Effects of cognitive, motor, and sensory disabilities on survival in cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy presents with a range of severity of cognitive, motor, and sensory disabilities, which might affect survival. AIMS: To quantify the effects of motor, cognitive, and sensory disabilities, year of birth, birth weight, and gestational age on survival in cerebral palsy. METHODS: A cohort of children with cerebral palsy born between 1966 and 1989 to mothers resident in a defined geographical region was subdivided into early impairment (EICP: cerebral insult prenatally or within 28 days of birth) or late impairment (LICP: insult at least 28 days after birth). Deaths are notified by the National Health Service Central Register. Birth and disability details were obtained from clinical records. Survival analyses were carried out. RESULTS: Severe motor disability was associated with a 30 year survival of 42% and severe cognitive disability with a 30 year survival of 62%. Severe visual disability was associated with a 30 year survival of 38%, but the association of survival with hearing disability was weak. EICP had better survival than LICP but the difference was not significant after allowing for severity of functional disabilities. Normal birth weight infants (>/= 2500 g) showed no birth cohort effect, but the 10 year survival of low birth weight (<2500 g) infants declined from 97% for 1966 to 89% for 1989 births. CONCLUSIONS: Survival in cerebral palsy varies according to the severity and number of functional disabilities and by birth weight. Among low birth weight children, survival declined steadily from 1966 to 1989 after allowing for disability. The disabilities reported do not capture all the factors affecting survival of preterm infants.     

运动发育推拿法对脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响

目的 分析运动发育推拿法对脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响。方法 从2000年8月至2006年9月在复旦大学附属儿科医院康复中心接受康复治疗的脑瘫患儿中依照纳入和排除标准确定总体研究对象，通过粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）分值的前后变化，分析经过运动发育推拿法治疗后脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的改变状况；在总体研究对象中按照纳入和排除标准确定基线组和随访组的分析样本，比较基线阶段、治疗阶段及随访阶段的GMFM分值改变程度之间的差异，采用相对效度（RV）确定反映总体研究对象粗大运动功能改变最为显著的GMFM功能区；使用Rasch分析法分析粗大运动功能改变最为显著的功能区项目在治疗前、后的难度改变状况，进一步分析运动发育推拿法对脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响。结果 研究期间共纳入142例总体研究对象，其中男性93例，女性49例；包括126例痉挛型，8例徐动型，7例混合型，1例共济失调；接受治疗前平均年龄21.84(5~95)个月。142例总体研究对象在接受了（3.3±1.4）个月治疗后，与治疗前相比GMFM各项分值在治疗后明显上升（P<0.001）。共确定26例基线组和31例随访组分析样本。26例基线组研究对象GMFM-66和88分值在治疗阶段［（2.4±1.0）个月］的平均每月改变值明显高于基线阶段［（1.9±1.1）个月］（P<0.05）；在GMFM 5个功能分区中除A区外其余4个功能分区治疗阶段的平均每月改变值均高于基线阶段，尤其以D区和E区更为明显（P<0.05）。31例随访组研究对象GMFM各项分值除A区外治疗阶段［（2.7±1.1）个月］的平均每月改变值明显高于随访阶段［（2.5±1.2）个月］（P<0.05）。在评价总体研究对象治疗前、后粗大运动功能改变状况时，GMFM-B区分值RV最高(100%)，其次为GMFM-88分值（94%）和GMFM-66分值（79%）。Rasch分析结果显示总体研究对象治疗前、后GMFM-B区20个项目难度与个体能力分布具有良好的相似性，20个项目治疗前、后难度值经配对t检验显示17个项目差异无统计学意义，同时治疗前、后项目难度值也表现出很高的相关性（r=0.992 1），表明运动发育推拿法并没有显著改变GMFM-B区20个项目的难度分布、难度值以及难度顺序。结论 运动发育推拿法在短期内能有效地提高脑瘫患儿的整体粗大运动功能，而且获得的粗大运动功能提高可以在短期内得到维持。     

