胃癌中幽门螺杆菌感染与胃粘膜增殖及凋亡研究

目的研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的胃癌(GC)发展中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达及细胞凋亡的关系和对胃癌预后意义。方法145例经病理证实,不同胃黏膜病变采用免疫组化检测PCNA基因表达及Warthinstarry法检测Hp感染。采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果在浅表性胃炎(CSG)、萎缩肠化生胃炎(CAG+IM)、异型增生(DYS)、早期GC和进展期GC中,PCNA基因表达率分别为24.53%,46.28%,60.54%,57.67%和71.42%,CAG+IM、DYS、GC均显著高于CSG(P<0.05)。凋亡指数(AI)分别为(4.55±2.33)%、(6.43±5.60)%、(6.45±5.12)%、(6.55±4.80)%、(8.84±5.63)%,进展期GC显著高于CSG(P<0.05)。胃黏膜凋亡指数与PCNA表达强度有密切相关(P<0.05)。PCNA阳性表达与胃癌组织类型、浆膜浸润和淋巴结转移密切相关,而且BorrmannIV明显高于早期胃癌和BorrmannI,II(P<0.05)。PCNA阳性表达与肠型胃癌Hp感染有关。CAG+IM,DYS和GC组PCNA阳性表达中Hp感染者明显高于阴性者。Hp阳性者5年生存期显著短于Hp阴性者。结论Hp感染和PCNA表达与胃黏膜增殖和恶化有关,且与凋亡有相关性。Hp感染与胃癌预后有关。     

胃癌变过程中Bcl-2 mRNA与幽门螺杆菌感染及细胞凋亡的关系

目的探讨胃癌变过程中Bcl-2 mRNA的表达与幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的相关性及其与细胞凋亡的关系。方法采用实时荧光定量逆转录—聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测62例慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、55例慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)、52例肠化生(IM)、46例不典型增生(AH)、65例胃癌(GC)组织(分别为CSG组、CAG组、IM组、AH组、GC组)中Bcl-2 mRNA的表达;快速尿素酶法、Warthin-Starry银染法和甲苯胺蓝染色联合检测胃黏膜Hp感染;原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测胃黏膜细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果 CSG组、CAG组、IM组、AH组、GC组胃黏膜组织中Bcl-2 mRNA阳性表达率分别为22.6%(14/62)、30.9%(17/55)、40.4%(21/52)、58.7%(27/46)、69.2%(45/65),Bcl-2 mRNA相对表达水平分别为0.095±0.015、0.115±0.012、0.173±0.027、0.224±0.042、0.368±0.036,IM组、AH组、GC组Bcl-2 mRNA表达均高于CSG、CAG组(P均<0.01),AH组高于IM组(P<0.01),GC组高于IM、AH组(P均<0.01)。Bcl-2 mRNA的表达量与胃黏膜细胞AI呈负相关(rs=-0.700,P<0.05);IM组、AH组、GC组Hp阳性患者胃黏膜细胞中Bcl-2 mRNA的表达均高于Hp阴性患者(P<0.05或0.01)。结论在胃黏膜癌变过程中,Hp感染能上调胃黏膜细胞中Bcl-2 mRNA表达,从而抑制异形细胞凋亡而发挥致癌作用。     

胃癌及癌前病变组织中幽门螺杆菌感染与视网膜母细胞瘤基因表达的相关性研究

目的 探讨胃癌和胃黏膜癌前病变组织中幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染和视网膜母细胞瘤基因(Rb基因)的表达及两者的相关性.方法 采用免疫组化S-P法检测19例慢性浅表性胃炎(CG)、20例胃黏膜不典型增生(Dys)和41例胃癌组织标本(Gc)中Rb蛋白的表达,并采用War-thin-Starry细菌染色及免疫组化S-P法检测Hp感染率.结果 慢性浅表性胃炎Hp感染率(36.8%)明显低于不典型增生组(70.0%)和胃癌组(65.9%),P<0.05.胃癌中Rb阳性表达率(48.8%)明显低于胃炎组(94.7%)及不典型增生组(80.0%),P<0.05.胃癌中Hp感染与Rb阳性表达呈明显负相关(P<0.01).结论 Hp感染可能在胃癌发生中起重要作用,Hp感染可能通过诱导Rb基因突变从而导致胃癌的发生.     

