Long proximal femoral nail in ipsilateral fractures proximal femur and shaft of femur

Background:

Ipsilateral fractures of the proximal femur and femoral shaft are extremely uncommon injuries which occur in young adults who sustain a high energy trauma. A variety of management modalities have been tried to treat this complex fracture pattern ranging from conservative approach to recently introduced reconstruction nails. All these approaches have their own difficulties. We studied the outcome of long proximal femoral nail (LPFN) in the management of concomitant ipsilateral fracture of the proximal femur and femoral shaft.

Materials and Methods:

We analysed the prospective data of 36 consecutive patients who had sustained a high energy trauma (30 closed fractures and 6 open shaft fractures) who had concomitant ipsilateral fractures of the femoral shaft associated with proximal femur fractures treated with LPFN between December 2005 and December 2011. The mean age was 39 years (range 28-64 years). Twenty nine males and seven females were enrolled for this study.

Results:

The patients were followed up at three, six, twelve, and eighteen months. The mean healing time for the neck fractures was 4.8 months and for the shaft fractures was 6.2 months. The greater trochanter was splintered and widened in two cases which eventually consolidated. Two patients had superficial infection, two patients had lateral migration of the screws with coxa vara which was due to severe osteoporosis detected during the followup. We had two cases of nonunion of shaft fracture and one case of nonunion of neck fracture. Two cases of avascular necrosis of femoral head were detected after 2 years of followup. No cases of implant failure were noted. Limb shortening of less than 2 cms was noted in four of our patients. The functional assessment system of Friedman and Wyman was used for evaluating the results. In our series 59.9% (n = 23) were rated as good, 30.6% (n = 11) as fair, and 5.5% (n = 2) as poor.

Conclusion:

Long PFN is a reliable option for concomitant ipsilateral diaphyseal and proximal femur fractures.     

国人股骨上段测量及其临床意义

目的　测量成年国人股骨上段参数 ,为股骨颈骨折内固定设计提供依据。方法　随机选取14 0例正常成人股骨标本 (左 77例、右 6 3例 ) ,测量颈干角、头颈前长、头颈轴长、颈上下缘长及颈最小横径等参数。结果　正常颈干角为 12 8 7°± 5 19° ,头颈前长 5 4 2cm± 0 6 2cm ,头颈轴长 9 37cm± 0 6 9cm ,颈最小横径 3 14cm± 0 32cm ,颈上缘长 1 82cm± 0 2 5cm ,颈下缘长 2 2 6cm± 0 30cm。参数间存在相关性 ,与西方人种有差异。结论　股骨颈骨折内固定物的设计须符合国人股骨上段的解剖特点 ,并利用颈上下缘的皮质骨的握持效应。     

Cemented endoprosthetic replacement for metastatic bone disease in the proximal femur

In long bones, the most common site for metastases is the proximal femur. For lesions involving this region, osteosynthetic devices frequently fail, and for this reason, endoprosthetic reconstruction may be the optimal choice for treatment. Here, we present a series of 44 patients in whom 45 endoprosthetic reconstructions were performed for metastatic disease. In 28 patients (63.63%), endoprosthetic reconstruction was performed for pathologic fractures, and in 16 patients (36.37%), it was performed for impending fractures indicated by complaints of pain and problems with walking. Full weight bearing was achieved in the early postoperative period in 72.09% of our patients, and sufficient pain control was obtained in all patients. Four patients did not survive past the first 72 hours after surgery, and 11 more patients died within 2 months after surgery. A total of 29 patients (65.9%) survived to the 2-month follow-up visit, and of these, only 12 patients (27.2%) survived past the first postoperative year. We believe that in patients with metastatic disease in the proximal femur, endoprosthetic reconstruction can provide early and stable fixation with pain reduction and good functional results.     

