三种方法提取防风挥发油的气质联用成分分析

目的对3种不同方法提取的防风挥发油化学成分进行分析。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法（SD）、溶剂提取法（SX）、超临界CO2流体萃取法（SFE-CO2）提取防风挥发油,用气相-质谱（GC-MS）法对化学成分进行鉴定。结果水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油共鉴定了13种化学成分;溶剂提取法提取的挥发油共鉴定了18种化学成分;超临界CO2流体萃取法提取的挥发油共鉴定了21种化学成分。结论超临界CO2流体萃取法提取的挥发油更全面地反映药材中的化学成分。     

地枫皮,假地枫皮,大八角3种植物挥发油化学成分对比分析

本文用毛细管气相色谱、气相色谱／质谱／计算机等现代仪器分析技术，对地以、假地枫皮，大八角３种植物以挥发油化学成分进行了对比分析研究，用毛细管色谱从这３种植物挥发油中各分离出８０多个以上的组分，共确认了其中的４５种成分，所鉴定的 分均占各挥发油色谱总馏出锋面积的８０％以上。研究结果表明，这３种植物挥发油存在着较大的差异。     

Antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils from coniferous trees

Essential oils have potential biological effects, i.e., antibiotic, anticarcinogenic, and sedative effects during stress. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils extracted from the coniferous species Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Chamaecyparis obtusa, because their biological activities have not been yet elucidated. The essential oils were quantified using gas chromatography and identified in gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. Simultaneously, antibacterial and antifungal assays were performed using the essential oils distilled from the needles of coniferous trees. The major components and the percentage of each essential oil were: 19.33% beta-thujene in P. densiflora; 10.49% alpha-pinene in P. koraiensis; 10.88% bornyl acetate in C. obtusa. The essential oils from P. densiflora and C. obtusa have antibacterial effects, whereas essential oils from P. koraiensis and C. obtusa have antifungal effects. These results indicate that the essential oils from the three coniferous trees, which have mild antimicrobial properties, can inhibit the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi.     

Analysis of volatile oil composition of the peppers from different production areas

In the current study, the chemical constituents of the essential oils of the three peppers were determined by using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Experimental results revealed that qualitative and quantitative differences in chemical composition of the essential oils of the three peppers could be detected. The main constituents of three kinds of pepper essential oils were à-Pinene; Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-; 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-; β-Pinene; Limonen-6-ol, pivalate; (E)-3(10)-Caren-4-ol; and TRANS-CARYOPHYLLENE. Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-; isocaryophillene; and Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 14-hydroxy-3-oxo-, (5á)- were detected only in essential oil of black pepper from GuangDong province. 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-; Copaene; Eudesma-4(14),11-diene; and trans-9-Octadecenoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester were detected only in essential oil of black pepper from YunNan province. 1,2-Dihydropyridine, 1-(1-oxobutyl)-; and 1-Chloroeicosane were detected only in essential oil of black pepper from FuJian province. The results of this study indicated that the chemical compositions of pepper essential oils were greatly influenced by different production areas and its effective constituents might be considered as a potent source for the production of fine natural medicine.     

Effect of different terpene-containing essential oils on percutaneous absorption of trazodone hydrochloride through mouse epidermis

The aim of our study was to investigate the enhancing effect of several essential oils in the percutaneous absorption of trazodone hydrochloride (TZN). For this purpose, fennel oil, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, and mentha oil were applied on the skin membrane in three different ways: included in the transdermal device, as a pretreatment, or both. To investigate the effect of penetration enhancers used in this study on the percutaneous absorption of TZN through mouse epidermis, Keshary-Chien diffusion cells were employed. The receptor phase was constantly stirring saline phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. Results showed that pretreatment of skin with essential oils increases the flux values of TZN compared with the values obtained when the same essential oils were included in the transdermal devices. The percutaneous penetration flux for TZN was increased with skin pretreatment by 10% essential oils in the following order: fennel oil > eucalyptus oil > citronella oil > mentha oil. The amount of TZN retained in the skin after pretreatment with essential oils was found to be very similar in all cases and much higher than in the experiments without skin pretreatment.     

