西安地区汉族青年颅面部比例的研究

目的 建立西安地区汉族青年正常He颌面部水平，垂直各的比例指数，为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法 采用Farkas建立的面部形态直接测量法，对100例（男，女各50名）西安地区身体健康，颅颌关节协调，牙齿排列整齐，I类He关系，正常覆盖，覆He，无牙病治疗史及外伤史的年满18岁的汉族高中生，进行颅面部软组织23项测量，建立36项水平，垂直向比例指数。测量结果经Spss10.0统计软件处理，并进行男女两组的t检验。结果 男，女之间面部高度的比例指数均存在显著差异，涉及眼，鼻的比例，男女之间存在较大差异，其中两眼内眦宽略小于鼻宽，略大于眼裂宽，鼻宽稍大于1／4面宽，约为4／5眼裂宽。结论 男，女之间面部比例不同，古典面部比例标准不适合西安地区汉族青年正常He颌面部比例。     

西安地区骨性Ⅱ类面型与正常面型青年颅面部三维测量值的对比研究

目的 :对西安地区汉族骨性Ⅱ类面型青年进行颅面部软组织的三维测量 ,将该年龄组的骨性Ⅱ类面型颅面部各器官之间的三维测量值与正常面型青年进行对比研究 ,为临床诊断和指定治疗计划提供更可靠的依据。方法 :采用Farkas的颅面部软组织表面测量方法 ,对西安地区面部形态为凸面型的 6 0名汉族青年进行 5 4项测量 ,将测量结果与正常面型青年进行对比。结果 :通过抽样调查发现 ,西安地区西安籍骨性Ⅱ类面型青年相对正常面型青年在三维方向的特点是 :上颌相对下颌前突 ,面下 1/3较窄 ,颏下点相对后缩。结论 :西安地区西安籍骨性Ⅱ类面型青年相对正常面型青年在三维方向可能存在较大的差异。     

角度和比例分析法在广东汉族正常成人侧面软组织轮廓特征研究中 …

目的 探讨广东省汉族正常成人侧面软组织容貌特征及所选项目的分析价值。方法 选取角度和比例测量项目共１２项，对１５０例广东籍汉族正常成人进行测量分析。结果 广东籍汉族正常成人男性鼻根部较凹，或前额较突，而鼻尖不如女性前突或鼻底较女性上倾，女性下唇颏部的凹陷程度则大于男性。在面中下高度中，女性面下１／３高度所占比例较大，上唇在面下高中所占的比例也较大。结论 角度分析和比例分析在侧貌软组织轮廓形态分析中     

高低角型男孩颅面部软组织侧貌水平向生长变化的纵向研究

目的：探讨高低角型男孩颅面部软组织侧貌在水平方向的生长变化。方法：根据Bjork前颅基底稳定结构重迭法,头影测量20名男孩在自然头势状态下9、12、15和18岁的X线头颅定位侧位片,然后,统计分析颅面部软组织侧貌Ga、N′、Nasal、Sn、A′、Ls、Li、B′、Pg及Gn各点至垂直平面(Pr-VER)的水平向距离变化以及上下唇至美学平面(E—line)的垂直距离变化。结果：1)高低角型男孩在9～18岁期间额部、鼻根部及唇部与鼻尖的水平距离随年龄增加而增加,而颏部与鼻尖水平距离虽有增加,但在某些阶段其距离反而缩短。2)高角型男孩Ga、N′、Nasal、Pg及Gn点到Pr水平距离其各阶段各测量值明显大于低角型,可唇部表现则不同,高角型唇部比低角型表现为更为前突。3)高角型颏部向前生长移动幅度小于低角型,而唇部向前生长幅度明显大于低角型。相对于美学平面,低角型上下唇在9～18岁期间后退幅度明显大于高角型。结论：高低角型男孩颅面部软组织侧貌生长变化存在显著差异,其主要区别在于唇部及颏部。这对正畸临床诊断与治疗具有借鉴作用。     