胃黏膜癌变过程中蛙皮素蛋白表达的变化

目的研究蛙皮素在胃黏膜癌变过程中不同阶段的表达变化。方法采用免疫组化法检测蛙皮素蛋白在对照组、浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、不典型增生及胃癌黏膜组织中的表达。结果蛙皮素的平均光密度值在对照组(0.126±0.025)、浅表性胃炎组(0.132±0.037)、萎缩性胃炎组(0.111±0.019)较低(P>0.05);不典型增生组(0.339±0.047)和胃癌组(0.395±0.062)均高于前3组(P<0.05);胃癌组高于不典型增生组(P<0.05)。结论蛙皮素与胃黏膜的癌变过程有关,对监测胃癌的发生发展的有一定的辅助作用。     

COX-2在胃溃疡与胃癌的表达及其与幽门螺杆菌的关系

[目的]探讨COX-2在幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染和非感染胃溃疡与胃癌的表达。[方法]选择胃病患者共285例,分为胃溃疡患者(胃溃疡组)200例(病理分型:肠上皮化生96例和异型增生104例),胃癌患者(胃癌组)85例;以正常胃黏膜者50例为对照组。根据胃镜检查和组织病理学检查受试者胃黏膜中COX-2蛋白的表达,并比较各病理分型及Hp感染与非感染者COX-2蛋白表达的差异。[结果]COX-2蛋白在胃溃疡组的肠上皮化生、异型增生中及胃癌组癌细胞中均有表达,在正常胃黏膜组织中不表达。胃溃疡组和胃癌组的COX-2阳性表达均强于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃癌组的COX-2阳性表达强于胃溃疡组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃溃疡组异型增生者COX-2阳性表达强于肠上皮化生者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃癌组Hp阳性COX-2阳性表达强于胃溃疡组Hp阳性者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃癌组Hp阴性者COX-2阳性表达强于胃溃疡组Hp阴性者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃溃疡组和胃癌组中Hp阳性者COX-2阳性表达均强于Hp阴性者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]Hp感染会促进胃溃疡COX-2的表达,Hp感染和COX-2过度表达会使胃溃疡患者癌变的概率大大增加。     

幽门螺杆菌与胃黏膜bFGF,FGFR-2表达的关系及意义

目的:探讨幽门螺杆菌(H pylori)感染的胃黏膜上皮细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、成纤维细胞生长因子受体-2 (FGFR-2)的表达及其在胃黏膜癌变过程中的意义.方法:选择慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)30例、胃黏膜肠上皮化生(IM)29例、不典型增生(Dys) 31例及胃癌(GC)55例.采用免疫组化SP法检测胃黏膜上皮细胞bFGF,FGFR-2表达状况,用快速尿素酶试验和组织学Warthin-Starry嗜银染色法联合检测胃黏膜H pylori感染情况.结果:CSG组bFGF,FGFR-2的表达显著低于其余三组(IM组:χ~2=4.002,P<0.05;χ~2= 4.163,P<0.05;Dys组:χ~2=15.779,P=0.000;χ~2=15.949,P=0.000;GC组:χ~2=24.110,P= 0.000;χ~2=18.736,P=0.000),IM组的表达低于Dys组及GC组(Dys组:χ~2=4.258,P<0.05;χ~2 =4.212,P<0.05:GC组:χ~2=7.786,P<0.01;χ~2 =4.687,P<0.05),而Dys组与GC组间无显著性差异.H pylori阳性IM及Dys组bFGF,FGFR-2的表达均显著高于阴性组(IM组:χ~2=10.076,P<0.01;χ~2=7.535,P<0.01;Dys组:χ~2=11.501,P<0.01;χ~2=8.330,P<0.01).H pylori阳性Dys组bFGF,FGFR-2表达显著高于GC组(χ~2= 4.201,P<0.05;χ~2=3.982,P<0.05),H pylori阳性IM组则与GC组的表达无显著性差异;H pylori阴性Dys组及IM组bFGF的表达均显著低于GC组(χ~2=5.736,P<0.05;χ~2=17.113,P= 0.000),H pylori阴性Dys组FGFR-2表达与GC组无显著性差异而IM组的FGFR-2的表达显著低于GC组(χ~2=11.091,P<0.05).结论:H pylori感染引起胃黏膜上皮细胞bFGF及FGFR-2的过度表达可能与H pylori感染致胃黏膜上皮细胞的癌变有关.     