苗药大果木姜子果实挥发油化学成分研究

目的研究苗药大果木姜子果实挥发油的化学成分。方法采用水蒸汽蒸馏法从苗药大果木姜子果实中提取挥发油,用GC-MS法测定其化学成分和相对含量,用面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量。结果共鉴定了49个化学成分,占挥发油总量的55.45%,果实挥发油的产率为3.63%。结论主要成分为桉树脑(9.87%)、α-松油醇(6.69%)、龙脑(3.30%)、古巴烯(2.60%)、樟脑(2.45%)等。     

Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oils of Different Parts of Juniperus communis. subsp. hemisphaerica. and Juniperus oblonga.

Abstract

The essential oils of different parts of Juniperus communis. subsp. hemisphaerica. (Presl) Nyman (Cupressaceae) and Juniperus oblonga. M. B. were examined for their potential radical scavenging activity. The compositions of the essential oils of these plants were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by GC and GC-MS. The main components of the essential oils as well as positive controls were subjected to antioxidant testing. A rapid evaluation for antioxidants, using two TLC screening methods, showed that all tested oils and their main components have antioxidant activity. The abilities of the volatile oils to act as nonspecific donors for hydrogen atoms for electron were checked in the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In the DPPH assay, the strongest effect among the essential oils was measured for the oil of leaves of male J. communis. subsp. hemisphaerica. at a concentration of 4 µL/mL (24.0%) In the deoxyribose degradation assay, the essential oils, pure components, and positive controls were tested at different concentrations. Most of the tested compounds showed some antioxidant effects. The fruit oil of J. oblonga. has the strongest effect among the tested volatile oils.

The deoxyribose assay was modified in three different ways to assess whether the oils exhibited site-specific effects. The results of the current study, which demonstrate the DPPH scavenging activity of the essential oils of the of leaves of male J. communis. subsp. hemisphaerica. and the OH radical scavenging effects of the fruit oil of J. oblong. suggest the use of these two essential oils in very low concentrations for preserving food materials.     

25种精油对结核分支杆菌的体外药敏试验

通过体外试验,测试25种精油对结核分枝杆菌的最小抑菌浓度即MIC.选择常见的25种精油分别对结核分枝杆菌的标准菌株H37RV、临床药物敏感菌株和临床耐多药菌株,进行体外液态抑菌试验,根据药敏结果,判断精油对结核分枝杆菌的最小抑菌浓度即MIC.通过气态抑菌实验,检测精油气态抑菌MIC.液态抑菌试验结果表明,25种精油对结...     

Effect of Different Terpene-Containing Essential Oils on Percutaneous Absorption of Trazodone Hydrochloride Through Mouse Epidermis

The aim of our study was to investigate the enhancing effect of several essential oils in the percutaneous absorption of trazodone hydrochloride (TZN). For this purpose, fennel oil, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, and mentha oil were applied on the skin membrane in three different ways: included in the transdermal device, as a pretreatment, or both. To investigate the effect of penetration enhancers used in this study on the percutaneous absorption of TZN through mouse epidermis, Keshary-Chien diffusion cells were employed. The receptor phase was constantly stirring saline phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 at 37 ± 1°C. Results showed that pretreatment of skin with essential oils increases the flux values of TZN compared with the values obtained when the same essential oils were included in the transdermal devices. The percutaneous penetration flux for TZN was increased with skin pretreatment by 10% essential oils in the following order: fennel oil > eucalyptus oil > citronella oil > mentha oil. The amount of TZN retained in the skin after pretreatment with essential oils was found to be very similar in all cases and much higher than in the experiments without skin pretreatment.     

Comparative analysis of essential oil components in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae by GC-MS combined with chemometric resolution method

The similarities and differences of essential oil components in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (PCRV) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) were investigated by GC-MS combined with a chemometric method, named alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA). Furthermore, temperature-programmed retention indices (PTRIs) were used together with mass spectra for identification of the essential oil components. A total of 61 and 59 compounds in the essential oils of PCRV and PCR from three Citrus species were identified, which represented 98.15-99.66% and 97.6-99.84% of their total relative contents, respectively. The essential oils from PCRV and PCR significantly differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main compound in the essential oils from PCRV and PCR was d-limonene accounting for 65.61-83.14%. The comparative analysis indicates that AMWFA greatly enhanced the accuracy of quantitative and qualitative results by utilizing information from chromatography and mass spectra. The results obtained may be helpful to find out the possibly bioactive compounds of PCRV and PCR.     