No Difference Between Hemiarthroplasty and Total Hip Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Pathologic Femoral Neck Fractures

BackgroundHemiarthroplasty (HA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been widely discussed as treatment options for displaced osteoporotic femoral neck fractures. Pathologic femoral neck fractures from primary or metastatic tumors are comparatively rare and poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes, complications, and perioperative survival for HA and THA in the treatment of pathologic femoral neck fractures of neoplastic etiology.MethodsA multicenter retrospective cohort study identified patients with pathologic femoral neck fractures treated with HA or THA from 2005 to 2018. Demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Charlson comorbidity index, Dorr classification, histopathologic diagnosis, and surgical data were compared. The primary outcome was reoperation. Secondary outcomes included 90-day mortality, estimated blood loss, length of stay, periprosthetic fracture, periprosthetic joint infection, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.ResultsThere were 116 patients with HA and 48 patients with THA, with no differences between groups with regard to American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Charlson comorbidity index, or Dorr classification. There were no differences between HA and THA in the primary outcome of reoperation (5.2% vs 4.2%, P = 1.00) or secondary outcomes of perioperative 90-day overall mortality (30.2% vs 25.0%, P = .51), estimated blood loss, transfusion rates, length of stay, discharge location, periprosthetic joint infection, periprosthetic fracture, or preoperative or postoperative Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.ConclusionsBoth HA and THA are viable options for the treatment of patients with pathologic femoral neck fractures and demonstrated no differences in reoperations, complications, perioperative 90-day mortality, or functional outcome scores.Level of EvidenceLevel III.     

髋关节肿瘤假体置换治疗股骨近端转移瘤疗效观察

目的 探讨髋关节肿瘤假体置换治疗股骨近端转移瘤的临床疗效.方法 采用髋关节肿瘤假体治疗24例股骨近端转移瘤患者,并对其治疗后肢体功能、生活质量进行评价分析.结果 24例患者安全度过围手术期；Karnofsky评分：术前平均为（36.25±17.98）分,术后6个月为（51.25 ±16.91）分,差异有统计学意义（t=8.8,P＜0.05）,术后患者生活质量明显改善.按照En-neking评分系统评估术后患肢功能,平均（24.04 ±3.02）分,优良率79.17％.随访期间无假体周围感染、松动及断裂事件发生.结论 肿瘤假体置换治疗股骨近端转移瘤可减轻患者疼痛、提高生活质量.     

股骨近端锁定钢板在粉碎性股骨转子下骨折中的应用

2007年3月～2011年1月,笔者应用股骨近端锁定钢板固定治疗股骨转子下粉碎性骨折25例,临床效果满意. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料 本组25例,男17例,女8例,年龄34～76岁.     

Co-existing ipsilateral subcapital and subtrochanteric fracture of the proximal femur

Background  Co-existing subcapital and subtrochanteric fracture on the same side of the hip is rare. We are not aware of a similar case reported in the literature. Case study  We present a rare case of co-existing ipsilateral subcapital and subtrochanteric fracture in a 67-year-old woman. The mechanism of injury was low energy. Therapeutic implication  The outcome of internal fixation using a Proximal Femoral Nail was satisfactory. This work was carried out in the Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, UK.     

Increase in the incidence of cervical and trochanteric fractures of the proximal femur in Niigata Prefecture, Japan

This study aimed to determine the incidence of cervical and trochanteric fractures of the proximal femur in 1994 in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and to compare this incidence with those previously reported in Niigata in 1985, 1987, and 1989. We visited all hospitals within Niigata Prefecture having an orthopedic department and reviewed the medical records and radiographs of all patients who sustained such fractures in 1994. The population of Niigata Prefecture was determined in 1994 to be 2 483 879 (1 205 151 males and 1 278 728 females). The population over 65 years of age was 428 795 (172 788 males and 256 007 females), representing 17.3% of the total population. In 1994, there were 1468 cervical or trochanteric fractures in 378 males and 1090 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1 : 2.9. The incidence of these fractures in persons over 65 years of age was 304 fractures per 100 000 population per year. Of 528 cervical and 940 trochanteric fractures, the latter accounted for 64% of the total number. The age-specific incidence of the fractures in Niigata exhibited an exponential increase with age, similar to those reported in Sweden and the United States. However, the incidence was lower than in those countries. When comparing the number of cervical and trochanteric fractures in 1994 with the numbers reported in 1985, 1987, and 1989, it is evident that the overall number and incidence of these fractures has been increasing over this period. Even if the difference of the age-specific population among these years is adjusted, the fractures have been increasing. Received: Dec. 27, 1996 / Accepted: Jan. 14, 1999     

