Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with peppermint oil

Peppermint oil was given p.o. to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats at dosage levels of 0, 10, 40 and 100 mg/kg bw/day respectively for 28 days. Histopathological changes in the white matter of the cerebellum especially were seen at dose levels of 40 and 100 mg/kg bw/day and consisted of cyst-like spaces scattered in the white matter. There were no obvious signs of clinical symptoms due to the encephalopathy.     

Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with isoeugenol benzyl ether

Isoeugenol benzyl ether was given to rats by gavage for 28 days at 0, 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg body weight/day. For both sexes at the highest dose and females at the intermediate dose statistically significantly decreased values were found for body weight, blood glucose (also for males at intermediate dose), blood urea and relative liver weights. No dose-related histopathological changes were seen in any organs. The no effect level was 60 mg/kg body weight/day.     

Short-term toxicity study in rats dosed with menthone

Menthone, a component of peppermint oil, was given p.o. to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats at dose levels of 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively, for 28 days. After 19 days the dose was reduced to 400 mg/kg b.w. in the female group receiving the highest dose. Analyses of plasma showed a dose-dependent decrease in creatinine content and a dose-dependent increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and bilirubin. The relative weights of liver and spleen were increased. Cyst-like spaces were seen histopathologically in the white matter of the cerebellum of the two highest dose groups. The no-effect level for menthone in this study was lower than 200 mg/kg b.w./day.     

Pathological observations on rats dosed with limabean and cowpea hemagglutinins

The toxic effects of cowpea and limabean extracts containing hemagglutinins and pathological changes in organs of weanling and growing rats were investigated. Livers of weanling rats injected with limabean hemagglutinin mean lethal dose (MLD), showed marked congestion of the sinusoids. Livers of growing rats thus inoculated, including those given the lethal and sublethal doses of cowpea hemagglutinin, did not show any marked lesions. There was evidence of marked congestion of the medullary sinusoids in the spleen and of the glomeruli in the kidney of weanling and growing rats inoculated with either the sublethal doses of limabean hemagglutinin or lethal doses of cowpea and limabean hemagglutinins. Slight hemorrhages were observed in the intestinal walls of weanling rats while slight thickening of the alveolar septa took place in the lungs of rats dosed with the lethal and sublethal doses of cowpea hemag-glutinin. The testis, brain and heart of weanling and growing rats were unaffected by hemagglutinin treatment.     

GC法测定银翘解毒系列制剂中薄荷脑、薄荷酮和胡薄荷酮

目的 为银翘解毒系列制剂研究制定统一通用的薄荷与荆芥的质量控制方法.方法 以薄荷酮、薄荷脑和胡薄荷酮为指标,采用HP-5毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm),50～240 ℃程序升温进行分析,并测定了5种剂型9个品种共38批样品中3个成分的量.结果 薄荷酮、薄荷脑、胡薄荷酮3种成分在5个剂型中重复性RSD(n=5)为0.52%～1.95%;加样回收率分别为96.29%～102.83%、97.55%～99.96%、95.36%～103.51%.结论 本实验建立的方法重复性好,准确度高,适用于银翘解毒全部系列品种中薄荷酮、薄荷脑和胡薄荷酮3种挥发性成分的质量控制.     

南五味子软胶囊对大鼠长期毒性的实验研究

目的观察南五味子软胶囊连续灌胃给药13周对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法南五味子软胶囊分别以1.2、0.438、0.16g.kg-1.d-1灌胃给药,每周给药6 d,试验周期为13周,各试验组剩余的1/2动物观察4周恢复期变化。按中药新药长期毒性试验要求观察动物的一般状况、体重变化、血液细胞学及生化学指征、解剖及组织病理学检查。结果各剂量药组与对照组大鼠比较,白天自发活动减少,高剂量组减少最为明显,但夜间活动无明显差异。血液及生化指标与对照组相比无明显差异,脏器未出现给药相关的病变。结论南五味子软胶囊长期灌胃服用未见毒性反应,长期服用安全。     

Developmental toxicity study of CBLB502 in Wistar rats

CBLB502 is a derivative of a microbial protein that binds to Toll-like receptor 5. It is demonstrated to reduce inflammatory response from acute stresses, such as radiation in animal models. We determined the potential developmental toxicity of CBLB502 in rats. Four groups of 25 time-mated female Wistar rats/group received subcutaneously 0, 30, 100, or 300 μg/kg/day of CBLB502 from Gestation Days (GD) 6 to 17 at a dose volume of 1.0 mL/kg. Toxicokinetic evaluation was performed on GD 6 and 17. On GD 20 C-section was performed for uterine evaluation and blood samples collected from each dam for immunogenicity assay.Significant decrease in gestation body weight, weight changes and food consumption indicative of maternal toxicity were observed in all dose groups. Also adjusted body weight and weight changes were seen at 300 μg/kg/day. No external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities were observed. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity was estimated to be ≥300 μg/kg/day.     

