辐射对体外培养的小鼠成骨细胞核因子κB 受体活化因子配体/骨保护素mRNA表达的影响

目的 通过对成骨细胞的RANKL和OPG的基因表达分析揭示辐射对成骨细胞功能的影响.方法 在体外诱导骨髓基质细胞生成成骨细胞,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色对其特性进行确定,用RT-PCR方法分析了0～4 Gy照射的早期成骨细胞和成熟成骨细胞的RANKL和OPG的表达.结果 骨髓基质细胞在体外被诱导成的成骨细胞,在0～4 Gy剂量照射下,早期成骨细胞中RANKL的mRNA表达在1 Gy照射时,与0 Gy时相比表达最高,达到2.83倍,但各剂量组明显高于成熟成骨细胞的表达(t=8.34～103.57,P＜0.05).早期成骨细胞各剂量组的RANKL/OPG比值,在1 Gy照射最高达0.225±0.018,但明显高于晚期成骨细胞(t=2.84～20.99,P＜0.05).结论 辐射能够增强早期成骨细胞对破骨细胞功能的调节作用,加重骨组织的损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To study the influence of irradiation on the osteoblast function by the gene expression changes of RANKL and OPG.Methods Bone marrow stromal cells were induced to develop into early and mature osteoblasts in vitro.The characterization of osteoblasts was indentified by ALP staining.The RANKL and OPG mRNA levels in early and mature osteoblasts, which exposed to 0 -4 Gy radiation were determined by RT-PCR.Results Bone marrow stromal cells had been induced to early and mature osteoblasts by osteoblast differentiation medium in vitro.In early stage of osteoblast, RANKL mRNA expression levels treated with 1Gy irradiation was 2.83-fold higher than those other irradiation dosage groups.The RANKL mRNA expression levels of each group in early stage of osteoblasts were significantly higher than those in the mature counterpart ( t = 8.34 - 103.57, P ＜ 0.05 ).The ratio of RANKL/OPG mRNA was obviously greater in early osteoblast compared with the mature cells ( t = 2.84 - 20.99, P ＜0.05 ), and it was the highest in 1Gy irradiation treated early osteoblast.Conclusions Radiation exposure of the early osteoblasts promotes osteoclasts function and results in the bone loss.     

成骨细胞促进急性放射损伤小鼠骨髓造血系统及血管恢复的研究

目的 探讨成骨细胞对放射损伤小鼠骨髓造血系统及血管恢复的影响.方法 取18只雄性BALB/c小鼠股骨制备成骨细胞,其余42只小鼠随机分成健康对照组、成骨细胞组和生理盐水组3组.健康对照组不做任何处理;成骨细胞组和生理盐水组小鼠于6.0 Gy 60 Co γ射线一次性全身均匀照射后,分别经尾静脉输入成骨细胞(2×106个/只)和等体积的生理盐水.于照射后第7、14和21天计数小鼠外周血细胞,骨髓单个核细胞并作骨髓组织学观察.采用流式细胞仪检测骨髓单个核细胞中CD34+细胞百分比,采用免疫组织化学方法检测小鼠骨髓微血管密度.结果 照射后第7、14和21天成骨细胞组小鼠外周血细胞和骨髓单个核细胞计数,骨髓单个核细胞中CD34+细胞百分比,骨髓组织造血面积及骨髓微血管密度均明显高于生理盐水组(t=2.46～64.51,P＜0.05).结论 成骨细胞能促进放射损伤小鼠骨髓造血系统及血管的恢复.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effects of osteoblasts on the recovery of hematopoiesis and angiogenesis in acute irradiation injury mice.Methods The femurs of 18 male BALB/c mice were used to prepare the bone marrow osteoblasts, and the rest mice were divided into 3 groups as normal group, saline group and osteoblast group.The mice in normal group received no treatment, and the other two groups were received 6.0 Gy 60Co γ-ray irradiation.After irradiation each mouse of osteoblast group was administered with 2 × 106 osteoblasts through tail vein injection, and equal volume saline was given to each mouse of saline group by the same way.The following factors were measured at 7, 14, 21 d after irradiation, they were the counts of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells ( BMMNC ) , the percentage of CD34 + cells in BMMNC, the histology changes and micro vascular density (MVD) of bone marrow tissue.Results The counts of peripheral blood cells, BMMNC and hematopoietic tissue area in osteoblast group were higher than those in saline group.The percentage of CD34 + cells in BMMNC and the MVD of bone marrow in osteoblast group were also higher than those in saline group at 7, 14, 21 d after irradiation ( t = 2.46 - 64.51, P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Osteoblasts could significantly promote the recovery of hematopoiesis and angiogenesis in mice after acute irradiation injury.     