高低角型女童颅面部软组织侧貌水平向生长变化的纵向研究

目的观察高低角型女童颅面部软组织侧貌在水平方向的生长变化。方法根据Bjork前颅基底稳定结构重迭法,头影测量20名女童在自然头势状态下9、12、15和18岁的X线头颅定位侧位片,统计分析颅面部软组织侧貌Ga、N’、Nasal、Sn、A’、Ls、Li、B’、Pg’及Gn’各点至垂直平面(Pr-VER)的水平向距离变化以及上下唇至美学平面(E-line)的垂直距离变化。结果①Pg’和Gn’与Pr点之间的水平距离在9～18岁期间未见显著变化,说明颏部软组织向前生长移动的速度接近于鼻尖部。②Ga、N’、Nasal、Sn、A’、Ls、Li、B’点与Pr-VER的水平距离以及Ls和Li至E-line距离在9～18岁期间随年龄增加而加大,说明上下唇及额部软组织向前生长移动的速度慢于鼻部及颏部。③除高角型女童在各阶段Pg’点至Pr-VER距离大于低角型,上下唇至E-line距离小于低角型外,其他测量值高低角型之间差异无显著性。④高低角型青少年儿童在9～18岁期间各测量项目的变化值之间差异无显著性。结论高、低角型女童在颅面部软组织侧貌生长变化方面差异无显著性,均表现为颏部及鼻部向前生长移动快于唇部及额部。     

上海地区100例青年人面部正常值测量分析

目的:获得上海地区青年人面部的正常值和基本比例关系。方法:采用人体测量学的面部基本测量指标和Farkas建立的系统化面部形态直接测量法,对100例18～24岁在校学生的面部进行测量,应用SPSS17.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果:获得上海地区青年人正常面部形态的基本均值和各个部分的基本比例关系。结论:本测量研究为面部美容医学及整形外科学提供了客观的面部形态学指标。     

计算机辅助的黑龙江省汉族正常(牙合)成人软组织侧貌美学分析

目的:利用计算机建立软组织X线头影测量分析系统;研究黑龙江省正常(牙合)成人软组织侧貌形态.方法:利用PentiumⅡ266PC机,ScanmakerⅢ扫描仪等硬件,在Windows98操作系统下,利用Adobe photoshop等图像处理软件及Visual Basic语言开发了该系统,并对黑龙江省107名(男50,女57)汉族正常(牙合)年青成人的软组织侧貌进行了分析.结果:本地区正常(牙合)年青成人的软组织侧貌男、女不同,男性在鼻、唇、颏三者前后向的关系较女性明显,女性则趋于直面型.结论:该系统准确,可靠,以此建立的参考值可为正畸,正颌患者的临床诊断,评价面部形态提供依据.     

计算机辅助的黑龙江省汉族正常成人软组织侧貌美学分析

目的 :利用计算机建立软组织X线头影测量分析系统 ;研究黑龙江省正常成人软组织侧貌形态。方法 :利用PentiumⅡ 2 6 6PC机 ,ScanmakerⅢ扫描仪等硬件 ,在Windows98操作系统下 ,利用Adobephotoshop等图像处理软件及VisualBasic语言开发了该系统 ,并对黑龙江省 10 7名 (男 5 0 ,女 5 7)汉族正常年青成人的软组织侧貌进行了分析。结果 :本地区正常年青成人的软组织侧貌男、女不同 ,男性在鼻、唇、颏三者前后向的关系较女性明显 ,女性则趋于直面型。结论 :该系统准确 ,可靠 ,以此建立的参考值可为正畸 ,正颌患者的临床诊断 ,评价面部形态提供依据。     

变异型Herbst矫治器矫治下颌后缩的软组织侧貌研究

目的：通过使用变异型Herbst矫治器来矫治下颌后缩型安氏Ⅱ类患者，对矫治前后的数据进行测量分析，评价该矫治装置对面部软组织侧貌的影响程度。方法：选择12例安氏Ⅱ类下颌后缩的患者作为研究对象，用变异型Herbst矫治器治疗下颌后缩，根据X线头颅侧位定位片上的软组织测量标志点．测量分析治疗前后面部软组织的侧貌改变。结果：经变异型Herbst矫治器治疗后，面凸角、软组织鼻颏角、上唇角、上下唇角、Z角、上唇凸距的变化有统计学差异，上下唇基角、下唇角、颏唇沟厚度的变化统计结果有显著统计学差异。结论：变异型Herbst矫治器通过前导下颌，促进下颌发育，使面部软组织突度减小．从而有效改善面部软组织侧貌。     