Lower extremity sensory function in children with cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the feasibility of qualitative sensory testing in the lower extremities (LE) of children with cerebral palsy (CP), especially spastic diplegia. (2) To determine if there is a detectable difference in qualitative LE sensory function in children with CP compared to typical children. (3) To determine if dorsal rhizotomy results in detectable changes in LE sensory function in children with spastic diplegia. DESIGN: Objectives 1 and 2: Prospective observational cohort study. Objective 3: Add-on to prospective interventional studies. SETTING: Regional tertiary children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Objectives 1 and 2: 62 children with CP and 65 typical children between 3-18 years of age. Objective 3: 34 children with spastic diplegia. INTERVENTIONS: Objectives 1 and 2: None. Objective 3: Dorsal rhizotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain, light touch, direction of scratch, vibration, toe position and knee position using standard qualitative techniques. RESULTS: Objective 1: 32 (52%) children with CP and 55 (85%) typical children completed all items (p = 0.09). Objective 2: Summary scores for separate LE sensory modalities were lower in children with CP for direction of scratch (p < 0.001), toe position (p = 0.01) and vibration sense (p = 0.01). Objective 3: No changes of LE sensory function. CONCLUSIONS: LE sensory testing in young children with CP is feasible. There is a qualitative sensory deficit in this sample of children with CP and specifically in children with spastic diplegia that is traditionally associated with dorsal column sensory modalities. A conservative dorsal rhizotomy does not produce a measurable change in LE sensory function in this sample of children with spastic diplegia.     

脑瘫患儿口运动与进食和营养问题

目的　分析脑瘫患儿口运动与进食障碍的发生率与症状学 ,并对营养状况进行初步评价。方法　 2 0 0 2年 3月～ 2 0 0 3年 3月住院康复的脑瘫患儿 5 9例 ,男 39例 ,女 2 0例 ,平均年龄 31个月 (2 0～ 72个月 )。父母问卷调查了解高危因素、喂养史 ,神经病学检查评价脑瘫类型 ,Gesell发育评分评价运动发育年龄 ,测体重、身高评价营养状况 ,对所有患儿进行口运动与进食技能评分与现场观察 ,按年龄、性别匹配对照组进行对比分析。结果　 5 9例患儿中口运动障碍 5 1例 ,所有徐动型和痉挛型四肢瘫、16例痉挛型双瘫患儿存在口运动异常 ,脑瘫组平均口运动评分为 (2 5± 15 )分 ,低于对照组儿童 (t=11 5 87,P <0 0 0 1)。口运动异常涉及下颌、唇、舌的各个运动测试亚项。 5 5例患儿存在进食方面问题 ,绝大多数患儿进食过程中需要家长帮助 ,半数患儿仅能进食流质和 (或 )半流质 ,不能进食固体食物。进食技能障碍主要表现在口相和口前相 ,脑瘫组进食技能分平均 (35± 11)分 ,亦明显低于对照儿童 (t=4 5 5 2 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,徐动型总分较低 ,其次是痉挛型四肢瘫。脑瘫组 13例患儿体重低于第 2 5百分位数 ,19例患儿身高低于第 2 5百分位数 ,提示体格发育存在受阻现象。结论　绝大多数脑瘫患儿存在口运动和进食障碍 ,     

Prevalence and disabilities in 4 to 8 year olds with cerebral palsy.

A register of children born between 1970 and 1979 in the South East Thames Regional Health Authority, and diagnosed as having pre-, peri-, and postnatal cerebral palsy, was set up between 1978 and 1981. We report the 527 children born between 1970 and 1974 for whom ascertainment is virtually complete. The estimated prevalence was 2.2 per 1000, with 7.4% multiple births, and 58% boys. Birthweight distribution is as expected, with 35% weighing less than 2500 g at birth. Parental permission for release of detailed medical information was sought, and the clinicians responsible gave us data on the type of cerebral palsy; details of impairments, disabilities, and anticipated future prospects; and an opinion on the probable timing of the cause. There was a high incidence of orthopaedic defects which must represent a considerable use of resources, although the prevalence of hearing and vision defects suggested that some of these may be undetected.     

粗大运动功能测试量表在脑性瘫痪中的应用研究进展

粗大运动功能测试量表（gross motor function measure GMFM）是由Russell等人编制出版,主要用于测量脑瘫患儿的粗大功能运动状况随时间或由于干预而出现的运动功能改变,是目前脑瘫患儿粗大运动评估中使用最广泛的量表,Russell等曾综述了2001年以前GMFM量表的相关文献．本文以此后的文献为主综述关于GMFM量表的研究与应用新进展。     

儿童脑性瘫痪运动障碍的康复建议

脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)是终生性疾患,主要问题为运动障碍和姿势异常,其严重程度存在明显个体差异(从可独走到不能抬头),给家庭和社会带来沉重负担.脑瘫尚无法治愈,也没有明确的策略预防,对症康复是改善脑瘫运动障碍的关键,但尚无一致性的可操作的治疗推荐意见.中华医学会儿科学分会康复学组讨论并提出儿童脑瘫运动障碍的康复建议,以期规范和指导儿童脑瘫的康复治疗与管理.     

