实验性糖尿病大鼠海马星形胶质细胞形态和凋亡的研究

目的:研究糖尿病高血糖大鼠海马星形胶质细胞形态和凋亡改变。方法:采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导Ⅰ型糖尿病SD大鼠模型,并以正常SD大鼠作对照。分别于1、2、4周和8周用组织学、免疫组织化学、免疫荧光和Western Blot等方法对比研究糖尿病高血糖对大鼠海马区星形胶质细胞形态和凋亡的作用。结果:与正常对照比较,大鼠糖尿病高血糖1~2周,脑组织结构基本正常,海马区固缩神经元偶见,4~8周固缩神经元数明显(P0.05),出现轻微脑水肿,星形胶质细胞胞体轻度肿胀;免疫荧光和免疫组织化学检测显示,糖尿病高血糖1~2周,星形胶质细胞胞体增大和突起增粗,4~8周时突起增粗变长,星形胶质细胞数量减少(P0.05);Western Blot结果表明,大鼠糖尿病高血糖4~8周时,脑组织胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)含量明显升高(P0.05);免疫组化双标显示,糖尿病高血糖大鼠1~2周偶见cleavedcaspase-3阳性标记的星形胶质细胞(P0.05),4~8周海马区双标阳性细胞数明显增多(P0.01)。结论:大鼠糖尿病高血糖早期对星形胶质细胞可能有激活作用,而持续的糖尿病高血糖则可抑制海马区星形胶质细胞,并可能导致星形胶质细胞凋亡。     

苯丙胺对大鼠学习能力和海马结构GFAP阳性细胞结构的影响

目的观察苯丙胺对大鼠学习能力、GFAP免疫阳性细胞结构和亚细胞结构的影响。方法苯丙胺腹腔注射SD大鼠,用水迷宫检测其空间辨别性学习能力,用免疫组织化学方法观察海马结构胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫阳性细胞的形态变化;用电镜方法检测GFAP免疫阳性细胞超微结构变化。结果学习能力检测发现,在14d以前,苯丙胺组大鼠较生理盐水组的平均运行时间和平均潜伏期缩短(P0.05);在15～28d,苯丙胺组大鼠较生理盐水组正确率降低(P0.05);在29～42d,苯丙胺组大鼠较生理盐水组正确率降低、平均运行时间延长(P0.05)。GFAP阳性细胞形态学观察发现,正常对照组大鼠海马结构星形胶质细胞主要分布在海马以及齿状回的多形层和分子层;生理盐水组大鼠海马结构星形胶质细胞分布与游水组相似,但细胞突起变长及增粗,分支增多,且各亚区比正常对照组相应亚区的星形胶质细胞数量增多(P0.05);苯丙胺组大鼠海马星形胶质细胞分布与正常对照组相似,但细胞突起变长、增粗和分支增多更明显,各亚区的星形胶质细胞比正常对照组和生理盐水组相应亚区增多(P0.05);电镜观察发现苯丙胺组大鼠脑内星形胶质细胞增生肥大,亦可见退变星形胶质细胞。结论在本实验条件下,苯丙胺导致大鼠空间辨别性学习记忆能力下降,引起大鼠海马结构星形胶质细胞增生和损害。     

卡马西平对大鼠海马星形胶质细胞形态和GFAP表达的影响

目的观察治疗剂量卡马西平对SD大鼠海马星形胶质细胞形态和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法治疗剂量卡马西平每24 h单次灌胃给药后,于不同时间点经心脏灌注,取脑;GFAP免疫组化染色测量海马GFAP阳性细胞数量及形态。结果1周组海马CA1区星形胶质细胞的形态及GFAP表达无变化,1个月组星形胶质细胞数量及GFAP表达量无明显增加,3个月组GFAP阳性细胞数显著增加,达对照组的1.74倍(P<0.05);并伴细胞体积增大,侧支增多。结论治疗剂量的卡马西平对星形胶质细胞形态和GFAP表达的影响呈时间依赖性。     