赣籍汉族婴儿唇鼻体表正常值测量研究

目的 探讨赣籍汉族婴儿唇鼻体表特征,为唇裂治疗及治疗后效果评估提供可参照的正常值范围。方法 采用人体测量学的面部基本测量指标及Farkas建立的系统化颌面部人体测量学直接测量法,随机抽取2012年6—8月在江西省儿童医院行健康体检的赣籍105名3 ~ 12月龄正常汉族婴儿,对其唇鼻体表进行测量,其中3 ~ 6月龄组49名（男29名,女20名）,7 ~ 12月龄组56名（男38名,女18名）,测量结果应用SPSS17.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果 获得赣籍3 ~ 6月龄及7 ~ 12月龄正常汉族男、女婴儿唇鼻体表形态的基本均值和标准差。3 ~ 6月龄组男婴鼻尖高度、唇弓内侧嵴、唇峰间距及鼻孔底宽均大于女婴（均P < 0.05）;7 ~ 12月龄组男婴上唇高、唇弓内侧嵴、唇峰间距、鼻孔底宽均大于女婴（均P < 0.05）。结论 赣籍汉族婴儿唇鼻部某些测量指标值存在性别差异,并随月龄和体重增长呈现有规律的变化,为婴幼儿唇裂合理的个体化治疗提供了可参照依据。     

Morphologic outcome of bimaxillary surgery–An anthropometric appraisal

Objectives: To adequately perform orthognathic surgery procedures, it is from basic interest to understand the morphologic changes caused by orthognathic surgery. Anthropometric analyses of standardized frontal view and profile photographs could help to investigate and understand such changes. Study Design: We present a pre- to postoperative evaluation of orthognathic surgery results based on anthropometric indices described by Farkas and cephalometric measurements. 30 Class III patients undergoing maxillary advancement by Le Fort I Osteotomy and mandibular setback by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy were evaluated. Preoperative as well as three and nine months postoperative lateral cephalograms as well as standardized frontal view and profile photographs were taken. On the photographs 21 anthropometric indices given by Farkas were evaluated. In cephalograms SNA and SNB angle as well as Wits appraisal were investigated. Results: The investigated anthropometric indices showed a significant increase of the vertical height of the upper lip without changing the relation of the upper vermilion to the cutaneous upper lip. The lower vermilion height increased relatively to the cutaneous lower lip without vertical changes in the lower lip. Due to maxillary advancement the upper face height increased meanwhile the lower face height decreased due to mandibular setback. SNA and SNB angle and Wits appraisal showed typical changes related to surgery. Conclusions: The investigated photo-assisted anthropometric measurements presented reproducible results related to bimaxillary surgery. Key words:Orthognathic surgery, bimaxillary surgery, anthropometry, Class III.     

Soft tissue outcome after mandibular advancement—an anthropometric evaluation of 171 consecutive patients

Objectives

There is an ongoing discussion in the literature about preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of orthognathic surgery and its impact on facial appearance and aesthetics.

Materials and Methods

We present an anthropometric and cephalometric evaluation of orthognathic surgery results based on reference anthropometric data. In 171 Class II patients, mandibular advancement by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was performed. Preoperative as well as 3 and 9 months postoperative standardized frontal view and profile photographs and lateral cephalograms were evaluated in a standardized manner by use of 21 anthropometric indices. In cephalograms, SNA and SNB angle as well as Wits appraisal were investigated. Results of anthropometric and cephalometric measurements were correlated.

Results

Lower vermilion contour, vermilion and cutaneous total lower lip height, nose–lower face height, nose–face height, upper face–face height, upper lip– and chin–mandible height index showed significant pre- to postoperative changes as well as SNB angle and Wits appraisal. Furthermore, medial–lateral cutaneous upper lip height, vermilion and cutaneous total lower lip height and philtrum–mouth width index presented significant correlations to cephalometric measurements.

Conclusions

The investigated anthropometric indices and cephalometric measurements presented reproducible results related to surgery. The correlation of cephalometric to anthropometric measurements has been proven useful for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of orthognathic surgery patients.

Clinical relevance

The presented anthropometric measurements and their observed correlation to cephalometric measurements could lead to a better prediction and optimized planning of the soft tissue result in orthognathic surgery patients and thereby improve the aesthetic outcome.     

Evaluation of nasal reconstruction procedures results

Before undergoing a reconstructive procedures of the nose most patients ask how they will look postoperatively. Anthropometric measurements of the nose described by Farkas represent standard values. A comparison of pre- and postoperative anthropometric measurements may help to double-check the correctness of intraoperative “eye-balling” measurements with regards to postoperative appearance.Sixty-three patients underwent reconstruction of nasal ala, tip or dorsum. An analysis of standardized pre- and postoperative photographs included measurements of nose width, nose height, nasal tip protrusion, columella width, ala length, intercanthal width, mouth width, philtrum width, upper lip height, lateral upper lip height, cutaneous upper lip height and upper face height. Preoperative measurements were compared to data given by Farkas in young adults. Postoperative changes were evaluated clearly distinguishing between reconstruction of nasal ala, tip and dorsum.All anthropometric indices showed significant differences compared to the Farkas population. There was no significant pre- to postoperative change in any reconstructed region observed, indicating adequate intraoperative measurements.The application of Farkas’ anthropometric measurements described in this study showed reliable and objective results and can help to double-check the previous intraoperative measurements. The correct application of these surgical techniques leads to a satisfying and near to normal postoperative look of the patient.     