军事飞行人员佩戴视力矫正镜研究进展

目的 综述军事飞行人员佩戴视力矫正镜飞行的研究进展.资料来源与选择该领域的相关研究论文和综述.资料引用国内外公开发表的文献24篇.资料综合综合分析高空低气压、加速度、缺氧、干燥及弹射跳伞等军事航空环境因素对佩戴视力矫正镜的影响,和视力矫正镜在军事航空中的应用.结论 军事飞行人员可以根据不同的机种、职务、任务佩戴不同的视力矫正镜,我军需要尽快开展军事飞行人员佩戴视力矫正镜方面的研究. Abstract： Objective To review the research progress on the practice of wearing corrective spectacles or contact lenses in flying personnel.Literature resource and selection Research papers and reviews in this field.Literature quotation Twenty-four published papers and reviews were cited.Literature synthesis The influences on the military flying personnel with corrective spectacles or contact lenses in aviation environment (atmospheric pressure, acceleration, hypoxia,humidity, ejection, etc.) were analyzed and the application of contact lenses in military aviation medicine was evaluated.Conclusion Military aviator wearing corrective spectacles or contact lenses has a quite long history in western countries and it applies according to aircraft type, flying roles and duty.It is acceptable by flying personnel and enables them with ameliorative visual ability in aviation environment.It is suggested to expand corresponding research and practice in China for dealing with the possible decline of flying personnel's diopter.     

载人航天飞行对认知能力影响的研究进展

目的 综述当前用于载人航天飞行认知能力研究的方法、工具、内容以及研究结果,并指出研究中存在的问题以及未来的研究方向.资料来源与选择国内外相关领域的学术论著和综述.资料引用引用文献31篇.资料综合载人航天飞行环境存在着失重、隔离、限制等许多应激源,这些应激源会对航天员的认知能力造成一定影响.航天飞行中航天员认知能力改变的研究对于确保航天任务成功和飞行乘组安全有重要意义.当前载人航天飞行认知能力研究主要采用计算机化的测验工具,对影响航天飞行安全和操作效率的能力进行研究.结论 载人航天飞行对航天员认知能力有损害,具体的机制需要通过生理心理学和神经科学的手段进行深入研究. Abstract： Objective To discuss the matters in space cognition study and foresee its development in future by reviewing the methods, tools and results of current space cognition study.Literature resource and selection Domestic and abroad published papers and reviews in the related field. Literature quotation Thirty-one related papers and reviews were citied. Literature synthesis There are many stressors, such as microgravity, isolation, confinement, etc. , in space flight and those would influence astronaut's cognition. The study of cognition in space has a significant meaning for ensuring the success of mission and crew's safety. The computerized testing tools have being used in current space cognition study for assessing the influence of space to flight safety and operation efficiency. Conclusion The stressors in spaceflight would harm astronaut's cognitive abilities. But the mechanism needs to be further explored by means of the studies on physiopsychology and neuroscience.     

