有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的:观察有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(AECOPD)合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法:将44例COPD并呼吸衰竭患者随机平均分为两组。序贯治疗组22例给予有创与无创序贯机械通气;传统对照组22例给予传统有创机械通气。观察两组患者有创通气时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)、总住院时间、治疗费用等的差异。结果:有创一无创序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭疗效显著,有创通气时间、住院时间序贯组较传统组均缩短,VAP发生率、治疗费均低于传统组,两组间比较差异有显著差异性(P<0.05)。结论:对COPD并呼吸衰竭患者,采用有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗可缩短有创机械通气时间和住院时间、减少VAP的发生及住院费用,明显提高治疗效果。     

有创-无创序贯机械通气救治蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨有创、无创序贯机械通气治疗蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法选取22例蛇咬伤并呼吸衰竭的患者予有创后脱机拔除气管插管序贯无创机械通气治疗。19例采用传统机械通气治疗,记录并分析比较两组间患者有创机械通气时间、住呼吸重症监护病房时间、总机械通气时间,总住院时间及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP))发生率、再插管率等。结果有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗蛇咬伤并呼吸衰竭疗效显著,有创通气时间、总通气时间及入住呼吸重症监护室(RICU)时间较传统组显著减少(P<0.05),VAP的发生率也明显减少(P<0.05)。拔管后均无需再插管,死亡率两组无差异。结论在患者蛇毒控制,呼吸肌麻痹逐渐改善,咳嗽有力的情况下,停有创,序贯无创治疗具有优越性。     

有创-无创序贯通气用于慢性阻塞性肺病呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的:探讨有创-无创序贯通气用于慢性阻塞性肺病呼吸衰竭的临床价值。方法:比较48例有创-无创序贯通气和机械通气在住院时间、机械通气时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率。结果:两组比较,机械通气时间和住院天数,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);呼吸机相关肺炎发生率有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:有创-无刨序贯机械通气对治疗COPD合并急性呼吸衰竭,具有很好临床实用价值。     

以PIC窗为切换点治疗COPD所致呼吸衰竭的临床应用

目的:探讨PIC窗为切换点序贯治疗AECOPD所致呼吸衰竭患者的临床应用.方法:选择在ICU给予有创正压机械通气(IPPV)治疗的AECOPD患者30例作为序贯组,待患者出现肺部感染控制窗(PIC)后拔管,改为无创正压通气,(NIPPV)治疗,对照组为AECOPD合并呼衰的患者30例,常规有创机械通气治疗,比较两组患者又创通气时间、住院时间、VAP发生率、再插管率、病死率及住院费用.结果:序贯组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:PIC窗在AE-COPD所致呼吸衰竭患者序贯通气行有创-无创切换可降低再插管率,机械通气总时间以及ICU住院时间,具有重要的临床意义.     

序贯无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭患者撤机中的应用

目的探讨序贯无创通气（NIPPV）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）并呼吸衰竭中作为撤机方式的应用价值。方法接受气管插管有创通气的31例AECOPD并呼吸衰竭患者在病情有所控制,但尚未完全达到拔管撤机标准时随机分为两组,NIPPV组：拔管后立即给予NIPPV进行过渡撤机;有创正压通气（IPPV）组：继续经气管导管给予压力支持通气（PSV）实施过渡撤机。观察两组患者的动脉血气变化、机械通气时间、住院时间、再插管率和病死率。结果拔管后应用NIPPV患者的pH,PaCO2和PaO2与应用IPPV患者无明显差异（P〉0．05）。NIPPV组患者VAP的发生率明显低于IPPV组（P〈0．05）,NIPPV组的有创通气时间和住院时间明显短于IPPV组（P〈0．05）,病死率低于IPPV组（P〈0．05）。结论序贯无创通气（NIPPV）作为正在接受有创通气治疗的AECOPD并呼吸衰竭患者的撤机方式是可行的,NIPPV可降低VAP的发生率,缩短有创通气时间和住院时间,降低病死率。     

