Complete tear of the lateral meniscus posterior root is associated with meniscal extrusion in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between preoperative lateral meniscal extrusion (LME) and arthroscopic findings of lateral meniscus posterior root tear (LMPRT) in knees with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. Thirty‐five knees that had LMPRTs with concomitant ACL tears on arthroscopy were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups, partial and complete root tears, via arthroscopic findings at the time of ACL reconstruction. For comparison, we added two groups, using the same database; 20 normal knees (normal group) and 20 ACL‐injured knees without LM injury (intact LM group). We retrospectively measured preoperative LMEs using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty‐three knees had partial LMPRTs. Complete LMPRTs were observed in 12 knees. The average LME was ?0.1 ± 0.4 mm in the normal group, 0.2 ± 0.5 mm in the intact LM group, 0.4 ± 0.8 mm in the partial LMPRT group, and 2.0 ± 0.6 mm in the complete LMPRT group. A significant difference in preoperative LMEs was observed between the complete LMPRT group and the other groups (p < 0.001). The receiver operating curve analysis, which distinguishes a partial tear from a complete tear, identified an optimal cut‐off point of 1.1 mm for preoperative LME. This LME cut‐off had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 83% for complete LMPRT. We found that preoperative LMEs were larger in complete LMPRTs associated with ACL injuries than in partial LMPRTs. Our results suggest that preoperative MRI‐detected LME may be a useful indicator for estimating LMPRT severity in ACL‐injured knees. Level of evidence: Retrospective comparative study level IV. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1894–1900, 2018.

     

关节镜手术治疗前交叉韧带并半月板损伤

目的 探讨关节镜手术治疗前交叉韧带(ACL)合并半月板损伤的方法及疗效.方法 关节镜下对135例ACL合并半月板损伤患者行ACL重建,同时行半月板修复或半月板修整.结果 患者均获随访,时间3～12个月,术后未出现关节粘连、血管神经损伤等并发症,半月板修整患者均无交锁且回旋挤压试验阴性.半月板修复患者3个月时随访,回旋挤压试验阳性1例;12个月时随访,回旋挤压试验阳性3例,交锁1例,两者都有1例.Lysholm评分:手术前为(46.3±6.2)分,术后6个月为(73.4±7.6)分,术后12个月为(87.8±8.2)分,术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 ACL与半月板常同时损伤,手术前应作好ACL重建及半月板修复或修整准备,关节镜同期治疗ACL并半月板损伤可取得较好疗效.     

Abnormal lateral notch in knees with anterior cruciate ligament injury

We reviewed plain radiograms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries to determine the frequency of an abnormal lateral notch found in the lateral femoral condyle, and we investigated a possible mechanism for its occurrence by determining the relationship with associated injuries. We analyzed data for 216 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between 1993 and 1996, whose radiographic images of the contralateral knee were available. The numbers of male and female patients were 122 and 94, respectively, and their ages ranged from 14 to 47 years (average, 25 years). The abnormal notch visualized by lateral radiograph was found in 66 of 216 knees (30.6%) and was classified into three types. The type of abnormal notch seen most frequently (73%) was located at the same site as the notch on the contralateral side, but appeared deeper than normal. Knees with abnormal notches showed lateral meniscal injuries more frequently than those without such notches (P < 0.005). The abnormal notch was assumed to have formed at the time of injuries, after impingement of the lateral femoral condyle on the lateral tibial condyle. Cartilage damage at the abnormal notch should be carefully observed in the future. Received for publication on Aug. 14, 1998; accepted on Aug. 27, 1999     

Impact of Partial and complete rupture of anterior cruciate ligament on medial meniscus: A cadavaric study

Background:

The clinical relationship between medial meniscus tear and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture has been well documented. However, the mechanism of this clinical phenomenon is not exactly explained. Our aim is to investigate the biomechanical impact of partial and complete ACL rupture on different parts of medial meniscus.

Materials and Methods:

Twelve fresh human cadaveric knee specimens were divided into four groups: ACL intact (ACL-I), anteromedial bundle transection (AMB-T), posterolateral bundle transection (PLB-T), and ACL complete transection (ACL-T) group. Strain on the anterior horn, body part, and posterior horn of medial meniscus were measured under 200 N axial compressive tibial load at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion, respectively.

Results:

Compared with the control group (ACL-I), the ACL-T group had a higher strain on whole medial meniscus at 0°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. But at 30°, it had a higher strain on posterior horn of meniscus only. As to PLB-T group, strain on whole meniscus increased at full extension, while strain increased on posterior horn at 30° and on body of meniscus at 60°. However, AMB-T only brought about higher strain at 60° of flexion on body and posterior horn of meniscus.

