Do the effects of job stressors on health persist over time? A longitudinal study with observational stressor measures

Observational work analyses were conducted among 222 office workers (131 women, 91 men) from 12 German companies to measure stressors independently of worker appraisal. Stressors were determined twice (1990, 1991), along with 7 health indicators separately assessed by questionnaire. Health indicators were assessed again in 1992 and once more in 1998. This 2-wave, 2-variable design with 2 follow-up measurements of health indicators determines (a) the causal directions using cross-lagged partial correlations (stressors seem to have an impact on health); (b) the strength of the impact (cross-lagged correlations for Waves 1 to 4 range from .18相似文献   

What's an integrationist? A study of self‐identified integrative and (occasionally) eclectic psychologists

We examined the views and practices of self-identified eclectic and integrative psychologists, particularly in the context of historical changes since 1977 and 1988. Results from 187 eclectic clinical psychologists indicated that 50% previously adhered to another theoretical orientation, the majority preferred the term integrative to eclectic, and 85% conceptualized eclecticism/integration as the endorsement of a broader orientation. The most common paths toward integration were theoretical integration, common factors, and assimilative integration, as opposed to technical eclecticism. The most frequent theoretical contributor to integrative practice was cognitive therapy.     

A fluid?structure interaction study on the biomechanical behaviour of a curved artery with flexible wall

Research has shown that thrombus, stenosis, aneurysm, atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases are likely to occur in curved arteries such as aortic arch, coronary artery and cerebral artery. It is found that fatigue damage and failure of arteries are closely associated with the dynamic physiological environment where the arteries are situated. Based on these considerations, the behaviour of curved arteries subjected to a physiological environment is presented in this paper. The fluid-structure interaction (FSI) effect is considered. Wall stress distribution and its variation over time are investigated. Artery deformation regularity throughout the cardiac cycle has been analysed. It is believed that this study may provide insights into clinical research in the future.     

Am I the same person across my life span? An event‐related brain potentials study of the temporal perspective in self‐identity

While self‐identity recognition has been largely explored, less is known on how self‐identity changes as a function of time. The present work aims to explore the influence of the temporal perspective on self‐identity by studying event‐related brain potentials (ERP) associated with face processing. To this purpose, participants had to perform a recognition task in two blocks with different task demands: (i) identity recognition (self, close‐friend, unknown), and (ii) life stage recognition (adulthood ‐current‐, adolescence, and childhood). The results showed that the N170 component was sensitive to changes in the global face configuration when comparing adulthood with other life stages. The N250 was the earliest neural marker discriminating self from other identities and may be related to a preferential deployment of attentional resources to recognize own face. The P3 was a robust index of self‐specificity, reflecting stimulus categorization and presumably adding an emotional value. The results of interest emerged for the subsequent late positive complex (LPC). The larger amplitude for the LPC to the self‐face was probably associated with further personal significance. The LPC, therefore, was able to distinguish the continuity of the self over time (i.e., between current self and past selves). Likewise, this component also could discriminate, at each life stage, the self‐identity from other identities (e.g., between past self and past close‐friend). This would confirm a remarkable role of the LPC reflecting higher self‐relevance processes. Taken together, the neural representation of oneself (i.e., “I am myself”) seems to be stable and also updated across time.     

What is the best way to change self‐efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta‐analysis

Purpose. Increasing self‐efficacy is an effective method to increase physical activity. Despite this, the evidence concerning the most effective techniques to increase self‐efficacy in physical activity interventions has not been systematically reviewed. The aim of the present research is to systematically gather, and meta‐analyse, intervention studies which aimed to increase self‐efficacy for physical activity; to estimate the association between intervention techniques used, and change in self‐efficacy achieved. Methods. A systematic database search was conducted for papers reporting lifestyle or recreational physical activity interventions. Published intervention studies explicitly targeting self‐efficacy in order to change physical activity behaviour in ‘healthy’ adults were eligible for inclusion. Results. The search strategy identified 27 unique physical activity intervention studies, with a total of 5,501 participants. A significant, yet small, relationship between the interventions and changes in self‐efficacy was found (mean d =0.16, p <.001). Owing to significant heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted, examining the association of changes in self‐efficacy with whether or not specific intervention techniques were used. Interventions that included feedback on past or others' performance produced the highest levels of self‐efficacy found in this review. Vicarious experience was also associated with higher levels of self‐efficacy. Persuasion, graded mastery, and barrier identification were associated with lower levels of self‐efficacy. Conclusions. This meta‐analysis forms an evidence base for which psychological techniques are most effective in increasing self‐efficacy for physical activity. The results are presented in terms of recommendations for those developing interventions and directions for future research.     