军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定

目的 对军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定进行综述. 资料来源与选择该领域的相关研究论文、综述与标准. 资料引用国内外公开发表的论文、综述及标准42篇. 资料综合主要对梅尼埃病的研究进展、梅尼埃病对军事飞行的影响、军事飞行员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定3个相关问题进行了介绍和讨论. 结论 对于军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定,应该对其眩晕与耳鸣症状的控制情况、听觉及前庭功能进行全面的评估,并权衡梅尼埃病对飞行安全的影响以及飞行人员培养的巨大花费,在风险评估的基础上,个别评定,做出最佳选择. Abstract： Objective To review the medical identification of Meniere's disease (MD) in military aircrews. Literature resource and selection Research papers, reviews and standards in this field. Literature quotation Forty-two papers, reviews and standards that published in China and abroad were cited. Literature synthesis Three major issues, including progress of MD, the impact of MD to military flying, medical identification of MD in military aircrews, were reviewed and discussed. Conclusion For medical identification of MD, it's suggested to comprehensively evaluate the success rate of controlling vertigo and tinnitus, hearing level and vestibular function. In balancing the effects of MD on flight safety and expensive training cost, the best choice would be a personal assessment on the basis of risk evaluation.     

失重或模拟失重对微生物的生物学效应研究进展

目的 综述国内外关于失重或模拟失重对微生物生物学效应方面的研究进展.资料来源与选择国内外该领域公开发表的相关论著及综述.资料引用引用文献资料38篇.资料综合空间失重环境可诱导微生物生理生化和遗传性状发生变异,一些原本对人体和环境无害的微生物种群会在毒力、致病性、抗生素敏感性等方面发生改变.结论 利用微生物开展空间失重生物学效应的研究对于阐明失重环境下微生物生存和变异的机制、未来空间受控生态生保系统的建立、空间微生物安全监控及空间失重资源的合理利用等都有重要的理论和实际意义. Abstract： Objective To summarize the latest studies on the biological effects of microgravity or simulated microgravity on microorganisms in the world. Literature resource and selection The related published articles and reviews in the field. Literature quotation Thirty-eight references were cited. Literature synthesis Studies showed that microgravity environment of space could induce the variations of microorganisms on their physiological, biochemical and genetic characteristics.Some microorganism populations, those are originally unharmful to human body or environment, show variations on virulence, pathogenicity, sensitivity to antibiotics, etc. Conclusion Studies on the effects of microgravity on microorganisms have important theoretical and practical significance on clarifying the survival and mutation mechanism of microorganisms in microgravity, establishing the future's space controlled ecological life support system, monitoring the safety of microorganisms in the space and rationally utilizing microgravity resources.     

未来战斗机飞行员供氧呼吸防护装备发展及其生理研究趋势

目的 简要概述国内外未来战斗机飞行员供氧呼吸防护装备及其生理研究的发展趋势.资料来源与选择该领域相关的论著、综述、专著及国军标.突出介绍了未来战斗机航空供氧与防护装备技术的发展动向.资料引用国内外公开发表的文章19篇,专著3部,标准文献2篇.资料综述根据国内外未来飞机供氧氧源、呼吸调节设备、供氧面罩、个体代偿防护服装的发展,提出了飞行员航空供氧装备、个体防护装备及其生理学问题的研究设想.结论 机载制氧是远航飞行必然的选择;电子变压调节无忧虑呼吸、飞行员个体装备核生化防护、离机落水应急呼吸防窒息生理要求是航空生理学研究的重点. Abstract： Objective To review the development of oxygen supply protective equipment for future fighter pilot in the world and foresee the tendency of related physiological study.Literature resource and selection References selected from publications and reports that emphatically introducing the technology development of aviation oxygen supply equipment and personal protective equipment for future fighter pilot.Literature quotation Nineteen papers, 3 monographs and 2 standard that were published in China and abroad were cited.Literature synthesis The developments of aviation oxygen supply and personal protective equipment as well as the related studies in future were foreseen by reviewing the progress of on board oxygen resource, respiratory regulator, oxygen mask, personal protective suit.Conclusion The on board oxygen generation system would be the certain choice for long-distance flight.The concerned studies of aviation physiology will mainly focus on electronic pressure regulating for carefree respiratory, pilot's protective equipment with the shield against nuclear, biological and chemical harm, and anti-suffocation for the escaped pilot in water.     