Conclusions:

Similar to complete rupture, partial rupture of ACL can also trigger strain concentration on medial meniscus, especially posterior horn, which may be a more critical reason for meniscus injury associated with chronic ACL deficiency.     

Evaluation of the clinical signs of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries

Background:

The diagnostic accuracy of anterior drawer (AD) sign, Lachman test and the pivot shift test for anterior cruciate ligament injury and McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus is varied with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 2 to 100%. Generally, it is accepted that the pivot shift test is the most specific test to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and that the Lachman test is more sensitive than AD sign. This study was undertaken to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency for the above-mentioned diagnostic tests.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight male patients with clinical ACL injury were examined in the outpatient department and under anaesthesia, the findings were compared with arthroscopy.

Result:

The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test performed in the outpatient setting are 78.6 and 100%, 89.3 and 100%, and 75 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign, and pivot shift test performed under anesthesia are 92.9 and 100%, 92.9 and 100%, and 100 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus were 35.7 and 85.7% and 22.2 and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test are highly specific tests to diagnose ACL laxity in a non-acute setting; pivot shift test under anesthesia is the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing ACL laxity in a non-acute setting and the McMurray test is not a sensitive test to diagnose meniscal injury in the presence of ACL injury.     

前交叉韧带重建术胫骨端两种固定方法的比较

[目的]比较单独应用带鞘界面螺钉或联合运用带鞘界面螺钉与门型钉固定前交叉韧带胫骨骨道远端的临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析2014年1月~2016年8月71例接受前交叉韧带重建的患者。按胫骨固定方式分为两组,单螺钉组37例,采用单一带鞘界面螺钉固定胫骨侧;联合组34例,采用带鞘界面螺钉联合门型钉固定胫骨侧。比较两组围手术期、随访与影像资料。[结果]71例患者均成功接受手术,术中未出现神经和血管损伤。两组手术时间、住院时间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单螺钉组的住院费用稍低于联合组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组患者的Lachman试验、轴移试验均转为阴性。所有患者随访12~24个月,平均(14.13±2.54)个月。末次随访时,两组共71例患者中,除带联合组3例患者仍有跪地疼痛外,其他患者均无明显交锁、疼痛打软腿等症状,所有患者生活均可自理。末次随访时两组患者的Lachman试验、轴移试验结果、伸屈ROM、IKDC2000评分和Lysholm评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后影像学检查示两组患者膝关节骨道位置良好。[结论]单纯使用界面螺钉固定与联合使用界面螺钉与门型钉在术后膝关节功能、膝关节稳定性方面效果相当,然而,联合使用界面螺钉与门型钉可能与术后跪地疼痛有关。     

The all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a double socket approach

The all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique places an anterior ligament substitute within twobone sockets rather than true bone tunnels. This approach is accomplished through arthroscopy portals which avoids the surgical exposure and morbidity associated with creating traditional bone tunnels.     

Pseudoaneurysm of the superior lateral genicular artery following anterior cruciate ligament repair

Background: Pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of surgery of the knee. The pathogenesis of false aneurysm involves partial arterial laceration, which allows hemorrhage into surrounding soft tissues that confine it. Although most cases in literature described pseudoaneurysms after total knee arthroplasty, it can be associated with arthroscopic knee surgery too.

Methods: Here, we report an uncommon case of a false aneurysm of the superior lateral genicular artery following anterior cruciate ligament ligamentoplasty using an autograft semitendinosus-tendon.

Results: Three weeks after anterior cruciate ligament repair, a 25-year old man presented with a painful swelling on his right knee. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated a false aneurysm of the superior lateral genicular artery. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection was performed to exclude the pseudoaneurysm, and the patient recovered well.

Conclusion: Pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon complication of surgery or trauma of the knee. Although most cases in literature described pseudoaneurysms after total knee arthroplasty, it can be associated with arthroscopic knee surgery too. Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection can be a valuable treatment option.     

Criterion-based rehabilitation program after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Traditional rehabilitation protocols consist of a progression of exercises and functional activities based on timeframes that serve as strict guidelines for physical therapists and athletic trainers. Patients who have undergone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament are guided through the process via written schedule which often overlooks their ability to master basic functional activities, such as walking. Basic science and joint kinematics certainly cannot be ignored when designing a rehabilitation program. Understanding tissue healing and the effects of exercise of soft-tissue integrity can enable the physical therapist or athletic trainer to safely and efficiently restore function to each patient. A rehabilitation program guided by criteria achievement based on patient presentation, and with respect to the healing soft-tissue structures, may be a more effective and successful means of returning an athlete or worker to their desired activity.     