阿比朵尔对大鼠的长期毒性

目的:观察阿比朵尔对大鼠的长期毒性反应。方法:96只Wistar大鼠,雌雄各半,随机分成4组,即1200,350和100 mg·kg-1剂量组和对照组,连续灌胃给药4周,按常规方法观察动物一般状况、体重、摄食量、血液学、血液生化、脏器重量系数及组织病理学改变。结果:阿比朵尔未引起动物死亡。给药期:高剂量组雌鼠第1-4周体重明显低于对照组,并有6只动物陆续出现明显掉毛;高剂量组雄鼠第2-4周体重明显低于对照组,并有4只动物陆续出现明显掉毛;其他指标与对照组比较无明显差异。低剂量组和中剂量组各项指标与对照组比较均无明显差异。恢复期:高剂量组雌鼠第1周体重仍明显低于对照组,其他各剂量各项指标与对照组比较均无明显差异。结论:大鼠口服阿比朵尔4周,350 mg·kg-1为安全剂量,1 200 mg·kg-1对大鼠生长有可逆性抑制作用。     

纤维蛋白封闭剂对SD大鼠连续腹腔注射给药14天的毒性研究

目的 评价SD大鼠连续腹腔注射纤维蛋白封闭剂的安全性。方法 SD大鼠雌雄分别按体质量随机分4组,即空白对照组、纤维蛋白封闭剂低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组20只,雌雄各半。3个给药组的给药剂量分别为85.5、171.0和342.0mg/kg,每天腹腔注射给药,连续14d,恢复期28d,进行一般症状、血液学、血液生化和病理组织学等指标检测。结果 与空白对照组相比,纤维蛋白封闭剂中、高剂量组大鼠第14天的白细胞计数显著升高,纤维蛋白原显著降低,中、高剂量组大鼠脾脏的脏器重量有增加趋势。组织病理学检查发现部分高剂量动物腹腔出现残留药物引起的纤维肉芽组织包裹。上述变化指标在恢复期结束时基本可恢复。结论大鼠腹腔注射纤维蛋白封闭剂85.5~342.0mg/kg,安全剂量为85.5mg/kg,毒性剂量为171.0mg/kg。毒性靶系统或靶部位为血液系统、免疫系统和给药局部,毒性作用可逆。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中薄荷脑和樟脑含量

目的:建立GC法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中薄荷脑和樟脑含量的方法.方法:采用SE-54弹性毛细管柱程序升温的方法测定.结果:薄荷脑线性范围为64.68～323.40 μg·L-1,平均回收率为98.0%,RSD为1.1%;樟脑线性范围为67.32～336.60μg·L-1,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为1.4%.结论:该方法准确、可靠,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

One-generation reproductive toxicity study of epichlorohydrin in Sprague-Dawley rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential reproductive toxicity of epichlorohydrin in a one-generation reproduction toxicity study in compliance with OECD Test Guideline 415. Twenty-four male and female rats per group were given epichlorohydrin by gavage at 0, 3.3, 10, and 30?mg/kg/day. Males were dosed for 10 weeks prior to and during mating. Females were dosed from 2 weeks before mating to day 21 of lactation. At 30?mg/kg, an increase in the incidence of clinical signs (i.e., nasal discharge, soft feces, depression, and piloerection), gross necropsy findings (i.e., cystic pustule of the epididymidis and enlargement of the kidney) and the weights of heart, liver, and epididymidis, a decrease in male fertility, and an increased incidence of histopathological changes of the testis, epididymidis, and kidney were observed. At 10?mg/kg, decreased male fertility and increased kidney weight and incidence of histopathological changes of the epididymidis were found. There was a slight, but nonsignificant, reduction in the male fertility index at the dose of 3.3?mg/ kg. Under these experimental conditions, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of epichlorohydrin was 3.3?mg/kg/day for parent animals and their offspring. The absolute toxic dose for parent animals and their offspring was estimated to be 10?mg/kg/day.     

Repeated dose inhalation developmental toxicity study in rats exposed to cellulose insulation with boric acid additive

Abstract

Cellulose insulation (CI), a common building material, is a mixture of cellulose fibers and borates. Borates are approximately 20% of the product weight and act as a flame retardant. Given possible exposure to workers and consumers, an inhalation toxicity study was conducted following Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 414 for Prenatal Development Toxicity to evaluate if CI is a developmental toxicant. Pregnant female rats were exposed by nose-only inhalation to CI aerosols containing 20% boric acid for six h/day, from gestational day (GD) 6–19, and fetuses were evaluated for developmental parameters. Respirable CI was produced by grinding to produce respirable particles (MMAD 2.7–2.9?µm, geometric standard deviations (GSD) 1.9–2.6), which were then aerosolized. Target air concentrations were 15, 90, and 270?mg CI/m³. Controls were exposed to air only. Slight body weight reductions (average decrease <7% vs. control) were observed in male and female GD 20 fetuses in the mid and high dose groups. No embryo/fetal developmental toxicity or alterations in any other measured variable were reported at any dose. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for developmental outcomes was 270?mg/m³.     