新疆维吾尔族美貌女性面部软组织形态测量研究

目的:研究新疆维吾尔族美貌女性面部软组织特征及其与古典美学标准的关系。方法:按标准选取31例新疆维吾尔族美貌女性,摄取其正面软组织数码相片,选择软组织标志点14个,在计算机上用photo-shopCS软件进行定点测量分析。结果:(1)两眼内眦宽略小于鼻宽,略大于眼裂宽;鼻翼宽略大于1/4面宽;口裂宽略小于1.5倍的鼻翼宽;上中下面高几乎各占全面高的1/3,上面高略大;上唇与下颌高度比为1/2,下唇与下颌高度比略等于1/3,颏部与下颌高的比值略为2/3。(2)新疆维吾尔族美貌女性面部许多水平、垂直向指标都有较强的正相关关系。结论:新疆维吾尔族美貌女性面部特征在一定程度上符合古典美学标准;美好颜面的面型构成、五官分布存在相关性。     

三维摄影对蒙古族正常(牙合)成人面部软组织的侧貌分析

目的 应用三维测量的方法对面部软组织进行测量,研究正常(牙合)面部软组织的立体结果,建立正常(牙合)面部软组织的正常值,为错(牙合)畸形的诊断提供依据.方法 对144例受试者(蒙古族女性77例,男性70例)拍摄三维立体影像,并在软件上进行20个标志点的确定,23个角度、13个线距的测量,所得数据用SPSS 22.O统计...     

Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years

Objective:To study the longitudinal changes in 19 soft tissue cephalometric traits (according to the Bergman cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis).Materials and Methods:Cephalograms and photographs of 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female, from the Burlington Growth Centre) that were obtained at ages 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 18 years were used. Subjects were orthodontically untreated whites and had Class I dentoskeletal relationships (ideal overjet and overbite). Images were obtained with the lips in a relaxed position or lightly touching.Results:Three groups of soft tissue traits were identified: (1) traits that increased in size with growth (nasal projection, lower face height, chin projection, chin-throat length, upper and lower lip thickness, upper lip length, and lower lip–chin length); (2) traits that decreased in size with growth (interlabial gap and mandibular sulcus contour [only in females]); and (3) traits that remained relatively constant during growth (facial profile angle, nasolabial angle, lower face percentage, chin-throat/lower face height percentage, lower face–throat angle, upper incisor exposure, maxillary sulcus contour, and upper and lower lip protrusion).Conclusion:Current findings identify areas of growth and change in individuals with Class I skeletal and dental relationships with ideal overjet and overbite and should be considered during treatment planning of orthodontic and orthognathic patients.     

Three-dimensional analysis on facial structures correlation of the facial aesthetics of Chinese

The frontal facial moire photographs of 50 male and 50 female young adults with esthetic face strictly selected from Chinese population on the basis of the standard were taken and analysed three-dimensionally. It was found that not only significant correlation but also a statistical linear regressive equation existed between nose, lip and chin, between lip and chin, and between the width and the height of the face. So it is possible, on the basis of a known variable, to calculate another variable by means of the mathematical equation, which will provide quantitative variables for the orthognathic and the plastic surgery creating the esthetic face.     