胫骨骨道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建的影响

[目的]探讨胫骨骨隧道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建术后临床疗效的影响.[方法]将60例前交叉韧带断裂患者随机分为对照组和观察组.对照组胫骨骨隧道内口采用外侧半月板游离缘的切线与前后髁间突连线的交点定位;观察组选择原前内侧束和后外侧束中间位置定位.术后矢状位MRI测量胫骨骨道位置、胫骨纵向位移、后交叉韧带指数、膝关节功能评分进行分析评价.[结果]对照组和观察组胫骨骨道分别位于胫骨平台全长的前(38.67±4.23)％和(34.21±2.46)％.胫骨纵向位移为(11.14±2.64)mm和(14.34±2.23)mm,上倾角为(56.2±4.3)°和(44.6±5.2)°,后交叉韧带指数为(3.97±0.45)和(4.78±0.78);两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).术后1年,对照组与观察组IKDC膝关节主观评分分别为(79.63±4.67)分和(89.76±5.21)分;Lysholm评分分别为(85.61±4.92)分和(92.54±3.22)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).[结论]前交叉韧带单束重建能使患者的关节稳定性与功能均得到显著改善.膝关节MRI测量可较客观、准确地反映胫骨的骨道定位情况.理想的胫骨骨道在矢状位MRI上位于胫骨平台的前(34.21±2.46)％.     

Total knee arthroplasty after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common, and many of these patients go on to ACL reconstruction. At a later date, some may develop symptomatic osteoarthritis and require total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This raises the question: Does prior ACL reconstruction have a deleterious impact on the outcome of knee arthroplasty? Thirty-six cases of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction and then TKA at a later date were retrospectively reviewed. A cohort of patients without ACL injuries who underwent TKA for the diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis were selected to serve as controls. The results of this study demonstrate that previous ACL reconstruction does not have a negative impact on the outcome of future TKA with respect to range of motion, outcome scores, infection, or patella baja.     

Image-guided reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

The replacement of the ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) of the knee is a biomechanically difficult task. The correct placement of the graft, especially the isometry of the tibial and femoral insertion points, is critically to the success of the procedure. However, during arthroscopy, the planning of the insertion points and accurate execution of the plan is difficult. This paper reports an X-ray based system for navigation of the ACL graft implant. The system integrates arthroscopy and intra-operative X-ray imaging to identify the correct insertion points of the graft. Furthermore, it allows testing the isometry of these points before drilling of the femoral and tibial tunnel, and guides the drilling itself.     

前交叉韧带断裂的关节镜下保留残端重建手术治疗

[目的]探讨关节镜下保留残端纤维前交叉韧带重建的手术方法及其与标准手术方法的疗效比较.[方法]回顾性分析采用关节镜技术重建前交叉韧带293例,其中ACL完全断裂253例,男187例,女66例,平均年龄28岁.2004年5月～ 2007年12月,采用标准重建技术对85例ACL完全断裂患者进行关节镜下ACL重建手术,2007年1月～2010年5月,采用保留残端技术对168例ACL完全断裂患者进行关节镜下ACL重建手术.[结果]在术后第12个月时有211例患者得到随访.Lachman试验:标准组患者术后阴性55例,弱阳性7例,阳性2例;保残组患者中132例阴性,10例弱阳性,阳性5例.采用两组比较秩和检验,P=0.438.通过Lysholm评分表对两组患者术前及术后患膝关节进行评分,标准组术后评分为90.84;保残组术后评分为92.09,两组评分相比,P=0.462.采用被动活动察觉阈值评估两组术后患膝本体感觉功能,标准组TTDPM(被动活动察觉阈值)为2.099°±0.159°,保残组TTDPM为1.683° ±0.218°,两组比较P=0.001,两组患者术后被动活动察觉阈值的差异具有统计学意义.[结论]保留残端纤维关节镜下前交叉韧带重建,术后患者膝关节本体感觉功能恢复更好.     