重建钢板辅助股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子下骨折

目的探讨重建钢板辅助股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子下骨折的临床疗效。方法采用重建钢板辅助股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗14例股骨转子下骨折患者。末次随访时采用Harris功能评分评价疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~12个月。骨折愈合时间3~6个月。末次随访时根据Harris功能评分评价疗效:优10例,良3例,可1例,优良率为13/14。无髋内翻畸形、再次骨折、拉力螺钉切割股骨头及断钉发生。结论重建钢板辅助股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子下骨折可以达到坚强内固定,避免了内固定失效和骨折不愈合发生,术后疗效满意。     

Reverse distal femoral locking compression plate a salvage option in nonunion of proximal femoral fractures

Background:When primary fixation of proximal femoral fractures with implants fails, revision osteosynthesis may be challenging. Tracts of previous implants and remaining insufficient bone stock in the proximal femur pose unique problems for the treatment. Intramedullary implants like proximal femoral nail (PFN) or surface implants like Dynamic Condylar Screw (DCS) are few of the described implants for revision surgery. There is no evidence in the literature to choose one implant over the other. We used the reverse distal femur locking compression plate (LCP) of the contralateral side in such cases undergoing revision surgery. This implant has multiple options of fixation in proximal femur and its curvature along the length matches the anterior bow of the femur. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this implant in salvage situations.Results:All fractures exhibited union without any complications. Union was assessed clinically and radiologically. One case of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture required bone grafting at the second stage for delayed union of the femoral shaft fracture.Conclusions:Reverse distal femoral LCP of the contralateral side can be used as a salvage option for failed fixation of proximal femoral fractures exhibiting nonunion.     

利塞膦酸钠对非骨水泥型全髓关节置换术后早期股骨假体周围骨密度的影响

目的 探讨利塞膦酸钠对非骨水泥型全髋关节置换术后早期股骨假体周围骨密度的影响及治疗作用,以其为临床提供防止假体周围骨丢失和松动的预防措施和处理方法.方法 2011年3月～2012年5月于本院行非骨水泥型人工全髋关节置换术中符合纳入标准的患者共26例随机分成利塞膦酸钠组与对照组;试验组术后每日口服利塞膦酸钠5 mg+钙剂600 mg,而对照组仅服用钙剂600 mg;分别于术后1周、3、6个月测定股骨近端各感兴趣区(ROI)的骨密度.结果 获得完整病例24例,术后3、6个月各区骨密度均呈持续下降趋势,和对照组相比,术后3个月利塞膦酸钠组股骨假体(ROI1、ROI7)的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其余各测量区骨密度2组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与对照组相比,术后6个月利塞膦酸钠组股骨假体(ROI1、ROI7)的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其余各测量区骨密度2组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 利塞膦酸钠能够有效的减少非骨水泥型全髋关节置换术后假体周围的骨丢失,从而减缓假体松动,延长假体使用寿命.     

A comparative biomechanical study of proximal femoral nail (InterTAN) and proximal femoral nail antirotation for intertrochanteric fractures

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical strength of the cephalomedullary nail InterTAN in cases of intertrochanteric fractures with the commonly used PFNA.

Methods

Sixteen fresh specimens of the proximal femur were used as intertrochanteric fracture models and were fixed using two fixation devices: the new proximal femoral nail (InterTAN) and proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA). An intertrochanteric fracture was created in composite bone models. Each specimen was loaded to simulate single leg stance while stiffness, migration (cut out), compressive force across the fracture site, and distal fragment rotation were monitored. The different internal fixation methods were tested by an experimental press analysis.

Results

Results of tests for femoral strength, stiffness, stability, and bearing capacity demonstrated that the biomechanical function of InterTAN was better than that of PFNA (P < 0.05). Compared with the PFNA nail, InterTAN showed increased strength, stiffness, and resistance torque of 30 %, 15 %, and 27 %, respectively.

Conclusion

Comparison of the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures with InterTAN and PFNA internal fixation showed that the InterTAN yielded improvement relative to the PFNA. InterTAN has a firmer and biomechanically superior performance and is therefore an ideal internal fixation method for treating intertrochanteric fractures. Additional research in osteopenic bone is necessary to comprehensively characterize the effects of the design enhancements of these two implants.     