电离辐射致股骨头坏死早期病理特点和机制的研究

Objective To observe the earlier pathological character and mechanism of radiation osteonecrosis in femoral head, in order to provide evidences for the earlier diagnosis and prevention of radiation osteonecrosis of femoral head. Methods Single femoral head of rats were irradiated singly with 30 Gy of 137 Cs γ-ray. The rats were executed after 2, 6 and 12 weeks, then the femurs were stained with HE and histopatholngical changes were observed by light microscope. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured after 2 weeks and its proliferation and the colony formation were observed. The rats were endo-perfused with microfili contrast medium 12 weeks later, and the 3-dimensional structure of capillaries by Micro-CT was re-estabhshed to detect the pathological changes of capillaries after irradiation. Result The irradiated femur showed deranged cbondrocyte, decreased osteocyte, shrinking nucleus, increased empty bone lacuna and reduced bone trabocnla (P < 0.05). Micro-CT showed the discontinued small vessels and absence(6.65 %) capillaries in irradiated femur were obviously less than those of the unirradiated (12.3 %)(P < 0.001). The proliferation of BMSCs was slowed, the number of colony in irradiated group (10 %) was less than that of control (21 %) (P < 0.001). Conclusions The preliminary histopathological changes of osteoradionecrosis on femoral head could be increased the empty bone lacuna, and the bone lacuna above 30 % was the sign of the earlier period of osteoradionecrosis. The osteonecrosis of femoral head induced by radiation is not only correlated to the damages to the bone, but also to the damages to BMSCs and capillaries.     

电离辐射致股骨头坏死早期病理特点和机制的研究

Objective To observe the earlier pathological character and mechanism of radiation osteonecrosis in femoral head, in order to provide evidences for the earlier diagnosis and prevention of radiation osteonecrosis of femoral head. Methods Single femoral head of rats were irradiated singly with 30 Gy of 137 Cs γ-ray. The rats were executed after 2, 6 and 12 weeks, then the femurs were stained with HE and histopatholngical changes were observed by light microscope. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured after 2 weeks and its proliferation and the colony formation were observed. The rats were endo-perfused with microfili contrast medium 12 weeks later, and the 3-dimensional structure of capillaries by Micro-CT was re-estabhshed to detect the pathological changes of capillaries after irradiation. Result The irradiated femur showed deranged cbondrocyte, decreased osteocyte, shrinking nucleus, increased empty bone lacuna and reduced bone trabocnla (P < 0.05). Micro-CT showed the discontinued small vessels and absence(6.65 %) capillaries in irradiated femur were obviously less than those of the unirradiated (12.3 %)(P < 0.001). The proliferation of BMSCs was slowed, the number of colony in irradiated group (10 %) was less than that of control (21 %) (P < 0.001). Conclusions The preliminary histopathological changes of osteoradionecrosis on femoral head could be increased the empty bone lacuna, and the bone lacuna above 30 % was the sign of the earlier period of osteoradionecrosis. The osteonecrosis of femoral head induced by radiation is not only correlated to the damages to the bone, but also to the damages to BMSCs and capillaries.     

电离辐射致股骨头坏死早期病理特点和机制的研究

Objective To observe the earlier pathological character and mechanism of radiation osteonecrosis in femoral head, in order to provide evidences for the earlier diagnosis and prevention of radiation osteonecrosis of femoral head. Methods Single femoral head of rats were irradiated singly with 30 Gy of 137 Cs γ-ray. The rats were executed after 2, 6 and 12 weeks, then the femurs were stained with HE and histopatholngical changes were observed by light microscope. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured after 2 weeks and its proliferation and the colony formation were observed. The rats were endo-perfused with microfili contrast medium 12 weeks later, and the 3-dimensional structure of capillaries by Micro-CT was re-estabhshed to detect the pathological changes of capillaries after irradiation. Result The irradiated femur showed deranged cbondrocyte, decreased osteocyte, shrinking nucleus, increased empty bone lacuna and reduced bone trabocnla (P < 0.05). Micro-CT showed the discontinued small vessels and absence(6.65 %) capillaries in irradiated femur were obviously less than those of the unirradiated (12.3 %)(P < 0.001). The proliferation of BMSCs was slowed, the number of colony in irradiated group (10 %) was less than that of control (21 %) (P < 0.001). Conclusions The preliminary histopathological changes of osteoradionecrosis on femoral head could be increased the empty bone lacuna, and the bone lacuna above 30 % was the sign of the earlier period of osteoradionecrosis. The osteonecrosis of femoral head induced by radiation is not only correlated to the damages to the bone, but also to the damages to BMSCs and capillaries.     