关节镜下双股半腱及股薄肌腱经双胫骨隧道解剖重建膝前交叉韧带

目的：介绍在关节镜下应用自体双股半腱和股薄肌腱(DLSTG)经双胫骨隧道解剖重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及术后随访结果。方法：在关节镜下对15例ACL断裂的患者行双胫骨隧道解剖重建：移植体股、胫骨端均采用近ACL解剖止点之Press-fit技术固定：结果：全部患者于术后6～8周恢复了正常的关节活动和行走步态：手术12～16周后恢复了低风险体育运动：术后1年，2名患者的Lachman试验Ⅰ度阳性；15名患者的IKDC评分为正常或接近正常；Tegner评分显示12名患者已恢复伤前运动水平；X线片示全部患者股骨、胫骨隧道无扩大：结论：关节镜下利用自体DLSTG及Press—fit固定技术施行双胫骨隧道的ACL解剖重建在技术上可行，并有利于伤膝功能的快速恢复。     

Outpatient endoscopic quadruplehamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

A new technique is presented for an endoscopic, quadruple, hamstring, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique. The technique involves the use of a quadrupled hamstring construct, blunt-threaded titanium screws, and a low medial portal. This simple technique, on the average, is performed in less than an hour. To date, more than 100 outpatient cases have been performed with good results. The results are measured by the self-assessment International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and K-T 1000 (Medmetric Corp, San Diego, CA) measurements.     

Arthroscopic one-piece reshaping for symptomatic discoid medial meniscus with anomalous amalgamating into anterior cruciate ligament

Discoid shapes of lateral menisci are relatively common finding, whereas discoid medial menisci are less common. Discoid medial meniscus with associated anomalous variants has been reported. However, symptomatic complex tear of complete type discoid medial meniscus with anomalous blending with anterior cruciate ligament is an extremely rare pathology. A 35-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with left knee pain and loss of terminal extension for 2 years. On physical examination, the patient presented with clicking and restriction during the extension motion of the knee joint. Magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy indicated complex tear of complete discoid medial meniscus in association with anomalous connection between entire apical portion of discoid medial meniscus and tibial insertion portion of the anterior cruciate ligament. We obtained a successful outcome with arthroscopic resection and shaping in one-piece method using no. 11 scalpel blade.     

Comparison between two rabbit models of posttraumatic osteoarthritis: A longitudinal tear in the medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament transection

Animal osteoarthritis (OA) models have been developed to understand OA progression and evaluate new OA therapies. However, individual variations in joint lesions remain a critical problem in most current OA models. We established a novel rabbit model by creating a longitudinal tear in the medial meniscus body that was reproducible and similar to posttraumatic biomechanical disturbances in human OA. New Zealand rabbits underwent surgery and were assessed for 9 weeks. The rabbits were randomized into the sham control, medial meniscal tear (MMT), and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) groups. The animals were sacrificed at 4, 6, and 9 weeks posttreatment. The knee joints were harvested for histological and gene expression assessments. Both the MMT and ACLT procedures led to time-dependent degenerative changes in the femoral condyle cartilage. At each time point, the MMT group cartilage showed more severe degenerative changes than did the ACLT group cartilage. Consistently, inflammatory cytokine and catabolic gene expression were significantly higher, and anabolic gene expression was significantly lower in the MMT group than in the ACLT group. MMT treatment caused more severe structural damage to the cartilage and higher catabolic gene expression levels than the ACLT model at each time point. The MMT model may be highly beneficial in investigating posttraumatic OA (PTOA) development, especially PTOA from a meniscal injury. The MMT model replicated key features of human PTOA, including meniscal lesions, inflammatory responses, and the progression to osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration, thereby providing an exciting new avenue for translating promising treatments to clinical practice.     

Trantibial anterior cruciate ligament double bundle reconstruction technique: two tibial bundle in one tibial tunnel

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) consists of two functional bundles that behave independently throughout the range of knee motion. Many two-bundle reconstruction techniques have been introduced to restore the function of the two bundles of the ACL. Generally, two femoral and two tibial tunnels are made during the surgery for a two-bundle ACL reconstruction. However, the procedure is technically demanding and time consuming. This paper describes one-tibial-two-femoral ACL double bundle reconstruction technique with a sextuple-stranded hamstring autograft. The anteromedial femoral tunnel is made using transtibial drilling technique and posterolateral femoral tunnel is made using outside-in technique. The two bundles in a single tibial tunnel are separated using biodegradable interference screw. Stable and adequate femoral fixation of the two bundles with a transtibial fixation and bioabsorbable screw can be obtained. This technique is relatively simple, and replicates the anatomy and differential behavior of the two native bundles of ACL more effectively.