吗啡精神依赖大鼠VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路NR1表达的变化

目的:研究吗啡诱导条件性位置偏爱(conditioned place preference,CPP)大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区-伏核-前额叶皮质(VTA-NAc-PFC)神经环路各核团中N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体NR1亚基(NR1)表达的变化。方法:20只大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组和吗啡条件性位置偏爱模型组,模型组采用大鼠颈背部皮下吗啡剂量递增注射(起始剂量10 mg/kg,每天递增10 mg/kg,至注射10 d时为100 mg/kg),CPP训练10 d,末次训练后48 h CPP检测确认模型建立成功后取材,利用Western Blot方法检测VTA,NAc和PFC内NR1蛋白的表达情况。结果:经CCP检测,模型组大鼠在白箱(吗啡伴药箱)停留时间在训练前和训练后分别为408±93 s和528±81 s,与生理盐水组比较(训练前和训练后分别为393±81 s和416±58 s)明显有所延长(P0.05)。Western Blot检测到吗啡诱导条件性位置偏爱大鼠的NAc核团NR1表达水平较生理盐水组显著增加(P0.05),而VTA和PFC两个核团的NR1表达水平则未见明显改变。结论:NR1在吗啡精神依赖过程中NAc核团中表达增加,而在VTA和PFC核团中没有增加。     

NCX1在吗啡依赖大鼠前额皮质和海马中的表达变化

目的:观察吗啡条件性位置偏好(CPP)大鼠的前额皮质(PFC)和海马(Hip)中钠钙交换体亚型1(NCX1)的变化。方法:40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为:对照组(control)和吗啡组(morphine)。吗啡以起始剂量10 mg/kg皮下注射到大鼠颈背部,每日递增,连续注射10 d,第10 d剂量为100 mg/kg。每次注射20 min后,将大鼠放置黑、白箱(morphine)中进行训练。在最后一次训练48 h后,进行CPP实验以确认大鼠吗啡依赖模型建立成功,并且立即将两组大鼠处死后取脑。分离PFC和Hip脑区,通过Western Blot和real time RT-PCR技术分别检测两个脑区中NCX1的蛋白和mRNA的表达水平。结果:CPP结果显示,吗啡依赖大鼠在吗啡伴药箱中停留时间较对照组明显延长(P 0. 05);训练后吗啡组的大鼠在吗啡伴药箱中停留的时间明显长于对照组(P 0. 05)。与对照组相比,依赖组大鼠PFC和Hip中NCX1的m RNA和蛋白表达水平显著升高(P 0. 05)。结论:NCX1在吗啡依赖大鼠PFC和Hip部位表达增加,提示PFC和Hip部位的NCX1可能与吗啡依赖产生机制有关。     

海洛因依赖大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区和伏隔核内L-ENK和生长抑素表达的变化

目的:探讨海洛因依赖大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)和伏隔核(NAc)内亮氨酸脑啡肽(L-ENK)和生长抑素(SS)表达的变化及其可能的机制。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠55只,随机分为正常对照组、盐水对照组及海洛因依赖组。皮下注射海洛因建立海洛因依赖大鼠模型,分别于模型建立的第10、17、24、31、38 d取脑组织,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、图像分析法检测VTA和NAc内L-ENK和SS的表达。结果:海洛因依赖组大鼠VTA和NAc中L-ENK和SS阳性细胞免疫反应明显减弱,与正常及盐水对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);图像分析显示海洛因依赖组L-ENK和SS阳性细胞的平均灰度值增高(P<0.05)。结论:在海洛因依赖期间,大鼠VTA和NAc内L-ENK和SS免疫阳性物质的表达均明显减少,提示海洛因依赖对神经元的神经内分泌功能造成了损伤。     