An autoradiographic study of bone grafts in small animals

Bone remodelling was studied in allografts and isografts by means of autoradiography. Collagen and proteglycanes of the organic bone matrix were labelled with H-3 aminoacids and S-35 sodium sulphate. The principles of primary bone formation are followed in graft remodelling as well. Matrix breakdown and reformation are carried out by mononuclear cells. Components of the original matrix can be seen in osteoclasts, perivascular cells, osteoblasts, young osteocytes, and in new bone. The label allows tracing of these components and proves their reuse.     

An autoradiographic study of bone grafts in small animals

Bone remodelling was studied in allografts and isografts by means of autoradiography. Collagen and proteoglycans of the organic bone matrix were labelled with H-3 amino acids and S-35 sodium sulphate. The principles of primary bone formation are followed in graft remodelling as well. Matrix breakdown and reformation are carried out by mononuclear cells. Components of the original matrix can be seen in osteoclasts, perivascular cells, osteoblasts, young osteocytes, and in new bone. The label allows tracing of these components and proves their reuse.     

Recent progress in morphology and diagnosis of bone diseases and bone tumors (author's transl)]

1. Bone structure is shaped by a specialized bone cell system comprising osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. --2. The function of this bone cell system is impaired by metabolic bone disease altering bone structure, bone mass and mineral content. --3. In metabolic bone disease a striking improvement in morphologic diagnosis could be obtained recently using undecalcified preparations of bone tissue as well as histomorphometric methods. --4. For exact diagnosis and successful therapy of bone tumors interdisciplinary cooperation is mandatory. The advantages of modern morphologic methods are proven helpful in diagnosing benign and malignant bone tumors.     

骨骼的功能适应性与应力应变反应

综述了近年来骨骼功能适应性理论及机制研究的进展状况。早期的骨骼功能适应性理论以Wolff定律为代表,而近期较为成熟的理论为Frost的“力学稳定性理论”。研究发现：成骨细胞、骨细胞和骨衬细胞是骨骼组织内的力学敏感性细胞。作用在骨骼细胞上的应力包括压－拉应力和剪切应力,剪切应力是骨骼细胞能感受到的主要应力作用。剪切应力对骨骼细胞的作用与骨骼的基本结构是密切相关的。骨骼细胞对应力的主要反应是前列腺素族和一氧化氮合成分泌的变化。     

重力对成体干细胞分化的影响

目的概述重力对成体干细胞分化影响的研究进展.资料来源与选择国内外本领域正式发表的研究论文和综述.资料引用引用文献20篇.资料综合重力对骨髓间质于细胞、造血干细胞和骨骼肌干细胞分化的影响.结论重力参与成体干细胞的分化,进一步丰富了干细胞分化调控理论,为干细胞定向诱导开辟一条新途径.     

Effect of different doses of alpha-hydroxydimethyl-gamma-aminopropylidene biphosphonate on rat bones

For 10 days rats were subcutaneously injected with alpha-hydroxydimethyl-gamma-aminopropylidene biphosphonate in the dose range 0.005 to 5 mg/kg/day. As shown morphometrically, the mass of spongy bone increased linearly with the dose. It was found that the drug affected primarily the highly metabolic component of spongy bone. The drug had a systemic osteotrophic effect and modified the number of osteocytes significantly. When the drug was injected for a long time (up to 60 days), the number of osteoclasts decreased and the proportion of cells containing more than one nucleus remained within normal limits. The number of osteoblasts either diminished (in long bones) or remained unchanged (in torso and pelvic bones). It is concluded that the osteotrophic effect of the drug is mediated via its action on bone resorption the rate of which is inhibited; this is responsible for bone mass growth.     