Cortical and trabecular bone in the femoral neck both contribute to proximal femur failure load prediction

Summary  We examined the contributions of femoral neck cortical and trabecular bone to proximal femur failure load. We found that trabecular bone mineral density explained a significant proportion of variance in failure load after accounting for total bone size and cortical bone mineral content or cortical area. Introduction  The relative contribution of femoral neck trabecular and cortical bone to proximal femur failure load is unclear. Objectives  Our primary objective was to determine whether trabecular bone mineral density (TbBMD) contributes to proximal femur failure load after accounting for total bone size and cortical bone content. Our secondary objective was to describe regional differences in the relationship among cortical bone, trabecular bone, and failure load within a cross-section of the femoral neck. Materials and methods  We imaged 36 human cadaveric proximal femora using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). We report total bone area (ToA), cortical area (CoA), cortical bone mineral content (CoBMC), and TbBMD measured in the femoral neck cross-section and eight 45° regions. The femora were loaded to failure. Results and observations  Trabecular bone mineral density explained a significant proportion of variance in failure load after accounting for ToA and then either CoBMC or CoA respectively. CoBMC contributed significantly to failure load in all regions of the femoral neck except the posterior region. TbBMD contributed significantly to failure load in all regions of the femoral neck except the inferoanterior, superoposterior, and the posterior regions. Conclusion  Both cortical and trabecular bone make significant contributions to failure load in ex vivo measures of bone strength.

External rotation during elevation of the arm

Background Knowledge about the pattern of rotation during arm elevation is necessary for a full understanding of shoulder function, and it is also useful for planning of rehabilitation protocols to restore range of motion in shoulders in disorder. However, there are insufficient in vivo data available.

Methods We investigated dynamic arm rotation during elevation in different planes using 30 shoulders in 15 healthy men (age range 21–33 years). Both arms were moved from neutral dependent position to maximum elevated position in 4 planes from laterally to anteriorly, and each dynamic course of motion was traced using a 3-dimensional motion capture system.

Results Patterns of rotation were categorized as being one of 2 types, depending on whether or not external rotation peaked before the arm reached the maximum elevated position. External rotation peaked at 122? (SD14) of abduction, then decreased according to the arm movement in the lateral planes, but increased gradually to maximum elevated position in the anterior planes. Mean maximal angles of external rotation (in degrees) during elevation were 27 (SD11), 13 (SD13), 3 (SD9), and 3 (SD5), from laterally to anteriorly.

Interpretation There were differences in rotational patterns, and more external rotation was needed to reach maximum elevation in lateral planes than in anterior planes.     

Subcapital Fractures of the Femur: Re-operations with Internal Fixation

Over a period of 5 years, 55 re-operations with internal fixation were performed on 51 patients. The re-operations constituted 9.2 per cent of all operations employing internal fixation for subcapital fractures of the femur during that period. The indications for re-nailing were penetration of die nail through the femoral head, or slipping of the nail, with or without dislocation of the fracture.

Only 26 per cent of the re-nailed fractures healed. Seventy-three per cent showed avascular necrosis and 61 per cent non-union.     

股骨近端锁定解剖钢板治疗老年股骨粗隆部骨折

目的探讨股骨近端锁定钢板内固定术治疗老年股骨粗隆部骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法应用股骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年股骨粗隆部骨折35例,年龄60～85岁,平均65.6岁。骨折类型:股骨颈基底部骨折4例;股骨粗隆间骨折25例,按Evans’s标准分型:I型4例,II型5例,III型12例,IV型4例;股骨粗隆下骨折6例。术中正规微创手术操作,术后正确的康复训练,积极抗骨质疏松治疗。结果术后随访时间6～24个月,平均10个月。疗效评定,术后6个月患髋Harris评分:优20例,良13例,中2例,差0例,优良率为94.3%。术后所有患者获得骨性愈合,愈合时间为3～10个月(平均4.5个月)。结论应用股骨近端锁定解剖钢板治疗老年股骨粗隆部骨折是一种较好的手术方法,疗效满意,可以有效提高老年患者术后的生活质量。     

Torsional strength estimates of femoral diaphyses with endosteal lytic lesions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study.