海洛因依赖大鼠VTA区NMDA受体介导的多巴胺神经元膜电流的变化

目的:探讨海洛因依赖大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区(vental tegmental area,VTA)NMDA受体介导的多巴胺(DA)神经元膜电流的变化。方法:20只SD雄性大鼠随机分成对照组、海洛因依赖组(以下称依赖组)。按剂量递增原则皮下注射给予海洛因,纳络酮催促戒断,确定海洛因依赖模型的建立。免疫组织化学方法标记VTA区DA神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH),脑片膜片钳技术记录其NMDA受体特异性激动剂N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)介导的膜电流。结果:建立的海洛因依赖模型组大鼠催促戒断症状的评分符合成瘾模型评分标准;海洛因依赖组VTA区DA神经元TH表达上调(P<0.05);海洛因依赖组VTA区NMDA受体介导的DA神经元膜电流减小(P<0.05)。结论:海洛因依赖组VTA区DA神经元TH反应增强,神经元的兴奋性受到抑制。     

吗啡诱导的CPP复燃大鼠前额叶皮层和海马区EAAT3蛋白表达的变化

目的: 观察吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱(CPP)复燃大鼠前额叶皮层和海马区兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白3(EAAT3)的表达变化,探讨前脑皮层及海马区EAAT3在阿片类药物复吸过程中的作用。方法: 成年雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组(control)、CPP建立(Es)、消退(Ex)、复燃2 h(Re2)、复燃4 h(Re4)组,每组8只。腹腔注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)连续10 d,建立CPP模型;停止给药使CPP逐渐消退;单次腹腔注射吗啡 2.5 mg/kg诱导已消退的CPP复燃。Western blotting检测各组大鼠前额叶皮层和海马区EAAT3蛋白表达变化。 结果: (1)腹腔注射恒定剂量的吗啡10 mg/kg, Es组大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间比control组明显延长(P<0.05),成功建立CPP模型;待CPP消退后,吗啡2.5 mg/kg腹腔注射诱发Re2和Re4组大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间再次比control组明显延长(P<0.05),CPP复燃。(2)Es组前额叶皮层EAAT3比control组表达减少(P<0.05),CPP消退的Ex组表达回升,在Re4组表达再次减少(P<0.05)。(3)海马区EAAT3在各组表达水平未见明显变化(P>0.05);而Es、Ex组海马CA1区EAAT3比control组表达明显升高(P<0.05)。 结论: 吗啡诱导CPP复燃时,前额叶皮层EAAT3的蛋白表达水平降低,重现CPP建立时的变化,提示阿片类药物复吸行为的形成可能与前脑皮层EAAT3的表达减少有关。     

GluN2亚基在海洛因诱导CPP模型大鼠PrL区的表达

目的:研究大鼠内侧前额叶皮质(mPFC)边缘前区(PrL)GluN2亚基在海洛因诱导条件位置性偏爱(CPP)及戒断状态的表达。方法:24只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(control)和海洛因诱导组。海洛因诱导组大鼠按实验进程分为两种状态,即海洛因诱导CPP状态(heroin)和海洛因戒断状态(withdrawal)。用小剂量递增法皮下注射海洛因,行大鼠海洛因诱导CPP建模,并自然戒断,免疫荧光染色检测各组大鼠PrL区GluN2亚基NR2A、NR2B、NR2C、NR2D的表达。结果:大鼠经过连续7 d小剂量递增法注射海洛因,形成了稳定的CPP;免疫荧光染色结果显示,大鼠CPP状态PrL区NR2B表达较对照组显著增强(P<0.01),其他亚基无明显变化。海洛因自然戒断7 d后,戒断状态大鼠PrL区NR2A、NR2C表达较对照组和CPP状态皆显著增强(P<0.01)。戒断状态NR2B表达水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),但与CPP状态无显著差异。结论:大鼠海洛因依赖CPP的形成与PrL区NR2B亚基的活性密切相关,NR2A和NR2C可能参与药物戒断症状的调控。推测PrL区GluN2不同亚基在海洛因成瘾不同阶段作用不同,并可能成为临床海洛因成瘾干预和治疗的重要靶点。     

