Effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on antral mucociliary clearance

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the most used surgical approach in the treatment of chronic and recurrent maxillary rhinosinusitis. However, it still remains unclear how well surgery restores the mucociliary function in damaged maxillary sinus mucosa. There is also controversy whether to enlargen the natural ostium or not. We examined the mucociliary clearance (MCC) of maxillary sinuses in 27 patients with chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis. On one side only an uncinectomy was done, on the contralateral side a middle meatal antrostomy was additionally performed. The mucociliary clearance (MCC) was measured in both sides preoperatively and 9 months after the operation. Measurements of the mucociliary clearance in maxillary sinuses were done using an isotope method. Preoperative mean residual activity on the uncinectomy side was 87.2 % and postoperative mean residual activity 94.1 %. On the middle meatal antrostomy side mean preoperative residual activity was 92.3 % and postoperative mean residual activity 88.4 %. Residual activity was considered as good (< or = 50 %) on the uncinectomy side in 2 sinuses (7.4 %) preoperatively and in 1 sinus (3.7 %) postoperatively. On the middle meatal antrostomy side residual activity was considered good in 1 sinus (3.7 %) preoperatively and in 4 sinuses (14.8 %) postoperatively. Mucociliary function remained poor even 9 months postoperatively. Surgery did not significantly improve the mucociliary function of maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. There was no statistical difference between operative techniques. In this study it seemed however, that uncinectomy combined with the enlargening of the natural ostium may restore maxillary sinus mucociliary clearance (MCC) better than uncinectomy alone.     

鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

目的探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分别为９２．９％和８０．４％（随访６个月时）。回顾性观察５１例施ＣａｌｄｗｅｌＬｕｃ术的患者，下鼻道造口的术后开放率仅为４０．６％。分析３８张单侧鼻窦炎或鼻息肉的鼻窦ＣＴ片，测量对照侧与病变侧的上颌窦口膜样部的上下径和前后径，差异无显著性。病变侧上颌窦口周围的中鼻甲气化、增生及钩突偏曲、筛泡骨性增生等解剖结构异常的发生率明显高于对照侧（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论鼻内窥镜下处理上颌窦自然开口的关键是窦口周围的解剖异常因素。     

Endoscopic sinus surgery for unilateral chronic sinusitis]

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery has become an increasingly popular treatment for chronic sinusitis. This approach is aimed at re-establishment of ventilation and mucociliary clearance of the sinuses. However, some otolaryngologists believe that the Caldwell-Luc procedure should be routinely used for unilateral chronic sinusitis, because it is often associated with the maxillary sinus carcinomas. To evaluate the state of endoscopic sinus surgery for the diagnosis and treatment of unilateral chronic sinusitis, we analyzed the cases of 39 patients with unilateral chronic sinusitis who underwent endoscopic sinus procedures. These patients were unresponsive to appropriate antibiotic management for more than 6 months. Generally, endoscopic ethmoidectomy and antrostomy were performed with preservation of the middle turbinate. After the ostium was enlarged, the maxillary sinus was cleaned and carefully inspected for the presence of associated neoplasms using 30 and 70 degree endoscopes. Preoperative computed tomography (CT), postoperatve pathologic diagnosis, fiberscopic findings of the maxillary sinus, and symptomatic improvement were evaluated. Three patients had CT evidence of bone destruction of the lateral nasal wall. Pathological diagnosis demonstrated that three patients had maxillary sinus mycoses caused by Aspergillus species, one patient had inverted papilloma, and the other 35 patients had chronic sinusits. No associated malignancy was found. Eighty-one percent of the patients had almost normal endoscopic findings of the maxillary sinus by postoperative fiberscopic examination 4 to 8 months following surgery. With an average follow-up of 26 months, 88% of the patients were judged as having significantly improved in their presenting complaints of mucopurulent rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. The results of this series suggest that endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of unilateral chronic sinusitis.     