集束化护理对慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭患者的干预效果

目的 观察集束化护理对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的干预效果.方法 80例行有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗的COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,根据入院顺序随机分为两组.对照组(n=40例)采用常规措施进行护理,并进行相关卫生宣传教育及心理方面的指导;观察组(n =40例)采用集束化护理措施.比较两组患者护理干预后舒适度评分、护理满意度、死亡率、VAP发生率、呼吸科监护病房住院时间及撤机成功率.结果 观察组舒适度评分(12.42±1.35)及护理满意度(87.50％)均明显高于对照组(7.14±0.54,70.0％)(P＜0.05);观察组死亡率(10.00％)及VAP发生率(17.50％)均明显低于对照组(25.00％,35.00％) (P ＜0.05),呼吸科监护病房住院时间(12.20±3.10)d较对照组(20.30±4.50)d明显缩短(P＜0.05),而撤机成功率(80.00％)明显高于对照组(60.00％)(P＜0.05).结论 集束化护理不但可提高COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的舒适度及护理满意度,还可明显降低其死亡率及VAP发生率,缩短住院时间和提高撤机成功率.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的有创和无创呼吸

目的:探讨有创及无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法:对我院2012-01²015-01收治的84例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:治疗后,无创组总有效率显著高于有创组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组各个时间点的PaO₂、PaCO₂、SaO₂、pH、RR、HR相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。与有创组相比,无创组的机械通气时间、住院时间明显缩短（P均<0.01）,治疗后的APACHEⅡ评分显著降低（P<0.01）,撤机失败率及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率显著减少（P均<0.05）,组间比较差异有统计学意义。结论:慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者采用机械通气治疗后序贯进行无创机械通气治疗,提高了患者的临床治疗效果,缩短了机械通气时间及住院时间,减少了撤机失败率以及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率,有助于改善患者的预后,值得临床推广。     

88例老年重症慢性阻塞性肺病患者综合治疗体会

目的：探讨治疗老年重症慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的方法及序贯机械通气的临床应用价值。方法将2013年1月～2015年12月收治的88例老年重症AECOPD患者随机分为两组,序贯组（ n＝44）和对照组（ n＝44）,对比两组患者的住ICU时间、有创通气时间、住院费用、VAP发生率、死亡率等指标。结果序贯组患者的住ICU时间、有创通气时间、住院费用均少于对照组,且VAP发生率及死亡率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论老年重症AECOPD患者采用序贯性机械通气方法,由有创通气改为无创通气,可减少并发症的发生,为较好的机械通气策略。同时采取综合治疗方法,对其他脏器功能保护,特别是心脏功能的保护,有着积极作用。     

有创无创无隙通气在AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者撤机时的应用效果分析

目的分析有创无创无隙通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者撤机时的应用效果。方法选取本院收治的52例AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,将其随机分为观察组与对照组,观察组26例进行有创无创无隙通气治疗,患者经有创通气过渡至无创通气之后进行撤机拔管,对照组26例患者进行常规有创通气治疗,患者经有创通气至撤机拔管,对两组患者撤机情况及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生情况进行观察和比较。结果观察组患者的撤机成功率明显高于对照组,再插管与VAP发生率均明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组通气时间少于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组患者在通气后120 min的HR、p H及Pa CO2等指标与拔管之前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者拔管之后立即进行有创无创无隙通气治疗可明显减少VAP发生率,同时可有效提高患者撤机成功率。     

序贯机械通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的护理体会

目的 总结序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的护理体会.方法COPD伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者64例,应用有创与无创机械通气序贯治疗,采取密切监测病情变化、加强心理护理、重视气道管理和营养支持、预防院内感染等综合护理措施,把握机械通气最佳的序贯时机.结果64例中,40例在7d内成功脱机,15例在10d内成...     