海洛因诱导大鼠伏隔核NMDA受体亚基对GABA表达的影响

目的:研究大鼠伏隔核(NAc)在海洛因诱导条件性位置偏爱(CPP)状态及戒断状态下，NMDA受体亚基NR2B和NR2C对GABA表达的调控，探索GABA能神经元上NR2B和NR2C亚基在海洛因诱导中的作用。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为两组，即对照组和海洛因诱导组。海洛因诱导组又分为海洛因诱导CPP状态和海洛因戒断状态。采用海洛因小剂量递增法皮下连续注射7 d,建立海洛因诱导CPP模型，再自然戒断7 d,免疫组织化学染色检测各组大鼠伏隔核GABA和NR2B、NR2C亚基的位置关系。结果:采用小剂量递增法连续注射7 d海洛因，大鼠形成了稳定的海洛因诱导CPP模型。免疫荧光染色结果可见，各组大鼠伏隔核均有GABA、NR2B和NR2C表达，且GABA与NR2B及NR2C受体均有共表达。免疫组织化学结果显示，海洛因成瘾状态大鼠伏隔核GABA表达量明显高于对照组和戒断状态，具显著性差异(P<0.01)。戒断状态大鼠GABA表达量最低。结论:GABA的表达变化受NMDA受体亚基活性的影响；NR2B亚基对GABA的调控作用可能参与了海洛因依赖的复燃。     

海洛因依赖对大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区和伏隔核内DβH和CCK表达的影响

目的:探讨海洛因依赖对大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)和伏隔核(NAc)神经元,DβH(dopamine-beta-hydroxylase)和CCK(cholecystokinin)表达的影响,旨在探讨大脑在海洛因依赖过程中的自我调节多巴胺的释放和保护机制。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠55只,随机分为正常对照组(NCG)5只,实验性海洛因依赖组(HDG)及生理盐水对照组(SCG)各25只。建立海洛因依赖模型,并分别于第10、17、24、31、38 d取脑组织,用免疫组织化学SABC法检测VTA、NAc区内表达DβH和CCK的阳性细胞,并用图像分析法测定其平均光密度值。结果:VTA、NAc区内DβH和CCK阳性细胞免疫反应产物呈棕黄色颗粒状,定位于胞质内。与NCG组和SCG组比较,HDG组在不同时间点VTA、NAc区内的DβH阳性细胞免疫反应强度减弱,染色变浅,而CCK阳性细胞免疫反应强度明显增强,染色变深。结论:在海洛因依赖期间,CCK表达增强、DβH的活性被抑制可能是VTA、NAc区多巴胺升高的原因之一,同时CCK的分泌增加可能是脑的自我保护机制。     

吗啡戒断性焦虑大鼠VTA和NAc脑区/核团CaMKⅡ含量与磷酸化水平改变

目的:研究阿片类药物依赖戒断后焦虑产生的分子机制。方法:选用健康雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为生理盐水对照组、模型组和丁螺环酮治疗组。采用剂量递增法皮下注射吗啡10d,自然戒断,并在自然戒断的1～3d给予丁螺环酮15mg/kg灌胃治疗(2次/d),于末次吗啡注射后72h,高架十字迷宫检测大鼠焦虑行为后,用Western Blot法检测各组大鼠奖赏系统中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)和伏核(NAc)神经细胞钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKII)的含量和磷酸化水平。结果:与生理盐水对照组比较,模型组大鼠CaMKⅡ蛋白含量和β亚基磷酸化水平均显著升高(P0.01);与丁螺环酮组比较,模型组CaMKII蛋白的含量与β亚基的磷酸化水平同样显著增高(P0.01)。结论:奖赏系统VTA和NAc神经细胞CaMKⅡ含量、CaMKIIβ亚基磷酸化水平的增高可能是吗啡依赖戒断焦虑行为产生的分子机制之一。     