A study on mRNA expressions of interleukin 10 during fracture healing for wound age determination

We investigated mRNA expressions of interleukin 10 (IL-10) during fracture healing for wound age determination. Macroscopically, calluses were formed at 144 h post-injury, and thickening of the fracture edge was observed at 240 h post-injury. Slight infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages was detected at 3 h post-injury, and moderate infiltration of T and B lymphocytes was detected at 72 h post-injury. In addition, osteoblasts proliferated at 24 h post-injury. IL-10 mRNA increased immediately after the intervention and peaked at 24 h, and the expressions were detected in osteocytes before and after injury, and in osteoblasts at 3 h post-injury. Although the intensity was stable in osteocytes, that in osteoblasts was strongest at 24 h post-injury. Among inflammatory cells, the expressions were exclusively detected in macrophages. These results indicated that examinations of macroscopic and microscopic changes in fracture edges, and mRNA expressions of IL-10, would be informative for fracture healing and dating.     

低强度超声理疗防治犬下颌骨放射性骨坏死

目的 探讨低强度超声对犬下颌骨骨组织放射线损伤的修复作用,为临床防治颌骨放射性坏死提供新思路. 方法 建立下颌骨放射线损伤的动物模型,并用低强度超声对其进行治疗,通过微血管密度检测、Micro - CT、丽春红三色染色等观察低强度超声治疗组(实验Ⅱ组)与未用低强度超声治疗组(实验Ⅰ组),并与对照组进行比较. 结果 成功建立放射线损伤的动物模型.实验Ⅱ组微血管密度大于实验Ⅰ组.实验Ⅱ组骨小梁的骨体积分数、骨小梁厚度、骨表面积和骨体积的比值和骨小梁数量大于实验Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).丽春红三色染色可见实验Ⅰ组骨细胞大部分消失,松质骨小梁萎缩;实验Ⅱ组见大量骨质形成,形成越来越多的骨小梁,骨小梁边沿可见大量成骨细胞. 结论 低强度超声对放射线照射后的骨组织具有较好的修复作用.     

miR-424在人骨髓间充质干细胞分化过程中的表达

目的 筛选可作为人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分子标记物的microRNA(miRNA).方法 以从骨髓中分离培养的MSCs及其诱导分化的成骨细胞和软骨细胞为实验对象,利用基因芯片检测miRNA的表达情况,由芯片显著性分析(SAM)得到MSCs较其诱导分化细胞高表达的miRNA,再由实时定量PCR进行验证.结果 成功分离培养出MSCs,并分别诱导其分化为成骨细胞和软骨细胞;MSCs及由其诱导分化的成骨细胞和软骨细胞经miRNA芯片检测及SAM分析得到8个MSCs较由其诱导分化的成骨细胞高表达miRNA(has-miR-424、has-miR-34a、has-miR-593、has-miR-10a、has-miR-148a、has-miR-602、mmu-miR-709、mmu-miR-665),3个MSCs较由其诱导分化的软骨细胞高表达miRNA(has-miR-424、PREDICTED_MIR189、mmu-miR-665).其中MSCs较成骨细胞和软骨细胞均高表达的人源性miRNA为has-miR-424,差异倍数分别为6.6倍和4.4倍;在原样本中对进行实时定量PCR的验证,结果提示与诱导分化的成骨细胞相比,MSCs中的has-miR-424表达升高约3.6倍,而与诱导分化的软骨细胞相比,MSCs中的has-miR-424表达升高约3.1倍,结果与芯片结果相符合.结论 MSCs较其诱导分化细胞高表达的miRNA有望成为人骨髓间充质干细胞的一种特异性的分子标记物,这些miRNA对MSCs自我更新和未分化状态起着重要的维持作用.