Comparative subcutaneous repeated toxicity study of enoxaparin products in rats

Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. With the development of several enoxaparin biosimilars, real medical concerns about their safety and efficacy have been raised. This repeated dose toxicity study consists of preclinical toxicological evaluation of a biosimilar biological version of enoxaparin, the drug product “Enoxa”, compared to the enoxaparin reference drug product, “Lovenox”. Eighty white Wistar rats were treated with “Enoxa” versus the reference product, using subcutaneous therapeutic and toxic doses, varying from 3.5 to 100 mg/kg/day. Dose levels were adjusted and ultimately fixed at 3.5 and 20 mg/kg/day as therapeutic and toxic doses, respectively. A sodium chloride solution (0.9%) was used as the control, and the comparative study was conducted over periods of 14 and 28 days. Comparable effects were observed with few adverse effects at the administration dose of 20 mg/kg/day, for both enoxaparin biosimilar and reference products. Interestingly, mortality started only at high doses of 40 mg/kg/day and reached 25% at 100 mg/kg/day for both products. These results, as part of the recommended biosimilarity monitoring, demonstrated comparable toxicity profiles of “Enoxa” and “Lovenox” products in rats. Continuing investigation of biosimilarity on humans to confirm safety and efficacy is suggested.     

雷诺嗪对大鼠的长期毒性试验*

目的:考察反复给予雷诺嗪{N-(2,6二甲基苯基)-2-4-[2-羟基-3-(2-甲氧苯氧基)丙基]-1-哌嗪乙酰胺}对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法:SD大鼠随机分为雷诺嗪高、中、低剂量(400,150和50 mg.kg-1.d-1)组和溶媒对照(0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠)组,每组32只大鼠,雌雄各半。各组均灌胃给予等体积的药物或溶媒(20 mL.kg-1),每周给药7 d,连续给药4周。停药后每组留12只动物(雌雄各半)再饲喂2周进行恢复性观察。观察动物一般状况、体重、进食量、饮水量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器重量系数及组织病理学改变。结果:雷诺嗪400 mg.kg-1组大鼠给药初期出现活动减少、呆滞和抽搐,体重增加值低于对照组,饮水量、丙氨酸氨基转换酶(ALT)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(T-Cho)及肝、肾系数高于对照组。雷诺嗪50和150 mg.kg-1组各项指标与对照组比较均无统计学差异。恢复期各剂量的各项指标与对照组比较均无统计学差异。结论:雷诺嗪150 mg.kg-1为安全剂量,400 mg.kg-1有短时神经系统毒性并对动物生长,肝、肾功能和脂代谢产生可逆性影响。     

A 4-week oral toxicity study of an antiviral drug combination consisting of arbidol and acetaminophen in rats

The antiviral drug combination consisting of arbidol and acetaminophen was investigated for its 4-week repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of rats (10/sex in low-dose group, 15/sex in other three groups) were given at doses of 0, 200, 400, and 800?mg/kg/day. Clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, hematology, clinical biochemistry, macroscopic findings, organ weights, and histopathology were examined. The administration resulted in increased incidence of piloerection in most of the high-dose females and in some of the high-dose males and mid-dose females. Histopathological examinations revealed minor treatment-related change in the stomach of the high-dose animals. A decrease in body-weight gains and an increase in liver weight were observed in the mid- and high-dose groups. These treatment-related effects were reversible at the 2-week recovery period. A number of other clinical and pathological findings were not considered to be treatment related, since these changes occurred only in one sex were among the normal historical ranges, which were not supported by histopathological findings. Under the conditions of the present study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level for 4-week oral administration to rats was considered 200?mg/kg/day, based on clinical observations, pathological findings, body-weight losses, and liver-weight changes.     

A 90-day oral toxicity study of purple corn color, a natural food colorant, in F344 rats.

A subchronic oral toxicity study of purple corn color (PCC), a natural food colorant, was performed with groups of 10 male and 10 female F344 rats fed the agent at dietary levels of 0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 5.0% for 90 days. No mortalities occurred during the treatment period. No treatment-related changes in the body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmology, hematology, organ weight data and histopathology were observed. Regarding general conditions and gross pathology, staining of fur and black feces were noted in rats of the 1.5% and 5.0% diet groups. Moreover, brown urine and black material in the stomach, small and large intestine were evident in rats receiving 5.0%. These changes were considered due to the anthocyanin content. On clinical chemistry analysis, total cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride were significantly lowered in both sexes of the 5.0% group, but these were not considered to be toxicologically significant. Thus, the No-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was judged to be 5.0% in diet for both sexes (male: 3542 mg/kg/day, female: 3849 mg/kg/day) for PCC under the present experimental conditions.     