A 7‐year follow‐up study of the Mindfulness‐Based Program for Infertility: Are there long‐term effects?

The Mindfulness‐Based Program for Infertility (MBPI) was developed for people facing infertility and proved effective in cultivating mindfulness skills, improving infertility self‐efficacy, and decreasing depression, shame, entrapment, and defeat feelings. Fifty‐five women attended the MBPI sessions and completed self‐report measures of depression, anxiety, mindfulness, and experiential avoidance at post‐MBPI (T1), 6‐month follow‐up (T2), and 7‐year follow‐up (T3). There were significant direct time effects regarding experiential avoidance (F = 3.81; p < 0.033; η_p² = 0.08), the mindfulness facets describing (F = 3.54; p = 0.037; η_p² = 0.13), acting with awareness (F = 6.87; p = 0.002; η_p² = 0.22), nonjudging of inner experience (F = 10.66; p < 0.001; η_p² = 0.31), and depressive symptoms (F = 4.85; p = 0.020; η_p² = 0.10). There was an increase in the describing facet from T1 to T3 (p = 0.036). The act with awareness facet increased from T1 to T2 (p = 0.010) and from T1 to T3 (p = 0.007), as well as the nonjudging of inner experience facet (T1 to T2 [p = 0.030] and T1 to T3 [p = 0.002]). Experiential avoidance decreased from T1 to T3 (p = 0.022) and depressive symptoms from T1 to T2 (p = 0.019). Post‐MBPI scores were maintained at T2 and T3 concerning anxiety symptoms and the observing and no‐reactivity mindfulness facets. There were long‐term effects of MBPI on mindfulness and experiential avoidance. Moreover, therapeutic gains were maintained regarding depression and anxiety symptoms, independently of the reproductive outcome.     

Can out‐of‐context musical sounds convey meaning? An ERP study on the processing of meaning in music

There has been much debate over whether music can convey extra-musical meaning. The experiments presented here investigated whether low level musical features, specifically the timbre of a sound, have a direct access route to meaningful representations. Short musical sounds with varying timbres were investigated with regard to their ability to elicit meaningful associations, and the neural mechanisms underlying the meaningful processing of sounds were compared to those underlying the semantic processing of words. Two EEG experiments were carried out, and N400 effects were found for sound and word targets following sound and word primes in a semantic relatedness judgment task. No N400 effects were found in a memory task. The results show that even short musical sounds outside of a musical context are capable of conveying meaning information, but that sounds require more elaborate processing than other kinds of meaningful stimuli.     

Cutting back on the essentials: Can manipulating intake of specific amino acids modulate health and lifespan?

With few exceptions, nutritional and dietary interventions generally impact upon both old-age quality of life and longevity. The life prolonging effects, commonly observed with dietary restriction reportedly are linked to alterations in protein intake and specifically limiting the dietary intake of certain essential amino acids. There is however a paucity of data methodically evaluating the various essential amino acids on health- and lifespan and the mechanisms involved. Rodent diets containing either lower methionine content, or tryptophan, than that found in commercially available chow, appear to elicit beneficial effects. It is unclear whether all of these favorable effects associated with restricted intake of methionine and tryptophan are due to their specific unique properties or if restriction of other essential amino acids, or proteins in general, may produce similar results. Considerably more work remains to be done to elucidate the mechanisms by which limiting these vital molecules may delay the onset of age-associated diseases and improve quality of life at older ages.     

A fluid—structure interaction study on the biomechanical behaviour of a curved artery with flexible wall

Research has shown that thrombus, stenosis, aneurysm, atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases are likely to occur in curved arteries such as aortic arch, coronary artery and cerebral artery. It is found that fatigue damage and failure of arteries are closely associated with the dynamic physiological environment where the arteries are situated. Based on these considerations, the behaviour of curved arteries subjected to a physiological environment is presented in this paper. The fluid–structure interaction (FSI) effect is considered. Wall stress distribution and its variation over time are investigated. Artery deformation regularity throughout the cardiac cycle has been analysed. It is believed that this study may provide insights into clinical research in the future.     