鼻内镜下上颌窦口处理方法的探讨

目的：探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术中上颌窦自然开口处理方法与预后的关系。方法：对慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者682例采用不同途径寻找上颌窦开口并根据窦口的形态和上颌窦本身的病变情况,决定开口方式与处理方法。结果：随访6个月,发现窦口开发率为84.22%(574/682例),闭锁率为16.88%（106/682）。结论：上颌窦口的处理方法是鼻内窥镜手术重要步骤,也是影响疗效与预后的关键因素之一。     

鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎，鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法 配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎，鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果 窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分分别为９２．９％和８０．４％。     

Predictive factors and outcomes in endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

PURPOSE: To assess objective and quality of life (QOL) outcomes before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to determine preoperative factors that predict surgical outcome in these patients. METHODS: One hundred nineteen adult patients with CRS and a mean follow-up of 1.4 +/- 0.35 years were evaluated prospectively including the following patient factors: prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, acetylsalicylic acid intolerance (ASA), smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, and QOL assessment was performed. Predictive value of patient factors was determined based on change in endoscopy and QOL scores after ESS. RESULTS: Objective outcomes: preoperative CT scores were significantly worse in patients with polyps, asthma, and ASA, whereas CT score was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Patients with CRS demonstrated significant improvement on nasal endoscopy after ESS, but preoperative, postoperative, and change in scores were affected by certain patient factors. Endoscopy scores were significantly worse in patients with prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, and ASA, but these patients also experienced the greatest improvement in endoscopy scores. Smokers and patients with depression had the least change in endoscopy scores. QOL outcomes: patients with CRS experienced improvement in QOL after ESS. Pre- and postoperative QOL was positively affected by polyps and adversely affected by ASA, depression, and female sex, but these groups still experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Pre- and postoperative QOL was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, asthma, smoking, and allergies, and all of these groups experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Factors predictive of outcome: ASA and depression were predictive of worse outcome. Preoperative CT scores approached significance as being predictive of outcome. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of CRS was associated with significant improvement on objective and QOL measures; however, specific patient factors, in particular ASA and depression, predict poorer outcome. Preoperative CT may be a predictor of endoscopic and QOL outcome and deserves further study.     

The impact of nasal airflow on sinus mucosa: A radiographic review

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disease of widespread prevalence and high morbidity. Many suggest that the introduction of toxins and allergens via nasal airflow plays a significant role in the development of CRS. In patients who have undergone total laryngectomy, nasal airflow is disrupted, providing an opportunity to examine the role of nasal airflow in sinonasal pathology.

Pathophysiology of current odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and endoscopic sinus surgery preceding dental treatment

ObjectiveThe successful management of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) involves a combination of medical treatment with dental surgery and/or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). However, there is no consensus for the optimal timing of ESS. Although several studies have emphasized dental surgery as the primary treatment modality for OMS, there is recent evidence to suggest that ESS alone may be an effective treatment approach.The purpose of this study is to retrospectively investigate the pathophysiology of the current intractable OMS and the role ESS, especially ESS preceding dental treatment, plays in its pathophysiology.MethodsNinety-seven adults (60 males and 37 females, 48 ± 12 years) who underwent ESS for intractable OMS were retrospectively examined.ResultsIn a great deal of the cases (85 cases, 87.6%), causative teeth of OMS were periapical lesions after root canal treatment (endodontics). The root canal procedures were not sufficient; hence, the root-canal-treated teeth had periapical lesions causing OMS.In postoperative nasal endoscopy and cone-beam CT scans for all patients, the natural ostiums and the membranous portions of the maxillary sinuses were enlarged and the ostiomeatal complexes remained widely open. The ventilation and drainage of all patients’ maxillary sinuses seemed to be successfully restored.Temporary acute sinusitis recurrence after primary ESS for OMS was observed in 10 cases (11.8%) when the patients caught a cold. However, since the natural ostium and the membranous portion of the maxillary sinuses and the ostiomeatal complexes remained widely open, antibiotic administration alone without dental treatment cured the temporary acute sinusitis.Regarding the causative teeth (endodontic treated teeth), in 83 out of 85 cases (97.6%), causative teeth were able to be preserved with only antibiotic treatment and without dental retreatment. In two cases, extraction of the teeth was necessary because the teeth became mobile. Regarding the causative teeth after dental restoration, in 2 out of 2 cases (100%), causative teeth were able to be preserved with antibiotic treatment alone.ConclusionESS is highly indicated for OMS requiring surgery. The treatment results of intractable OMS are exceptionally good once the ventilation and drainage of the maxillary sinus is successfully restored after surgery. Consequently, ESS can be considered the first-line therapy for intractable OMS caused by root canal treatment (endodontics) and dental restoration, followed by close dental follow-up and dental treatment when necessary.     