青少年骨性Ⅰ类错 畸形拔牙矫治前后面部软组织三维特征变化研究

目的应用3dMD^?面部三维成像系统研究拔牙矫治对青少年骨性Ⅰ类错 畸形面部软组织三维特征的影响,为正畸矫治提供参考。 方法选取2016—2019年期间于中山大学附属口腔医院正畸科就诊的青少年骨性Ⅰ类患者50例,其中拔牙组25例,非拔牙组25例为对照组,应用3dMD^?收集正畸治疗前后的面部三维图像数据,通过3dMD^? vultus软件测量线距、角度、体积变化,应用SPSS 20.0统计分析软件对各项测量指标的比较采用独立样本t检验。 结果正畸治疗后,在线距方面,拔牙组、非拔牙组前下面高变化量分别为（0.28 ± 2.28）、（1.85 ± 2.18）mm,差异有统计学意义（t = -2.238,P = 0.031）;拔牙组下颌高、颏高、唇宽变化量分别为（-0.52 ± 2.31）、（-1.14 ± 2.64）、（-1.33 ± 3.62）mm,非拔牙组则分别为（1.64 ± 2.42）、（0.93 ± 2.51）、（1.40 ± 2.16）mm,差异有统计学意义（t_下颌高 = -2.878,P_下颌高 = 0.007;t_颏高 = -2.506,P_颏高 = 0.017;t_唇宽 = -2.942,P_唇宽 = 0.006）。在角度方面,拔牙组、非拔牙组鼻唇角变化量分别为4.91° ± 3.12°、1.50° ± 4.26°,差异有统计学意义（t = 2.692,P = 0.011）;拔牙组、非拔牙组颏唇角变化量分别为-0.24° ± 6.83°、4.82° ± 6.50°,差异有统计学意义（t = -2.373,P = 0.023）;拔牙组、非拔牙组唇角变化量分别为-16.80° ± 12.65°、-1.04° ± 11.24°,差异有统计学意义（t = -4.171,P<0.001）。在体积方面,拔牙组、非拔牙组唇部变化量分别为（-0.66 ± 1.24）、（0.46 ± 1.43）cm³,差异有统计学意义（t = -2.584,P = 0.014）;拔牙组、非拔牙组颏部变化量分别为（-0.16 ± 0.94）、（0.65 ± 0.91）cm³,差异有统计学意义（t = -2.766,P = 0.009）。 结论（1）拔牙与非拔牙矫治对患者面下1/3水平向无明显影响,但对面下1/3的垂直向影响有差异,非拔牙较拔牙矫治更易导致面部高度的增加;（2）开唇露齿的青少年患者经拔牙矫治可有效改善颏、唇部形态;（3）对于面部消瘦、颧部凸出的患者,应慎重拔牙矫治。     

恒牙早期前牙反合颅颌面软组织形态特征的二维有限元法分析

用专门建立的颅颌面形态有限元分析系统，分析了８０名恒牙早期前牙反合患者Ｘ线头颅定位片软组织侧貌形态特征。研究结果表明，反合组鼻尖部较正常合者大，而鼻根部、鼻体部变化不明显，单元大小变化大于形状变化；男性上唇发育不足较女性明显，唇珠部较正常合者小；下唇唇珠部较正常合者大，下唇基部发育较正常合者明显；颏部形态异常主要表现在颏上部的变长，使颏部轮廓不清晰，而颏顶部和颏下部未见特征性变化。     

A Study of the Facial Soft Tissue Morphology in Nasal- and Mouth-Breathing Patients

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the 3-dimensional (3D) facial morphology of children with skeletal Class II structure with different breathing patterns.MethodsThe 3dMDFace system (3dMD Inc.) was used to obtain 3D facial images. A total of 65 patients aged 10 to 12 years with skeletal Class II malocclusion (A point-Nasion-B point angle >5°) were grouped by sex into nasal-breathing (NB) and mouth-breathing (MB) participants. A total of 19 measurements, including linear distances, angles, and ratios, were measured. The measurements were compared using independent sample t test and Mann–Whitney U test. Factor analysis and logistic regression were used to test the correlation between facial morphology and different breathing patterns.ResultsFor male children, the lower lip was longer in the MB group than in the NB group (P < .05). For female children, compared to NB, MB patients had a narrower mandibular width (P < .05), a smaller ratio of mandibular width to face height (MB: 0.99 ± 0.08 vs NB: 1.04 ± 0.09; P < .05), and a larger ratio of lower lip height to lip width (MB: 1.24 ± 0.10 vs NB: 1.19 ± 0.16; P < .05). In both male and female children, MB participants had a more convex nasolabial angle (P < .05) and an increased ratio of the lower part of the face to the upper facial height (male MB: 1.61 ± 0.17 vs male NB: 1.50 ± 0.12; female MB: 1.52 ± 0.10 vs female NB: 1.50 ± 0.20; P < .05). The logistic regression test showed no significant correlation between facial morphology and breathing patterns.ConclusionsIn participants with skeletal Class II pattern, MB children compared with NB children showed different facial morphology in the same sex group. The children with MB showed a more protruded upper lip and increased lower facial height, accounting for a larger proportion of the facial height. However, no significant correlation was found between facial morphology and breathing pattern. Only correlative trends were found.