Comparative analysis of essential oil components of three Phlomis species in Qinling Mountains of China

The essential oils of three wild-growing Phlomis species (Phlomis umbrosa Turcz., Phlomis megalantha Diels and Phlomis szechuanensis C.Y. Wu), collected from Qinling Mountains of China during the bloom stage, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Under the optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 22, 26 and 19 constituents (mainly aliphatic compounds) were identified in P. umbrosa, P. megalantha and P. szechuanensis which represented 92.5%, 96.3% and 93.1% of the oils, respectively. The main constituents were hexadecanoic acid (7.1-52.1%), trans-phytol (5.7-50.8%) and 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol (2.2-24.8%). Fatty acids and aliphatic esters were the major groups of P. umbrosa and P. megalantha, but P. szechuanensis showed higher content of alcohols. P. megalantha has relatively higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes than the others. The comparison of essential oil components of Phlomis species between the present and previous work indicated that the composition of oils vary greatly with respect to the geographical environment, mainly for the proportion of aliphatic compounds and terpenoids. This study is the first report on the chemical composition of essential oils of the three wild-growing herbs mentioned above.     

Screening of some essential oils for their activities on dermatophytes

Fifty-three essential oils were tested against three frequently occurring dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var.interdigitale, T. rubrum) by means of an agar dilution technique. The oils were selected at random and not on the basis of a supposed activity. A number of oils showed interesting activities, expressed as maximum inhibitory dilution values, against the dermatophytes used. At the highest dilution tested (1:3,200, vol/vol), one out of six oils was active againstT. mentagrophytes var.interdigitale, and one out of three to four oils was active against the other dermatophytes.     

In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei

The effect of different essential oils as well as of isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on the viability of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, promastigotes of Leishmania major and human HL-60 cells was evaluated using the Almar Blue assay. Of the 12 essential oils and 8 terpenes investigated, only three essential oils, Melissa officinalis (balmmint) oil, Thymus vulgaris (thyme) oil, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil were about 50-fold and 80-fold more toxic to bloodstream forms of T. brucei than to HL-60 cells, respectively. Terpinen-4-ol, the main compound of the Australian tea tree oil, was even 1000-fold more toxic to trypanosomes than to the human cells. On the other hand, none of the essential oils and terpenes tested were more toxic to promastigotes of L. major than to HL-60 cells.     

Miscellaneous contributions to the essential oils of plants from various territories. LI. On the components of essential oils of Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC

The essential oils of Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (Japanese name, Yabujirami) of the family Umbelliferae were prepared from fresh whole herbs and fruits, and investigated by using gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses. The fruits of this plant had been used as a substitute in Japan for a Chinese crude drug Zya-syo-si: Cnidii Monnieri Fructus. Fifty three components were positively identified in the essential oils. The main components of the essential oil were germacrene-D (57.9-71.8% in the oil), alpha-humulene (2.4-13.2%), bicyclogermacrene (1.9-5.4%), beta-caryophyllene (1.5-4.6%), and delta-cadinene (1.0-1.9%).     

Essential oils of petal,leaf and stem of the antimalarial plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis>

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from petals, leaves and stems of the flowering stage of plants of Artemisia annua cultivar Jwarharti was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS); 86, 77, and 63 compounds were identified in the leaf, petal, and stem oils, respectively. Large compositional differences were detected between the three oils. The petal and leaf oils were rich in monoterpenes. The stem oil was rich in sesquiterpenes. Camphor, present in the leaf oil, was absent from petal oil.     

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Salvia ringens

The essential oils of Salvia ringens (samples A and B), were analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. From the seventy-five identified constituents representing 99.82 and 99.86% of the oils, 1,8-cineole and alpha-pinene were the major components. Furthermore, sample B exhibited a very interesting antimicrobial profile after it was tested against six gram (+/-) bacteria and three pathogenic fungi.     