鼻内镜术后上颌窦异常引流与黏膜炎症状态

目的观察上颌窦自然引流状态及引流的关键部位，探讨鼻内镜术后上颌窦的引流与窦腔炎症的关系，为鼻内镜手术上颌窦自然窦口的处理提供参考。方法用美蓝作为示踪剂，观察15例上颌窦无明显炎症或炎症较轻受检者上颌窦自然引流状态及引流的关键部位。另选择89例慢性鼻窦炎不伴鼻息肉患者鼻内镜术后6个月，且上颌窦黏膜恢复良好的患者，观察其上颌窦引流状态及方式，并继续随访至12个月，内镜下评估黏膜的炎症情况，分析鼻内镜术后上颌窦引流方式与黏膜炎症状态的关系。结果上颌窦自然窦口引流的关键部位在自然窦口的后下，近钩突尾端的附着处。引流物出上颌窦向后下走行，最终流向鼻咽部。传统鼻内镜手术后，引流方式相对正常者15例，占16．9％；74例（83．1％）患者上颌窦的引流状态及引流方式发生了明显改变。其中包括反向引流6例、多相引流31例、引流不能20例、“蓄水池”样改变9例以及黏膜失用8例。术后12个月33．7％的患者再次发生炎症反应，以黏膜失用炎症的发生率（100％）最高，其次是引流不能及反向引流（各占50％）。结论上颌窦自然窦口的后下近钩突尾端附着处是上颌窦引流的关键部位；鼻内镜术后，上颌窦自然引流关键部位的损伤甚至瘢痕形成，可以导致上颌窦的异常引流，过度开放上颌窦窦口，有可能加重上颌窦黏膜的损伤；上颌窦的异常引流状态及方式与黏膜炎症的发生率密切相关。     

真菌性鼻窦炎的内窥镜治疗

目的 探讨经鼻内窥镜治疗真菌性鼻窦炎的手术方法、疗效及适应症。方法 对我科近年经鼻内窥镜治疗或同时施行Caldwell-Luc手术的21例真菌性鼻窦炎进行总结分析。结果 21例原症状手术后均消失，术后2－3个月鼻内窥镜检查，窦腔内上皮化，窦口引流通畅，随访6个月－5年，21例均治愈，无一例复发。结论 经鼻内窥镜处理窦口鼻道复合体病变，保持窦口引流通畅是预防复发的重要因素之一，在处理筛窦、蝶窦病变时，内窥镜具有无可比拟的优势，严重上颌窦真菌病仍不能替代Caldwell-Luc手术，术后鼻内窥镜下清理术腔，可巩固疗效，促使早日痊愈。     

Reevaluation of maxillary sinus surgery: experimental study in rabbits

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery concentrates primarily on the removal of ostiomeatal complex disease. When required, maxillary sinus ostioplasty is performed. However, surgical widening of a sinus ostium is contrary to common precepts. A study therefore was performed to reevaluate the effects of antrostomies and of intrasinus mucosal removal. Widening of the natural ostium, a separate antrostomy at some distance from the ostium, or radical mucosal removal was performed on 30 rabbits. Fifteen sinuses were used as controls. After 6 to 8 weeks the status of the sinus mucosa and mucociliary clearance was studied. The study confirmed that mucociliary clearance continued toward the natural ostium following inferior antrostomy. Following widening of the natural ostium, mucociliary clearance through the ostium redeveloped in 11 of 18 sinuses but was typically imperfect. There were no cases of ostial closure; however, the incidence of infection was significantly higher in all three experimental groups than in the control group.     

鼻内镜术后中药鼻腔雾化吸入辅佐治疗慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的主客观评估

目的 评价慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS)患者在鼻内镜术(endoscopic sinus surgery, ESS)后用中药进行鼻腔超声雾化吸入辅佐治疗的疗效。方法 63例CRS患者随机分为治疗组(33例)和对照组(30例),ESS术后第3天行鼻腔超声雾化吸入。治疗组雾化用药为鼻窦炎口服液,每天早晚各1次,每次8mL,连续5d,后改为每周1次,连续3个月。对照组使用生理盐水鼻腔雾化吸入,方法相同。雾化前(术后第2天)、雾化5d和3个月后分别采用视觉模拟量表、Lund Kennedy评分系统、Lund Mackay评分法进行相关评估。结果 通过对主观症状、鼻内镜及鼻窦CT扫描进行检查评估,治疗组与对照组在雾化前后及组间比较差异均有统计学意义。结论 CRS患者ESS术后中药雾化吸入能明显提高手术疗效。     