Pathologic fracture is a significant problem for individuals with metastatic bone disease. Current guidelines for prophylactic internal fixation are neither reliable nor easily applied. The purpose of this study was to validate dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as an accurate method for estimating torsional bone strength of diaphyseal bone with endosteal lytic lesions. Endosteal lesions of varying sizes were simulated in the diaphyses of 12 adult cadaveric femurs. Unaltered contralateral femurs served as matched controls. Machined lesions ranged from 3 to 6.5 cm in length, 1 to 3 cm in width, 15 to 48 cm(2) in elliptical area, with 10% to 100% removal of the cortical thickness. Morphology and density data obtained from DXA images were used to estimate torsional strength. All femora were mechanically tested to failure in torsion. Physically measured torsional strength was not significantly correlated to lesion elliptical area (r = 0.542, p > 0.05) or percentage cortical thickness removed (r = 0.257, p > 0.05). Measured torsional strength was significantly correlated to DXA-based torsional strength estimates (r = 0.855, p < 0.01). Lesion size alone did not correlate with the strength of bones with simulated endosteal lytic lesions. In contrast, calculations based on DXA (morphology, density) did correlate with torsional strength. This is the first step in the development of a DXA-based tool for objectively estimating bone strength in the presence of endosteal lytic lesions.     

Intracapsular fracture of the proximal femur——Operative versus nonoperative management

Taken together, these reports do not provide strong evidence in favor of either internal fixation or arthroplasty over the other relative to mortality in the treatment of intraeapsular fracture of the proximal femur. However, they do suggest a higher rate of reoperations in those receiving internal fixation compared with arthroplasty. Differing patient characteristics at baseline make direct comparisons difficult.     

牵引床仰卧位与非牵引床侧卧位PFNA手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折疗效比较

目的比较牵引床仰卧位与非牵引床侧卧位行股骨近端防旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2013年1月-2018年4月收治的符合选择标准的102例股骨粗隆间骨折老年患者,根据手术体位不同,将患者分为A组(50例,牵引床仰卧位行PFNA内固定治疗)和B组(52例,非牵引床侧卧位行PFNA内固定治疗)。两组患者年龄、性别、骨折侧别、致伤原因、骨折AO分型、合并症、受伤至手术时间等一般资料比较差异,均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。记录并比较两组患者术前准备时间、切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术中X线透视次数、骨折愈合时间及并发症发生情况;术后1年采用Harris髋关节评分标准评价手术疗效。结果A、B组间除切口长度比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.116,P=0.268)外,A组术前准备时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术中X线透视次数均显著大于B组(P<0.05)。两组患者均获随访,随访时间12~14个月,平均13个月。A、B组分别有3例出现术后并发症,其中A组有2例出现髋关节疼痛症状、1例出现伤口局限性脂肪液化(经换药后愈合),B组有2例出现髋关节疼痛症状、1例出现下肢深静脉血栓形成;两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.642)。两组患者骨折复位、内固定质量均良好,无主钉松动、断裂,螺旋刀片切割、退出及断钉等现象,无骨不连及髋内翻等并发症发生。X线片示两组骨折均愈合,愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.515,P=0.133)。术后1年两组患者髋关节Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.778,P=0.438)。结论与牵引床仰卧位比较,非牵引床侧卧位行PFNA内固定手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折,具有术前准备时间短、手术时间短、术中出血量少、X线透视次数少、术后恢复效果满意的优点。     

Fracture risk assessment and evaluation of femoroplasty in metastatic proximal femurs. An in vivo CT-based finite element study

The goal of this study was twofold. First, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a finite element (FE) model to predict bone fracture in cancer patients with proximal femoral bone metastases. Second, we evaluated whether femoroplasty could effectively reduce fracture risk. A total of 89 patients were included, with 101 proximal femurs affected with bone metastases. The accuracy of the model to predict fracture was evaluated by comparing the FE failure load, normalized for body weight, against the actual occurrence of fracture during a 6-month follow-up. Using a critical threshold, the model could identify whether femurs underwent fracture with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 66%. A virtual treatment with femoroplasty was simulated in a subset of 34 out of the 101 femurs; only femurs with one or more well-defined lytic lesions were considered eligible for femoroplasty. We modeled their lesions, as well as the surrounding 4 mm of trabecular bone, to be augmented with bone cement. The simulation of femoroplasty increased the median failure load of the FE model by 57% for lesions located in the head/neck of the femur. At this lesion location, all high risk femurs that had fractured during follow-up effectively moved from a failure load below the critical threshold to a value above. For lesions located in the trochanteric region, no definite improvement in failure load was found. Although additional validation studies are required, our results suggest that femoroplasty can effectively reduce fracture risk for several osteolytic lesions in the femoral head/neck.