蜂胶挥发油化学成分分析

目的为进一步研究蜂胶提供参考。方法采用气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）法对乙醚索氏提取法和水蒸气蒸馏法所得蜂胶挥发油的化学成分进行分析、比较。结果两种提取方法所得蜂胶挥发油化学成分的种类比较接近。结论可初步判定索氏提取法为适用于蜂胶挥发油的提取方法。     

Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Hypericum helianthemoides. Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum scabrum

Context: A number Hypericum species are well known for their therapeutic efficacy and use in traditional medicine. The various species of Hypericum have been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds, eczema, burns, trauma, rheumatism, neuralgia, gastroenteritis, ulcers, hysteria, bedwetting and depression.

Objective: This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties of essential oils of Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss., Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum scabrum L. (Hypericaceae) collected from alpine region of Southwest Iran.

Materials and methods: The essential oils obtained from dried flowering aerial parts of three Hypericum species were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine chemical compositions. The antibacterial activity of essential oils within concentration ranges from 16 to 500?µg/mL was individually evaluated against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes. Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhimurium. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of essential oils was determined using DPPH assay.

Results: Essential oil yield of H. helianthemoides. H. scabrum and H. perforatum were 0.12, 0.20 and 0.21?mL/100?g dried material, respectively. The major constituents of the essential oils were α-pinene (12.52–49.96%), β-pinene (6.34–9.70%), (E)-β-ocimene (4.44–12.54%), β-caryophyllene (1.19–5.67%), and germacrene-D (2.34–6.92%). The essential oils of three Hypericum species indicated moderate-to-good inhibitory activities against four bacteria, especially against L. monocytogenes.

Discussion and conclusion: The essential oils of the three studied Hypericum species sourced in alpine region of West Iran were rich in monoterpene and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons. Among the three tested species, the essential oil of H. scabrum showed the highest antibacterial and antioxidant activities.     

蜡梅不同部位精油化学成分分析及其体外抑菌活性研究

目的 研究蜡梅Chimonanthus praecox（Linn.）Link根、叶、果皮中精油的化学组成及其抑菌活性。方法 采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对水蒸气蒸馏法提取的蜡梅根、叶、果皮精油进行成分分析,并分别采用肉汤二倍稀释法和菌丝生长法测试蜡梅不同部位精油对细菌和病原真菌的抑制活性。结果 鉴定了蜡梅根精油中的37种成分、蜡梅叶精油中的48种成分、蜡梅果皮精油中的38种成分,蜡酶不同部位精油中具有相同的化合物15种,分别占各部位精油总量的84.05%,36.83%,64.46%。抑菌实验结果表明蜡梅不同部位精油对受试菌均有不同强度的抑制作用。结论 蜡梅根精油对革兰氏阳性菌和病原真菌具有较强的抑菌活性,抑菌谱较广,且该精油含有多种生物活性成分,具有较高的药用价值及开发前景。     

Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of three Zingiberaceae from S.Tomé e Príncipe

The essential oil composition of three Zingiberaceae widely used as medicinal aromatic plants from S. Tomé and Príncipe: Aframomum danielli (Hook. f.) K. Schum., Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. was studied. Two samples of the essential oils from fruit of A. danielli and from rhizomes of the other two species, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC, GC-MS, and (13)C-NMR. The essential oil from fruits of A. danielli has been studied for the first time and was characterised by its high content of monoterpenes, with 1,8-cineole (25.5 - 34.4 %) the major constituent, followed by beta-pinene (14.1 - 15.2 %) and alpha-terpineol (9.9 - 12.1 %). Essential oils from the rhizomes of C. longa contained a lower content of ar-turmerone (4.0 - 12.8 %) than those reported in the literature for C. longa from other origins (24.7 - 31.4 %), whereas the results for Z. officinale essential oils were in accordance with the literature data. The essential oils of A. danielli and Z. officinale showed antimicrobial activity against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, as well as against yeasts and filamentous fungi, using the agar diffusion method.