Can we enhance the training of clinical supervisors? A national pilot study of an evidence‐based approach

Clinical supervision plays an essential part in maintaining professional standards and in achieving the National Health Service's objective of a modern workforce. Paradoxically, little is known about how supervisors themselves acquire competence, leading to lament that ‘something does not compute’. To contribute to a solution, a supervisor training manual that guided trainers in delivering continuing professional development to supervisors in an evidence‐based approach to clinical supervision was piloted nationally, in terms of the reactions of trainers (N = 25 tutors from clinical psychology courses) and their workshop delegates (N = 256 clinical psychology supervisors). Trainers were allocated randomly to either manual‐alone or to a manual‐plus consultancy group. The trainers all rated the manual favourably (mean rating of 78%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the supervisors within the consultancy group rated the sessions significantly more highly than their counterparts. It is concluded that brief training in an evidence‐based approach appears feasible and acceptable, making more rigorous evaluations appropriate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message:

• Clinical supervision is now recognised as essential, yet supervisors tend to receive little or no training, which tends not to be evidence based.
• A training guide in evidence‐based clinical supervision has been disseminated and evaluated, in terms of the acceptability of the approach taken to supervision.
• The reactions of trainers and supervisors (all associated with clinical psychology training programmes) to this guide were positive, indicating that it merits further development and more rigorous evaluation.

     

Encephalitic syndrome and anosmia in COVID‐19: Do these clinical presentations really reflect SARS‐CoV‐2 neurotropism? A theory based on the review of 25 COVID‐19 cases

Since the discovery of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), a disease caused by the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the pathology showed different faces. There is an increasing number of cases described as (meningo)encephalitis although evidence often lacks. Anosmia, another atypical form of COVID‐19, has been considered as testimony of the potential of neuroinvasiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2, though this hypothesis remains highly speculative. We did a review of the cases reported as brain injury caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. Over 98 papers found, 21 were analyzed. Only four publications provided evidence of the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 within the central nervous system (CNS). When facing acute neurological abnormalities during an infectious episode it is often difficult to disentangle neurological symptoms induced by the brain infection and those due to the impact of host immune response on the CNS. Cytokines release can disturb neural cells functioning and can have in the most severe cases vascular and cytotoxic effects. An inappropriate immune response can lead to the production of auto‐antibodies directed toward CNS components. In the case of proven SARS‐CoV‐2 brain invasion, the main hypothesis found in the literature focus on a neural pathway, especially the direct route via the nasal cavity, although the virus is likely to reach the CNS using other routes. Our ability to come up with hypotheses about the mechanisms by which the virus might interact with the CNS may help to keep in mind that all neurological symptoms observed during COVID‐19 do not always rely on CNS viral invasion.     

Do anorexics and schizophrenics look alike on the MMPI?—A critique

MMPI data presented by Small, Madero, Gross, Teagno, Leib, and Ebert (1981), contrary to the authors' conclusion, show distinct differences, consistent with the clinical diagnosis in the case of the schizophrenic patients, and suggestive of an affective disorder in the anorexic patients.     

Is there an influence of X‐chromosomal imprinting on the phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome? A clinical and molecular genetic study of 61 cases

Studies on Turner syndrome suggested the presence of X‐chromosomal‐imprinted genes involved in social and verbal cognition. Imprinted genes on autosomes were shown to affect growth. Could imprinting of such genes on the X chromosome also influence psychomotor development and growth in men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS), who have a supernumerary X? We recorded anthropometric and psychomotor development parameters for 61 males with KS (age range 2–56 years). In 54 cases, we were able to assess intelligence quotient (IQ) and found that impaired speech – and motor developmental problems were reported significantly more often in the paternal X – than in the maternal X group (P = 0.02). We found some significant (P < 0.05) increased body size parameters in the paternal X group, which concurs with data reporting a growth promoting influence of paternally derived genes. Our results suggest X‐chromosomal imprinting occurs in males with KS.