact with persons with COVID-19 outside the workplace, having close contact with COVID-19 patients in the workplace, and assisting COVID-19 patients with activities of daily living. Protecting HCP from COVID-19 may require interventions that reduce their exposures outside the workplace and improve their ability to more safely assist COVID-19 patients with activities of daily living.     

Effect of Returning University Students on COVID-19 Infections in England, 2020

Each September in England, ≈1 million students relocate to study at universities. To determine COVID-19 cases and outbreaks among university students after their return to university during the COVID pandemic in September 2020, we identified students with COVID-19 (student case-patients) by reviewing contact tracing records identifying attendance at university and residence in student accommodations identified by matching case-patients’ residential addresses with national property databases. We determined COVID-19 rates in towns/cities with and without a university campus. We identified 53,430 student case-patients during September 1–December 31, 2020, which accounted for 2.7% of all cases during this period. Student case-patients increased rapidly after the start of the term, driven initially by cases and outbreaks in student accommodations. Case rates among students 18–23 years of age doubled at the start of term in towns with universities. Our findings highlight the need for face-to-face and control measures to reduce virus transmission.     

武汉雷神山医院部分病区320例COVID-19患者康复期随访研究

 目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者出院后呼吸系统功能及健康状况。方法 选取2020年2-3月武汉雷神山医院收治的COVID-19患者,按照《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》分为普通型、重型两组。收集患者一般资料,以及吸烟史、既往史、运动情况等基线临床特征,改良医学研究会呼吸困难量表（mMRC）评分、6分钟步行试验（6MWT）结果,出院时胸部CT表现及评分。在出院后6、12、18、24个月进行随访,询问患者是否仍有COVID-19的临床症状。结果 纳入320例COVID-19患者,普通型组179例（55.9%）,重型组141例（44.1%）;男性149例（46.6%）,女性171例（53.4%）。疲劳或乏力、睡眠障碍为患者出院后随访最常见的临床症状,与出院时相比,出院后12个月明显好转（P<0.05）。与出院时相比,普通型组患者6分钟步行距离（6MWD）出院后6个月明显改善,重型组患者出院后12个月明显改善（均P<0.05）。胸部CT最常见的异常表现为磨玻璃影及纤维化改变,截止出院后24个月有94.1%（174/185）的患者胸部CT病变完全吸收。经Cox回归分析,年龄较小（HR=0.975,95%CI：0.963~0.987,P<0.001）,疾病严重程度较轻（普通型/重型组,HR=1.800,95%CI：1.255~2.581,P=0.001）,运动等级较高（中等活动量/波动量,HR=1.432,95%CI：1.046~1.961,P=0.025）,基线淋巴细胞绝对值较高（HR=1.126,95%CI：1.054~1.202,P<0.001）,基线C反应蛋白水平较低（HR=0.991,95%CI：0.982~0.999,P=0.036）是COVID-19患者胸部CT异常表现完全吸收的独立保护因素。结论 大多数普通型与重型COVID-19患者在24个月的随访中,呼吸系统功能恢复良好,普通型组比重型组恢复得更快。年龄较小、体育活动等级高、疾病严重程度较低、基线淋巴细胞水平较高、基线C反应蛋白水平较低均有利于患者胸部CT显示病变的完全吸收。     

COVID-19 outbreak and risk factors for infection in a taekwondo gym in the Republic of Korea

ObjectivesRelatively few studies have assessed risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in public facilities used by children and adolescents. This study presents an analysis of a COVID-19 outbreak that occurred in a taekwondo gym in Korea, predominantly among children and adolescents, with the aim of providing insights on managing COVID-19 outbreaks in similar facilities.MethodsAll 108 taekwondo gym students and staff received COVID-19 tests. A survey and closed-circuit television analyses were used to identify risk factors. A univariate analysis was conducted, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis with backward elimination for variables with a significance level <0.10 in the univariate analysis.Results COVID-19 was confirmed in 30 of 108 subjects at the taekwondo gym (attack rate, 27.8%). The outbreak started in an adult class student. This student transmitted the virus to the staff, who consequently transmitted the virus to adolescent students. In the univariate analysis, the relative risk for younger age (≤9 years) was 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–4.54; p=0.054), and that for food consumption inside the gym was 2.12 (95% CI, 1.04–4.30; p=0.048). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for younger age was 2.96 (95% CI, 1.07–8.20; p=0.036), and that for food consumption inside the gym was 3.00 (95% CI, 1.10–8.17; p=0.032).Conclusion Food consumption inside the facility and young age were significant risk factors for COVID-19 transmission in this taekwondo gym. Food consumption should be prohibited in sports facilities, and infection prevention education for young students is also required.     

Parallels and Mutual Lessons in Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Transmission,Prevention, and Control

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had unprecedented negative effects on global health and economies, drawing attention and resources from many other public health services. To minimize negative effects, the parallels, lessons, and resources from existing public health programs need to be identified and used. Often underappreciated synergies relating to COVID-19 are with tuberculosis (TB). COVID-19 and TB share commonalities in transmission and public health response: case finding, contact identification, and evaluation. Data supporting interventions for either disease are, understandably, vastly different, given the diseases’ different histories. However, many of the evolving issues affecting these diseases are increasingly similar. As previously done for TB, all aspects of congregate investigations and preventive and therapeutic measures for COVID-19 must be prospectively studied for optimal evidence-based interventions. New attention garnered by the pandemic can ensure that knowledge and investment can benefit both COVID-19 response and traditional public health programs such as TB programs.     

抗体依赖的增强作用在传染性疾病中的研究新进展

抗体依赖的增强作用（ADE）是指某些病毒特异性抗体（一般多为非中和抗体）与病毒结合后,通过其Fc段与某些表面表达FcR的细胞结合从而介导病毒内吞和复制,增强病毒感染的过程。本文概述了ADE在呼吸道合胞病毒、登革病毒、流感病毒等几种传染性疾病中的相关研究发现,借鉴ADE在几种病毒传染性疾病中发生的情况,探讨新型冠状病毒肺...