Development and reorganization of descending motor pathways in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Reorganization of descending motor pathways was explored in 33 subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Subjects were assessed neurologically and surface electromyographic recordings were taken from homologous muscles of both hands. Functional corticospinal projections were assessed using focal magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. In control subjects this evokes EMG responses in the contralateral hand at short latency. Similar results were seen in 12 of the hemiplegic subjects following stimulation of the undamaged motor cortex. In the remaining 22 subjects novel corticospinal pathways were demonstrated arising from the undamaged cortex, where stimulation evoked short latency EMG responses in both hands. Cross-correlation analysis performed from EMGs recorded between the two hands revealed short duration central peaks in 11 of these subjects, all of whom had strong mirror movements of the hands. These findings suggested that two patterns of central reorganization may follow early unilateral cortical insult. Examination further indicated that hand function in hemiplegic subjects could be related to the neurophysiological results.     

感觉统合训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿步态影响的临床研究

目的观察感觉统合训练对痉挛型脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)患儿步态的影响,为脑瘫患儿提供更合理、有效的康复治疗方法。方法痉挛型脑瘫患儿64例,按性别、年龄、身高、体质量、临床分型及其移动能力进行配对分组。观察组和对照组各32例(双瘫22例,偏瘫10例)。观察组接受运动疗法、按摩、理疗等常规康复训练的同时配合每日1次共30 min的专业感觉统合训练,对照组只接受常规的康复训练,3个月为1个疗程。康复治疗前后采用足印法对所有受试对象进行步态分析。结果 (1)两组双瘫患儿两侧步行足长、步速较治疗前增大,步宽较治疗前减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,0.01);观察组两侧步行足长、步速较对照组增大,步宽较对照组减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);两侧站立足长在治疗前后比较和组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)两组偏瘫患儿治疗后患侧步行足长较治疗前增大,观察组偏瘫患儿步宽较治疗前减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,0.01);观察组治疗后患侧步行足长、步速较对照组增大、步宽较对照组减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组步速、对照组步宽较治疗前差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),两侧站立足长、健...     

Cognitive functioning in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: Its relation to motor function,communication and epilepsy

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of motor function often accompanied by cognitive impairment. There is a paucity of research focused on cognition in dyskinetic CP and on the potential effect of related factors.

Effect of severity of disability on survival in north east England cerebral palsy cohort

AIMS—To investigate the effect of motor and cognitive disabilities on the survival of people on the North of England Collaborative Cerebral Palsy Survey, and compare this with other published results.METHODS—The cerebral palsy cohort consists of 1960-1990 births in Northumberland, Newcastle, and North Tyneside health districts. Survival and cause of death were analysed in relation to data on birth, disabilities, and a unique measure of the impact of disability.RESULTS—Disability strongly influences survival. More than a third of those with a severe disability die before age 30. Fewer than a third of deaths are attributed to cerebral palsy on death certificates. Of those with severe cognitive disability, 63% live to age 35(58% with severe ambulatory disability and 53% with severe manual disability), whereas at least 98% without severe disabilities live to age 35. The Lifestyle Assessment Score (LAS) allows a finer categorisation of impact of disability, and is strongly associated with survival: a ten point increase in LAS is associated with a doubling of the hazard rate. People who had LAS of at least 70, and had survived to age 5 have a 39% chance of dying before age 35.CONCLUSIONS—The majority of people with cerebral palsy attain adulthood. There appears to be more variation in survival rates associated with severe disability between regions of England, than between north east England, British Columbia, and California. Instantaneous risks of dying vary widely between England and California. This variation is not obviously attributable to differing rates of severe disability.     

经皮电神经刺激对痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿运动功能影响的对照研究

目的观察经皮电神经刺激（TENS）结合功能训练对痉挛型脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）患儿运动功能的影响。方法78例脑瘫患儿,年龄36—58个月[（45．6±8．5）个月],通过计算机分层（性别、年龄）后随机分为TENS组（加例）和对照组（38例）。2组患儿均接受功能训练。TENS组使用2台TENS治疗仪（每台2个输出通道）,8个表面电极放在下肢痉挛肌群的两端肌腱和拮抗肌肌腹给予电刺激,每次20min。以上治疗每日1次,每周5次,共治疗30次。之后指导家长实施家庭康复治疗。治疗前,治疗后的6、12、24周随访时进行以下评定：①综合痉挛量表（CSS）,②粗大运动功能量表（GMFM）中的D和E两项,③步行速度。结果两组患儿的CSS评分、GMFM评分及步行速度治疗前差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗后6、12、24周组内差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。2组患儿的CSS评分、GMFM评分及步行速度在治疗后6、12、24周组间差异均有统计学意义（治疗后24周：t值分别为8．96、3．14、2．35,P均〈0．05）。结论与对照组比较,在痉挛型脑瘫患儿的患侧肢体上给予TENS治疗6周,能明显降低息儿下肢痉挛,提高其站立、步行功能和步行速度。