星形胶质细胞在糖皮质激素诱发糖尿病神经病理性痛中的作用

目的探讨星形胶质细胞在糖皮质激素诱发糖尿病神经病理性痛中的作用及可能的机制。方法利用链脲佐菌素诱导SD大鼠糖尿病模型,鞘内置管。实验分3组,对照组,糖尿病组(不给予RU486,糖皮质激素受体阻断剂),RU486组(糖尿病大鼠鞘内注射RU486)。4周后检测大鼠血糖及痛阈变化,免疫组化检测脊髓背角星形胶质细胞形态学变化,Western blot检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP,星形胶质细胞活性标志物)及磷酸化Jun氨基末端激酶(p-JNK)表达变化。结果与对照组相比,糖尿病组及RU486组大鼠血糖显著升高(0.01)P,糖尿病组脊髓背角星形胶质细胞胞体增大、突起延长,明显活化,而RU486组变化不明显。与对照组相比,糖尿病组痛阈降低,GFAP及p-JNK在脊髓表达减少(均0.01),RU48P6组接近对照组(P0.05)。结论 P糖皮质激素通过血糖非依赖机制活化星形胶质细胞,激活JNK信号通路参与DNP的发生。     

大鼠星形胶质细胞在高血糖脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化

目的:探讨星形胶质细胞在高血糖脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化规律。方法:采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导Ⅰ型糖尿病高血糖大鼠模型,通过双侧颈总动脉夹闭联合股动脉放血法建立全脑缺血再灌注模型,应用组织学、免疫荧光、组织化学及Western Blot方法,对比观察糖尿病高血糖脑缺血再灌注组(简称糖尿病组)与正常血糖脑缺血再灌注组(简称正常血糖组)在脑缺血15 min、再灌注1 h和6 h大脑额叶皮质区神经元、星形胶质细胞组织学变化及GFAP的表达。结果:正常血糖组再灌注1 h脑组织出现轻度水肿;再灌注6 h脑水肿加重,出现神经元固缩;再灌注1 h,糖尿病组病变与正常血糖组基本相同,再灌注6 h脑水肿加重,固缩神经元进一步增加。再灌注1 h和6 h,糖尿病组Nissl体平均光密度值明显低于正常血糖组(P<0.05)。脑组织GFAP免疫荧光检查可见,再灌注6 h正常血糖组GFAP免疫阳性细胞明显增加。糖尿病组再灌注1 h和6 h,出现GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目增加(P<0.05),胞体显著增大,突起增长、增粗。Western Blot结果可见,糖尿病组GFAP的表达明显高于正常血糖组。结论:糖尿病高血糖脑缺血再灌注能够加重神经元损伤,星形胶质细胞出现更明显的数量增加和GFAP表达。     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的变化

目的：探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的形态学变化及GFAP和NOS的表达情况。方法：采用大鼠自由落体脑损伤模型，伤后1、3、7d取脑切片，行Nissl染色以及GFAP免疫组化和NADPH—d组化单标记及双标记染色。结果：损伤区周围皮质GFAP阳性细胞胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比，伤后1d即有明显增加，伤后3d、7d数量持续增加；损伤侧海马CAI～3区和DG各层GFAP阳性细胞排列紊乱，胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比则无明显变化。损伤区周围皮质、损伤侧海马NOS阳性细胞数量明显增加。伤后3d损伤区周围皮质和损伤侧海马中GFAP与NOS双标细胞分别占GFAP阳性细胞的14．2％和13．4％左右。结论：大鼠创伤性脑损伤后大量的星形胶质细胞活化、GFAP表达增加并且部分转化为NOS阳性细胞，提示其参与了脑组织的损伤与修复过程。     

辐射诱导大鼠脑损伤后星形胶质细胞活性及其自噬的变化

目的:探究辐射诱导大鼠脑损伤后星型胶质细胞活性及其自噬的相关变化。方法:取36只体质量为180～200 g的Sprague-Dawley大鼠,进行4 d的Morris水迷宫训练后,随机分为假手术(sham)组、模型(model)组及3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组,其中model组及3-MA组大鼠经腹腔麻醉后给予单次全脑X线照射,剂量为20 Gy。照射完成后,model组侧脑室注射5μL Na Cl,3-MA组侧脑室注射600 nmol 3-MA,饲养8周,用Morris水迷宫进行学习和记忆能力测评后,断头取脑,HE染色观察海马区病理变化。用GFAP的免疫组化和Western blot检测星形胶质细胞活性;用GFAP及LC3的双重荧光染色评定星形胶质细胞自噬的变化; Western blot法测定cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平的变化,TUNEL检测同侧海马区细胞凋亡情况; ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平以评估海马区炎症反应。结果:辐射可抑制星形胶质细胞活性,激活星形胶质细胞自噬,加重脑组织损伤。3-MA可促进星形胶质细胞的活化,促进脑组织损伤的修复。结论:大鼠放射性脑损伤后海马区损伤明显,星形胶质细胞数量明显减少,3-MA可显著缓解受损程度。该发现可能会为放射性脑损伤的治疗提供新途径。     