MR imaging of pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary emboli

Intraluminal signal in the pulmonary arteries on spin-echo, ECG-gated MR images is limited to the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle in normal subjects. Initial experience has indicated that signal persisting during systole may be characteristic of slow blood flow associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or of thrombotic material secondary to pulmonary embolism. This study analyzes our cumulative experience (31 patients) with multiphasic, double spin-echo MR for assessing PAH and/or suspected pulmonary embolism. In PAH, the abnormal systolic signal showed an intensity increase from first to second echo. This pattern was observed in 92% of PAH patients, including 100% of patients with pulmonary systolic pressures greater than or equal to 80 mm Hg and 60% of patients with pressures less than 80 mm Hg. At any focus in the pulmonary arteries, such signal disappeared at some phase of the cardiac cycle. In patients with pulmonary embolism, signal from thrombus was fixed throughout the cardiac cycle and showed little or no increase in relative intensity change from first- to second-echo image. Using this guideline, MR made six confirmed positive and four confirmed negative diagnoses of proximal pulmonary embolism, while it failed to identify thrombus in the one patient with a peripheral pulmonary embolism. Intraluminal signal in the pulmonary arteries caused by PAH or pulmonary embolism can be differentiated in most instances using multiphasic, double spin-echo, ECG-gated MR. However, at its current stage of development, the procedure does not appear to be useful for the evaluation of peripheral pulmonary embolism.     

Angiography and perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy in pulmonary embolism

Clinical signs suggestive of pulmonary embolism require diagnostic confirmation from complementary scintigraphic and/or angiographic examinations, therapy being adapted to the results obtained. A comparative study of the value of the two techniques was conducted in 20 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism investigated by a perfusion pulmonary scan and selective pulmonary angiography. Results confirmed the diagnostic superiority of angiography, the high percentage of false positives obtained by perfusion scintigraphy alone indicating the need for associated ventilatory function tests.     

CT pulmonary angiography and suspected acute pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use and quality of CT pulmonary angiography in our department, and to relate the findings to clinical parameters and diagnoses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 324 consecutive patients referred to CT pulmonary angiography with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). From the medical records we registered clinical parameters, blood gases, D-dimer, risk factors and the results of other relevant imaging studies. RESULTS: 55 patients (17%) had PE detected on CT. 39 had bilateral PE, and 8 patients had isolated peripheral PE. 87% of the examinations showing PE had satisfactory filling of contrast material including the segmental pulmonary arteries, and 60% of the subsegmental arteries. D-dimer test was performed in 209 patients, 85% were positive. A negative D-dimer ruled out PE detected at CT. Dyspnea and concurrent symptoms or detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), contraceptive pills and former venous thromboembolism (VTE) were associated with PE. The presence of only one clinical parameter indicated a negative PE diagnosis (p < 0.017), whereas two or more suggested a positive PE diagnosis (p < 0.002). CT also detected various ancillary findings such as consolidation, pleural effusion, nodule or tumor in nearly half of the patients; however, there was no association with the PE diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The quality of CT pulmonary angiography was satisfactory as a first-line imaging of PE. CT also showed additional pathology of importance in the chest. Our study confirmed that a negative D-dimer ruled out clinically suspected VTE.     

Intralobar pulmonary sequestration: Value of aortography and pulmonary arteriography

Twelve patients with plain roentgenographic findings of intralobar pulmonary sequenstration were evaluated with aortography and, in most instances, pulmonary arteriography. Correlative criteria from aortography and pulmonary arteriography permit a precise diagnosis to be made. Pulmonary infections must be differentiated from intralobar pulmonary sequestration because treatment for the latter should be surgical.     

The relationship between pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery diameter in pulmonary hypertension

The pulmonary arteries dilate in response to many factors, principally increased pressure and flow. In patients who have pulmonary arterial hypertension but no increase in flow, we have compared main pulmonary artery size at computed tomography with pulmonary haemodynamic data obtained during right heart catheterisation. In patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, dilatation correlated with raised pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced cardiac output but not with mean arterial pressure. In patients with chronic lung disease no correlations were shown though a trend between raised pressure and size was observed. We speculate that pulmonary artery compliance is an important factor which determines the degree of dilatation in response to raised pressure. Estimations of pressure cannot be made from measurements of pulmonary artery size without knowledge of the underlying lung disease.     