Histological evaluation of maxillary sinus mucosa after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the histological changes of the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: In a cohort study, biopsy specimens were collected from the maxillary sinus of patients submitted for FESS. One year after surgery, patients were clinically reassessed. Patients showing recurrence of disease (group 1) required a revision surgery, through which a second biopsy specimen was collected. Patients showing a favorable clinical response (group 2) were submitted to an outpatient maxillary biopsy through the previous opened middle meatus antrostomy. Biopsy material from four cadavers was used as control. The histological and electron microscope findings were analyzed. RESULTS: At the initial surgery, patients presented many histopathological alterations, such as an inflammatory process infiltrating the submucosa, atypical respiratory epithelium with an important increase in goblet cells, metaplasia, or mixed epithelium. Group 1 patients persisted with the same alterations 1 year later, but ciliary dysmorphy was more accentuated. Group 2 patients presented a predominantly pseudostratified epithelium, but some areas contained an increased number of goblet cells and a reduction in the number of ciliated cells. CONCLUSION: Recovery of the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with CRS, observed by electron and light microscopy, was incomplete 1 year after endoscopic surgery, even in nonsymptomatic patients; nevertheless, these alterations were more important in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients.     

Chronic rhinosinusitis and endoscopic sinus surgery

Olfactory dysfunction is a major symptom reported by patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Surgical treatment of this disease requires close surveillance of such dysfunction because of wide ranging implications for safety, quality of life, and impact on the flavor of foods and beverages. This review highlights key findings regarding the influences of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on olfactory function across the unique presentations of CRS. Such findings provide information useful for informing patients of potential complications and for obtaining informed consent prior to surgical intervention. ESS has been shown to improve olfaction across all types of CRS as assessed through quantitative testing and subjective reports. The presence of nasal polyposis (NP) and eosinophilia have been identified as predictors of significant postoperative olfactory improvement. When indicated, judicious partial resection of the middle turbinate may result in improved olfactory function without a risk of long term complication. Careful attention to the olfactory cleft and frontal sinus recess are important in limiting olfactory complications by avoiding indiscriminate disruption of olfactory epithelium. Given the chronic nature of the disease, surveillance of olfactory function in patients with CRS is a lifelong activity that will evolve as emerging technologies become available.     

The effect of maxillary sinus surgery on its development

CONCLUSION: The study showed that surgery in the maxillary sinus can affect its development. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the long-term impact of sinus surgery on its development in the rabbit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an experimental study performed at an academic tertiary medical center using 20 4-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits underwent unilateral right maxillary sinus surgery. The contralateral maxillary sinus used as a control did not undergo the operation. The maxillary sinus ostium was enlarged on the operated side. Volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus was performed 1 year post-surgery. The maxillary sinus volumes of both sides were calculated using Multidedector CT and the volumetric measurements of the operated side were compared with the non-operated side. RESULTS: Maxillary sinus development was significantly reduced on the surgical side. Maxillary sinus growth on the surgical side was determined as 87% compared with the non-surgical side.     

Post-operative evaluation of functional endoscopic sinus surgery with computed tomography

Fifty consecutive patients underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FES) for bilateral rhinosinusitis. Pre- and post-operative computerized tomographic scans were evaluated. Of 50 patients, 45 (90%) experienced improvement in symptoms. Post-operative scans gave less encouraging results, with a slightly improved score for the combined group of sinuses and for the ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses separately. The difference between the pre- and post-operative CT score for the ethmoidal sinuses was statistically significant. The frontal sinus showed similar pre- and postoperative radiological findings. For the inexperienced surgeon we recommend computer tomographic examination 4–6 months after surgery. This could prove helpful if recurrence of symptoms occurs. For the experienced surgeon, clinical and endoscopic follow-up for at least 3 years is appropriate.     