A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of hinokitiol administered in the diet to F344 rats

Myocarditis has been reported in male F344 rats given a diet containing hinokitiol (HT). A subchronic toxicity study was here performed to re-evaluate toxic effects of HT in both sexes of F344 rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0%, 0.02%, 0.07% and 0.2% for 13 weeks. Significant reduction of body weight gain was noted in 0.2% males and 0.07% and above females. Significant decrease in RBC counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit was detected in 0.07% and 0.2% females. Significant increase in MCV was observed in 0.07% and above males and 0.2% females. In the rats given 0.07% and 0.2%, significant increase in total protein and albumin were detected in males, and in total cholesterol in females. Significant increases in total cholesterol, urea nitrogen and creatinine were also detected in the 0.2% males. Significant increase in relative liver weights was detected in the 0.07% and above males and females. Absolute and relative heart weights were significantly decreased in the 0.07% and above males. Based on the above findings the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of HT for both male and female rats was estimated to be 0.02%, translating into 12.7 and 14.8 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively. Myocarditis was not evident in the present study.     

Scientific evaluation of the acute toxicity and 13-week subchronic toxicity of Rheum emodi rhizome extracts in Sprague Dawley rats

Rheum emodi has been used as an edible and medicinal plant in Tibet and Kashmir for a long period of time, while safety evaluation of this plant has not yet been investigated. In this study, acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies of aqueous extract of R. emodi (AERE) rhizome were conducted in SD rats. Animals were treated with a single dose of 1000, 2000, 4000 or 10,000 mg/kg of AERE in the acute toxicity. In subchronic oral toxicity, animals were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats/sex/group) and received doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg/d of AERE for 90 days. Daily clinical observations, weekly measurement of body weight and food consumption were conducted. Blood and urine were collected on days 91 to measure changes. At necropsy, selected organs were weighed and recorded, and histological examination was performed. During the subchronic oral toxicity study, no mortality, obvious treatment-related clinical signs and urinalysis parameters were observed. Differences in weight gain, food consumption, hematology, biochemistry, relative organ weight and histopathology examinations between the treated group and the control group were not considered treatment-related. Our results indicated that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for AERE was 4000 mg/kg/d in both genders.     

A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of dietary administered saponin-rich and isoflavones-containing soybean extract in F344 rats

A subchronic toxicity study of soybean extract was performed in F344 rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% for 13 weeks. No mortality or abnormal clinical signs in any group were observed. Body weight gains were decreased with a tendency for reduction of feed intake in the 1.25% and above female and 5% male groups. In males, absolute and relative liver weights were increased in the 1.25% and above groups. In females relative kidney weights were increased in the 1.25% and above groups. Other significant changes such as decreased RBC and hematocrit and increased urea nitrogen were detected in the 2.5% and/or 5% groups. On histopathological observation, atrophy of the ventral prostate was observed in all animals in the 5% male group. Mucification and atrophy of the vaginal epithelium and increased atretic follicles in ovaries were noted in 2.5% and 5% female rats. Based on the above findings the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level for male and female rats was estimated to be 1.25% (707.2 and 751.8 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively).     

Comparative cardiopulmonary toxicity of exhausts from soy-based biofuels and diesel in healthy and hypertensive rats

Abstract

Increased use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative cardiopulmonary health effects of exhausts from (1) 100% soy biofuel (B100), (2) 20% soy biofuel?+?80% low sulfur petroleum diesel (B20), and (3) 100% petroleum diesel (B0) in rats. Normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to these three exhausts at 0, 50, 150 and 500?μg/m³, 4?h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks (5 days/week). In addition, WKY rats were exposed for 1 day and responses were analyzed 0?h, 1 day or 4 days later for time-course assessment. Hematological parameters, in vitro platelet aggregation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation, ex vivo aortic ring constriction, heart and aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction, thrombosis and atherogenesis were analyzed. The presence of pigmented macrophages in the lung alveoli was clearly evident with all three exhausts without apparent pathology. Overall, exposure to all three exhausts produced only modest effects in most endpoints analyzed in both strains. BALF γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was the most consistent marker and was increased in both strains, primarily with B0 (B0?>?B100?>?B20). This increase was associated with only modest increases in BALF neutrophils. Small and very acute increases occurred in aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction and thrombosis with B100 but not B0 in WKY rats. Our comparative evaluations show modest cardiovascular and pulmonary effects at low concentrations of all exhausts: B0 causing more pulmonary injury and B100 more acute vascular effects. BALF GGT activity could serve as a sensitive biomarker of inhaled pollutants.