肺栓塞MR增强肺灌注成像与核素肺灌注显像对比实验研究

目的:比较MR及SPECT核素肺灌注显像诊断肺栓塞的价值。方法:24只大白兔建立肺栓塞模型,栓塞后6h采用3D-FLASH序列,从耳缘静脉注入Gd-DTPA行肺灌注扫描,应用Evaluation自动生成肺灌注曲线,在冠状位原始图像上两侧对称性选取正常与病变区肺实质的ROI测量时间-信号强度曲线。从耳缘静脉注入99Tcm-MAA111-148MBq0·3ml8体位显像。病理学检查:分别于栓塞后分批处死实验动物,光学显微镜下观察栓塞肺组织及正常肺组织的表现。统计学采用t检验和χ2检验。结果:成功建立20只兔肺栓塞模型,栓塞后6hMR增强肺灌注成像正常和栓塞区肺实质增强率分别为317·5%和45·1%;正常肺组织灌注曲线峰值明显,栓塞区灌注曲线低平或峰值延迟(t=11·52,P<0·01)。MR增强肺灌注成像对肺栓塞模型检测的敏感性为95%,特异性为85%;SPECT肺灌注显像敏感性100%,特异性65%,统计学分析二者检查结果差异不具有统计学意义(χ2=2·06,P>0·05)。病理显示:梗死区可见大量的纤维素渗出,肺间质增厚,动脉腔内可见红细胞和血栓形成,其周围白细胞浸润伴肺淤血,部分可见点状出血及肺淤血。结论:Gd-DTPAMR增强肺灌注成像诊断肺栓塞是可行的;MR诊断肺栓塞与SPECT具有较好的一致性。     

肺动态和常规肺灌注显像评估急性肺栓塞合并肺动脉高压及危险度分层

目的 应用肺动态灌注显像（DPPI）联合常规肺灌注显像（PPI）评价急性肺栓塞（APE）合并肺动脉高压（PH）患者危险度分层及预后.方法 20名（2007年10月至2009年2月）健康志愿者,男12名,女8名,年龄21～71（48.47±13.47）岁 31例（2007年10月至2009年7月）APE患者,男21例,女10例,年龄23～82（47.68±18.06）岁.所有受试者均行DPPI和PPI,对PPI图像进行半定量分析,计算全肺灌注缺损百分数（PPDs%）,按肺灌注缺损水平分组：PPDs%=0为正常组,0＜PPDs%≤10%为非常低危组,10%＜PPDs%≤20%为低危组,20%＜PPDs%≤40%为中危组,40%＜PPDs%≤60%为高危组,PPDs%＞60%为极高危组.通过勾画DPPI图像感兴趣区计算肺平衡时间（LET）.按Aujesky法对临床的危险度进行评分.用SPSS 13.0软件对所得结果进行t检验、单因素方差分析及相关性分析.结果 （1）健康组与APE组的LET分别为（12.18±3.28）和（35.78±12.59）s,差异有统计学意义（t=6.81,P＜0.01）.（2）31例APE患者LET与PPDs%相关系数（r）为0.93,决定系数（χ2）为0.87.LET与用Aujesky法进行的危险度评分呈正相关,r=0.86.（3）31例APE患者PPDs%正常、非常低危组（5例）、低危组（12例）、中危组（9例）、高危组（4例）和极高危组（1例）LET分别为（19.59±0.04）、（25.03±0.08）、（36.07±0.10）、（57.15±0.06）及（70±0.00）s,各组间进行单因素方差分析,F=16.78,P＜0.01,差异有统计学意义.结论 （1）DPPI是评价APE合并PH的可靠、简便、无创性方法.（2）DPPI方法测定LET联合PPI方法测定的PPDs%对APE患者的危险度分层及预后判断有重要价值.