SD大鼠海洛因CPP易感性差异的伏隔核壳区D2受体及DAT机制

目的:建立大鼠海洛因成瘾易感性差异的条件性位置偏爱模型,检测海洛因CPP易感性差异大鼠伏隔核壳区(AcbSH)D2受体(dopamine D2 receptor,D2R)及多巴胺转运体(dopamine transportor,DAT)蛋白表达的动态变化,探讨海洛因精神依赖易感性差异可能机制.方法:130只雄性SD大鼠随机抽取30为生理盐水对照组(SC),其余100只大鼠为海洛因处理组进行条件性位置偏爱(CPP)训练,海洛因处理组根据海洛因诱导的CPP强度不同再分为高CPP组(HP)和低CPP组(LP),各占总数的30%,利用免疫组化方法对高、低偏爱组及生理盐水对照组大鼠末次海洛因注射后30分钟、戒断第1、3、7、14天AcbSH D2R和DAT蛋白表达进行检测.结果:①海洛因处理后大鼠AcbSH区D2R和DAT蛋白表达均显著下降,而在戒断后逐渐回升;②海洛因高偏爱组大鼠在所有检测时点AcbSH区D2R下凋比低偏爱组大鼠更为明显;③海洛因高偏爱组大鼠各脑区所有检测时点DAT表达与低偏爱组大鼠均无明显差别.结论:①海洛因慢性处理后,大鼠AcbSH区D2R和DAT均出现适应性下调;②不同个体D2R敏感性或受体水平存在差异,低D2R可能与海洛因成瘾的高易感性与有关;③未发现不同易感性的大鼠DAT蛋白水平存在差异,海洛因成瘾易感性与DAT的表达可能没有直接的相关性.     

P>海洛因依赖对大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区、伏隔核神经元P物质和神经肽Y表达的影响 /P>

目的 探讨海洛因依赖对大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区（VTA）、伏隔核（NAc）神经元P物质（SP）、神经肽Y（NPY）表达的影响,为进一步揭示海洛因依赖的中枢机制提供重要的原位形态学资料。 方法 成年雄性SD大鼠55只,随机分为海洛因依赖组、生理盐水对照组及正常对照组。建立海洛因依赖模型,并分别于第10、17、24、31、38天取脑组织,免疫组织化学SABC法显示VTA、NAc区神经元SP、NPY免疫反应细胞并用图像分析法测定平均灰度值。结果 海洛因依赖组VTA、 NAc区的SP、NPY免疫反应细胞与生理盐水及正常对照组比较,免疫反应强度明显减弱、染色变浅。平均灰度值测定,海洛因依赖组各时间点大鼠VTA、NAc区 的SP、NPY免疫反应细胞平均灰度值均高于正常对照组及生理盐水对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。结论 实验结果提示,海洛因依赖使VTA、NAc区SP、NPY的分泌受到抑制,可能导致内源性阿片肽的分泌受影响,SP、NPY可能是药物依赖形成机制中的关键信号分子。     

Cerebellar neuronal apoptosis in heroin-addicted rats and its molecular mechanism

Background: The overall objective of this study was to investigate neuronal apoptosis and expression of apoptosis related proteins (c-jun, cytc and Bax) in the cerebellum of rates with heroin addiction. Material/Methods: 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 per group): control group, 10-day heroin-addicted group, 20-day heroin-addicted group, 30-day heroin-addicted group and 40-day heroin-addicted group. Rats in the control group were treated with normal saline. Rats in the addiction groups (20 d, 30 d, 40 d) were all given subcutaneous injection with heroin for 15 days to induce heroin addiction. After injected with heroin for 15 days, rats were treated with naloxone at a dose of 5 mg/kg to induce abstinence for 30 mins to examine the addiction of rats. They were then continued to be treated with heroin for another 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, and 40 days respectively to establish heroin-addicted models. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was employed to identify apoptotic cells [6]. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot assay were also used in the study to examine the protein expressions of c-jun, cytc and Bax in the cerebellum. Results: Compared with the control group, the proportion of apoptotic neurons increased significantly in the heroin addiction groups (10 d, 20 d, 30 d, 40 d) (P < 0.05), also accompanied by markedly increased expressions of c-jun, cytc and Bax (P < 0.05) depending on doses of heroin in the cerebellum. Thus, the significant differences were observed in heroin addiction groups (10 d, 20 d,30 d, 40 d) and control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Long-term use of heroin may induce neuronal apoptosis in the cerebellum by raising the expressions of pro-apoptotic c-jun, cytc and Bax, which might be one of mechanisms underlying the heroin-induced cerebellum neuronal damage.     