幽门螺杆菌对GC及癌前病变抑癌基因和抑制细胞凋亡基因的影响

目的 探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)在胃癌(GC)和癌前病变中的作用及其与抑癌基因p53、抑制细胞凋亡基因Bcl-2表达的关系.方法 选取胃镜活检标本107例,其中GC28例,异型增生(DYS)14例,肠上皮化生(IM)16例,慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)34例,慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)15例.尿素酶试验和Warthin-Starry银染色检测Hp,免疫组化SP法检测p53、Bcl-2基因蛋白的表达.结果 Hp感染阳性组中GC和癌前病变的发生率高于Hp感染阴性组(P<0.05),p53、Bcl-2的阳性表达率在GC、DYS和IM中明显高于CSG(P均<0.05).结论 Hp与GC发生关系密切,持续Hp感染所致的慢性炎症可引起胃黏膜损伤,促进了p53基因的突变和Bcl-2基因的表达.     

幽门螺杆菌与胃黏膜细胞凋亡的关系

[目的]探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染时胃黏膜组织一氧化氮(NO)水平及其与细胞凋亡的关系.[方法]应用快速脲酶法及PCR法对132例胃病患者胃黏膜进行Hp检测,其中Hp阳性75例,Hp阴性57例;病理学分型采用悉尼分型法;用亚硝基还原法检测血清中NO水平及荧光染色法检测胃黏膜细胞的凋亡情况.[结果]Hp阳性组血清NO水平高于Hp阴性组(P＜0.01),在Hp阳性患者中,血清NO水平胃癌(GCA)＞萎缩性胃类(CAG)＞浅表性胃炎(CSG)(P＜0.01).凋亡指数(AI)的比较:Hp阳性组高于Hp阴性组(P＜0.01),CAG＞CSG(P＜0.01),GCA与CSG之间比较差异无统计学意义.[结论]Hp感染与胃黏膜的萎缩、肠化生等癌前病变的关系密切;Hp诱导产生的NO与GCA的形成发展密切相关.对NO水平的调控可望成为治疗癌前病变,阻止GCA形成的有效措施.     

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎患者血清胃蛋白酶原检测的临床价值

背景幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)可引起胃黏膜细胞的慢性炎症,并诱导胃黏膜细胞分泌胃蛋白酶原,导致血液中胃蛋白酶原含量的变化。目的探讨Hp相关性胃炎患者血清胃蛋白酶原含量变化的临床价值。方法对经胃镜和病理证实为浅表性胃炎和萎缩性胃炎的患者按照Hp阳性及阴性进行分组,采用ELISA法对其血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量进行检测,血清Hp-IgG抗体采用定性分析法。结果无论浅表性胃炎或萎缩性胃炎,Hp阳性组同阴性组之间比较,差异均有显著意义(P0.05);在萎缩性胃炎组中,血清PGⅠ含量较浅表性胃炎组者中明显降低,两者相比差异有显著意义(P0.05)。结论Hp感染慢性胃炎患者血清中PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量明显增加,PGⅠ含量的变化可以反映胃黏膜病变的程度。     

~(13)C-尿素呼气试验、血清胃蛋白酶原在慢性萎缩性胃炎筛查中价值的初探

背景:慢性萎缩性胃炎为胃癌的癌前病变。幽门螺杆菌(Hp)能引起胃黏膜细胞的慢性炎症,促使血液中胃蛋白酶原(PG)含量发生变化,从而反映胃黏膜萎缩状态,为诊断萎缩性胃炎提供依据。~(13)C-尿素呼气试验是一种应用广泛的Hp感染检测方法。目的:探讨~(13)C-尿素呼气试验、血清PG在慢性萎缩性胃炎筛查中的应用价值。方法:选取2016年10月—2017年10月在上海电力医院行胃镜病理检查诊断为慢性胃炎的164例患者,分为慢性萎缩性胃炎组和慢性非萎缩性胃炎组,以病理学结果评估Hp感染情况。比较慢性胃炎Hp阳性和阴性亚组中血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值(PGR)以及肠化生情况,并评估~(13)C-尿素呼气试验判断Hp感染的准确性。结果:慢性萎缩性胃炎Hp阳性和阴性亚组血清PGⅠ水平和PGR均显著低于慢性非萎缩性胃炎Hp阳性和Hp阴性亚组(P0.05);而PGⅡ水平无明显差异(P0.05)。慢性萎缩性胃炎Hp阳性亚组血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ显著高于Hp阴性亚组(P0.05),PGR显著降低(P0.05),肠化生率显著升高(P0.05)。~(13)C-尿素呼气试验诊断Hp阳性的总体准确率为96.3%,敏感性为96.6%,特异性为96.1%。结论:Hp感染与血清PG含量变化有一定相关性,Hp感染可提高慢性萎缩性胃炎的肠化生率。~(13)C-尿素呼气试验是一种无创、有效的Hp感染检测方法。~(13)C-尿素呼气试验、血清PG检测可为胃癌及其癌前病变的早期诊断和治疗提供有价值的依据。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.