Comparative outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps

This study was carried out to compare the outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis without nasal polyps (CRS) and those with nasal polyps (NP). We also sought to determine the correlation between preoperative computed tomography (CT) findings and postoperative endoscopy and symptom score improvement. Data were collected from two groups of patients diagnosed as CRS with and without nasal polyps that underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery with a 1-year postoperative follow up. Preoperative symptoms, CT scores, and endoscopic scores were recorded. Postoperative symptom and endoscopic scores were recorded at 1, 6, and 12 months. Assessment of symptoms was performed subjectively using visual analogue scoring (VAS). CT scan findings were scored using the Lund–Mackay system. Endoscopic examination findings were scored according to the staging system proposed by Lanza and Kennedy. The correlations between the CT score, endoscopic scores and VAS scores were calculated. There was a statistically significant correlation between the preoperative CT, symptom, and endoscopic scores. Postoperative symptom and endoscopic scores also showed a significant correlation. Total CT scores of the CRS group were significantly lower than the scores of the NP group. Also preoperative endoscopy and symptom scores were statistically lower in CRS group compared to NP group. Endoscopy total scores and symptom total scores of both groups were significantly decreased at postoperative 12th month. Statistically significant difference was observed between the preoperative and postoperative symptom and endoscopy scores. The patients with polyps had higher symptom scores and worse objective findings compared to the patients with CRS. In all patients groups, objective and subjective scores seemed to correlate well preoperatively and postoperatively. These data suggest that endoscopic sinus surgery provides significant symptomatic relief and endoscopic healing in patients with CRS and NP.     

Temperature measurements in the maxillary sinus of rabbits

An experimental study was designed to investigate the temperature of the maxillary sinus before and after creation of nasoantral windows and in relation to different ambient temperatures. In 10 rabbits the natural ostium was enlarged (ostioplasty) and in 10 other animals a window was created far from the ostium (antrostomy). Six rabbits, in which no surgery was performed on the nasoantral wall, served as controls. The results show that before surgery, the temperature of the sinus is kept constant even when the external temperature changes. After ostioplasty or antrostomy, the capacity of air conditioning is significantly reduced and the sinus temperature changes in correlation to the environmental temperature.     

The effect of maxillary sinus surgery on its development

Conclusion. The study showed that surgery in the maxillary sinus can affect its development. Objective. To quantitatively evaluate the long-term impact of sinus surgery on its development in the rabbit. Materials and methods. This was an experimental study performed at an academic tertiary medical center using 20 4-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits underwent unilateral right maxillary sinus surgery. The contralateral maxillary sinus used as a control did not undergo the operation. The maxillary sinus ostium was enlarged on the operated side. Volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus was performed 1 year post-surgery. The maxillary sinus volumes of both sides were calculated using Multidedector CT and the volumetric measurements of the operated side were compared with the non-operated side. Results. Maxillary sinus development was significantly reduced on the surgical side. Maxillary sinus growth on the surgical side was determined as 87% compared with the non-surgical side.     

Laryngopharyngeal reflux in chronic rhinosinusitis patients and the role of endoscopic sinus surgery

ObjectivesLatest literature proposes laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) as the underlying contributory factor for chronic inflammation in both upper and lower airways. In this study, we investigated LPR symptoms and signs of CRS patients and the various factors on their LPR symptoms and signs. We also evaluated the effect of the LPR symptoms and signs of CRS patients after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis from 91 patients who underwent primary ESS. They were assessed for LPR symptoms with Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Finding Scores (RFS) before ESS. Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22, Lund–Mackay (LM) scoring system, and Lund-Kennedy (LK) scoring system were evaluated for CRS severity. They had to fulfill SNOT-22, RSI, and RFS at 6 months after surgery.ResultsNasal polyps, smoking, asthma, allergy, LM scores and LK scores didn't have significant correlations with preoperative RSI and RFS (P > .05 for all). RSI had significant correlations with SNOT-22 preoperatively and postoperatively (P < .05 for all). RFS had a significant correlation with postoperative SNOT-22 (P = 0.034). RSI and RFS decreased significantly more after ESS (P < 0.001 for both). Smoking had a significant effect on the postoperative RFS (P = 0.003). Non-smoker showed significantly lower scores of postoperative RFS (P = .0.003).ConclusionOur study suggests that subjective CRS symptoms were related with subjective LPR symptoms and ESS was effective in reducing signs and symptoms of LPR in CRS patients. Especially, smoking was associated with less improvement of laryngoscopic findings after ESS.