TH和DβH在海洛因戒断、复吸大鼠脑VTA、NAc区神经元的表达

目的　观察海洛因戒断、复吸对大鼠脑VTA、NAc神经元表达酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）和多巴胺β羟化酶（DβH）的影响,探讨多巴胺（DA）和去甲肾上腺素（NE）在海洛因戒断、复吸过程中的调节机制及相互关系。 方法　将正常雄性SD大鼠63只,随机分为实验组21只、盐水对照组21只和正常对照组　21只,实验组大鼠又分海洛因戒断组、美沙酮脱毒组和海洛因复吸组。取正常对照组、盐水对照组及实验各组大鼠的脑组织,用免疫组化SABC法显示VTA、NAc区TH、DβH阳性神经元并用图像分析法测定平均光密度值。 结果　与正常及盐水对照组比较：（1）海洛因戒断组和复吸组大鼠VTA、NAc内TH表达均增强,经美沙酮脱毒之后恢复正常;（2）DβH的表达在戒断组大鼠VTA、NAc内有所增强,但在脱毒组和复吸组均减弱。 结论　在海洛因戒断、脱毒和复吸期间,VTA、NAc区神经元的DA和NE相互调节,是产生奖赏效应的重要神经递质。     

Role of acetylcholine transmission in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in heroin-seeking induced by conditioned cues

The involvement of cholinergic transmission in heroin self-administration and the reinstatement of heroin-seeking was examined in rats trained to nose-poke for i.v. heroin. Systemic treatment with physostigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, modestly reduced the acquisition and rate of heroin self-administration, and this suppression of heroin intake was reversed by pretreatment with scopolamine but not by mecamylamine. Following 10-14 days of self-administration, rats were left in the home environment for 14 days. Subsequently, rats were evaluated for extinction of nose-pokes during the first hour after being returned to the self-administration apparatus. One hour later a conditioned stimulus (house light, light in the nose-poke hole, sound of the infusion pump) was presented to initiate cue-induced reinstatement. Physostigmine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cue-induced reinstatement, but only the dose of 0.5 mg/kg significantly decreased nose-poke responding in the extinction test. Chronic treatment with physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) did not impair performance during acquisition of heroin self-administration. However, during a subsequent reinstatement test conducted in the absence of physostigmine pretreatment, heroin seeking was significantly below that of rats chronically pretreated with saline. To evaluate brain regions mediating the effects of systemic drug treatment on reinstatement, physostigmine was microinjected into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or ventral tegmental area (VTA). Microinjection of physostigmine into the NAc prior to presenting conditioned cues inhibited the reinstatement of heroin-seeking, without affecting extinction responding. In contrast, microinjection of physostigmine into the VTA augmented the reinstatement induced by conditioned cues and extinction responding. Inactivation of either NAc or VTA by microinjecting tetrodotoxin blocked both extinction responding and cue-induced reinstatement. These data demonstrate that cholinergic transmission influences heroin self-administration and reinstatement. Moreover, cue-induced reinstatement was inhibited by physostigmine in the NAc and potentiated by cholinergic stimulation in the VTA.     