糖尿病大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞形态和数量变化

目的:探讨糖尿病脑组织中小胶质细胞形态和数量变化。方法:采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)法建立Ⅰ型糖尿病大鼠模型,通过组织学和组织化学观察脑组织结构变化,Iba-1免疫组织化学对比观察正常对照组和糖尿病脑组织内小胶质细胞的形态和数量变化。结果:糖尿病组血糖明显高于正常对照组。组织学观察可见,糖尿病1和2周龄组脑组织结构、细胞形态基本正常,糖尿病第3周时脑组织出现轻微水肿,易见固缩神经元。糖尿病3、4、5周时固缩神经元数量明显多于正常对照组和糖尿病组1、2周。糖尿病第5周时,与纹状体尾状核(CPu)区和胼胝体区比较,皮质区和海马区固缩神经元数明显增多。糖尿病第5周时,皮质区Nissl体染色平均光密度值明显低于正常对照组。皮质区、海马区、CPu及胼胝体区均可见Iba-1标记阳性的小胶质细胞。正常对照组散在稀疏的小胶质细胞,体积小、突起纤细。糖尿病1周始,脑组织各脑区中小胶质细胞胞体增大,突起增粗、变短,提示细胞活化。随着糖尿病病程的增加,小胶质细胞数量有所增加,糖尿病5周时小胶质细胞明显增多。糖尿病各组各区域脑组织小胶质细胞都明显多于正常对照组,糖尿病第5周时,皮质区和海马区小胶质细胞数量明显多于CPu和胼胝体区。结论:糖尿病可以引起大鼠脑组织CPu小胶质细胞活化及数量增多,皮质区和海马区小胶质细胞活化和数量增多更明显,小胶质细胞活化可能参与糖尿病脑组织的损伤。     

戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的激活

目的：研究慢性癫痫大鼠点燃时海马星形胶质细胞的激活情况。方法：采用免疫组化和双重免疫荧光标记法观察戊四氮慢性癫痫大鼠点燃后海马NF-kBp65和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)的变化。结果：癫痫发作1 h,CA1区出现NF-kBp65-IR阳性细胞,4 h胶质细胞p65-IR维持在高水平,并持续至发作后12 h;发作1 h,CA1区GFAP-IR开始增强,4～8 h观察到明显浓染和突起增多的GFAP-IR阳性细胞,并持续至24 h;GFAP/p65一IR阳性细胞发作后1 h可观察到,4 h达最高峰,24 h恢复至对照组水平。结论：戊四氮致痫大鼠点燃时,星形胶质细胞的这种早期而持续的激活提示该细胞在慢性癫痫的复发中可能起到重要作用。     

大鼠脑缺血对癫痫敏感性和脑内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白免疫反应的影响

本实验采用改良栓线法制备大鼠右侧大脑中动脉 (Middlecerebralartery ,MCA)缺血再灌注模型 ,腹腔注射阈下剂量 (35mg/kg·2d)戊四唑 (pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)制备慢性癫痫点燃模型。通过观察大鼠的行为 ,来检测其癫痫敏感性的改变。分别用硫堇染色、免疫细胞化学方法观察PTZ点燃脑缺血大鼠的相应脑区的神经病理学改变及脑内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白 (gliafibrillaryacidicprotein ,GFAP)免疫反应活性 (immunoreactivity,IR)的变化。结果显示 :脑缺血后大鼠癫痫敏感性明显增强 (P <0 0 5 )。右背侧海马CA1、CA3 区锥体细胞、额叶皮质神经元不同程度的脱失 (P <0 0 5 )并出现大量GFAP免疫反应阳性的星形胶质细胞 ,且细胞体积变大 ,突起变长变粗 ,免疫染色强度明显增强 (P <0 0 5 ) ,提示脑缺血大鼠癫痫敏感性增强 ,可能与海马及额叶皮质的神经元脱失及星形胶质细胞活化增生有关。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008