吗啡成瘾戒断对大鼠海马CA1区P-CREB表达的影响

目的探讨吗啡成瘾戒断后大鼠海马CA1区P-CREB的表达变化。方法48只健康雄性成年SD大鼠,随机分为实验组和对照组:实验组腹腔注射吗啡起始剂量5mg/kg,1d2次,逐日递增,连续10d;对照组:以生理盐水代替吗啡。停药后7d、14d和21d处死。用免疫组织化学方法(ABC法)检测海马CA1区P-CREB的表达,图像分析系统测定阳性反应产物的平均灰度值。结果P-CREB表达在7d、14d实验组与对照组相比表达上调(P<0.05),21d与对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论海马CA1区CREB磷酸化在吗啡依赖的形成中发挥作用。     

Inactivation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex mimics re-emergence of heroin seeking caused by heroin reconditioning

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in the expression of extinguished heroin seeking as measured by conditioned place preference (CPP) in males Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 25). Heroin place conditioning (0.3 mg/kg SC × 4 sessions) was followed by a test of preference 24 h later, extinction (saline × 4 sessions), heroin reconditioning (saline or 1.0 mg/kg × 1 session), and a second test of place preference 24 h later. Fifteen minutes prior to this test, rats received intra-vmPFC infusions (bilateral, 0.5 μl/side) of a mixture of GABA_A (muscimol; 0.03 nmol) and a GABA_B (baclofen; 0.3 nmol) agonists, or vehicle. As expected on the basis of previous studies, reconditioning with heroin resulted in the re-emergence of a CPP. Importantly, inactivation of the vmPFC produced the same effect in animals that did not receive heroin on the session of reconditioning. These results indicate that the vmPFC modulates expression of extinguished heroin seeking and suggest that prefrontal inhibitory mechanisms are involved in relapse to drug seeking.     

Intracerebroventricular ethanol-induced conditioned place preferences are prevented by fluphenazine infusions into the nucleus accumbens of rats

The rewarding properties of centrally administered ethanol (EtOH) were examined using a conditioned place preference (CPP) test. Male rats subjected to bilateral intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of EtOH (0-240 nmol) produced a dose-dependent preference for the drug-paired environment that was potentiated by concurrent intravenous (iv) administration of heroin (0.025 mg/kg). The role of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathways in the development of EtOH reward was then examined by challenging EtOH-treated rats with bilateral intra-accumbens shell applications of a DA receptor antagonist. Fluphenazine (10 or 50 microg/side), infused immediately prior to daily place conditioning trials, was found to reliably attenuate the development of CPPs produced by icv EtOH administration. When fluphenazine was administered into the nucleus accumbens shell prior to the final test trial only (i.e., in already conditioned rats), intra-accumbens shell DA receptor blockade was found to prevent the expression of CPPs produced by icv EtOH. In summary, rats form reliable learned preferences for EtOH-paired locations (CPPs) that are potentiated by iv heroin and whose acquisition and expression rely on intact DA functionality within the nucleus accumbens.     

Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits heroin-seeking behavior induced by heroin priming or heroin-associated cues in rats

Vagus nerve stimulation has been used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy. However, little is known whether it is also effective for the treatment of heroin dependence, in particular for relapse to heroin seeking. In the present study, we investigated the effects of vagus nerve stimulation on reinstatement (relapse) of heroin-seeking behavior induced by heroin priming or heroin-associated cues. The rats were trained for heroin self-administration for 14days and followed by extinction training in which heroin was replaced by saline and heroin-associated cues were turned off. In addition, animals were also received daily electric stimulation of vagus nerve (30Hz, pulse width of 0.5ms, 0.5mA (low-intensity) or 1mA (high-intensity); 30s on, 5min off; 10 continuous cycle per day) or false stimulation during extinction training. We found that such vagus nerve stimulation significantly inhibited heroin priming (0.25mg/kg, s.c.) - or heroin-associated conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, when compared to false stimulation control. Further, such a behavioral inhibition was correlated to a reduction in the expression of FosB and an increase in the expression of phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) in nucleus accumbens. The data suggest that vagus nerve stimulation may inhibit heroin- or heroin cue-induced relapse, possibly by regulation of the expression of Fos and CREB in nucleus accumbens.