广东处4个月婴儿生长状况与喂养模式调查

在广东省的城乡对７７７名４个月的婴儿进行了生长状况与喂养的现况调查，与ＷＨＯ推荐的ＮＣＨＳ体格生长标准比较，城市婴儿４个月时其其身长与体重的发育良好，而农村婴儿的身长和体重则低于参考标准，也低于同龄的城市婴儿。６４％城市婴儿和９９％的农村婴儿在４个月时仍喂母乳，７７％的城市婴儿和５９％的农村婴儿４个月前已经添加了辅助食品，辅助食品的种类有明显的城乡判别农村辅食质量次于城市。母乳喂养有利于城乡４个月     

5省农村与城市2938名婴幼儿喂养与体格发育关系的分析

本文对5省2938名3岁以下儿童的喂养、辅食添加情况与体格发育1年纵向观察进行综合分析。结果提示:目前城市母乳喂养率低而辅食添加情况却优于农村。城市母乳喂养的3个月婴儿体重与体重增长值高于混合喂养与人工喂养儿。农村因多数为母乳喂养,差别不显著。城市6～18个月婴儿辅食添加普遍,体格发育与辅食添加的关系不明显。农村婴儿在6～18个月阶段,体重及体重6个月增长值与蛋白类辅食的添加关系较为突出。     

5省农村与城市2938名婴幼儿喂养与体格发育关系的分析

本文对５省２９３８名３岁以下儿童的喂养、辅食添加情况与体格发育１件纵向观察进行综合分析。结果提示，目前城市母乳养率低而辅食添加情况却优于农村。城市母乳喂养的３个月婴儿体重与体重增长值高地混合喂养与人工喂养儿。农村因多数为母乳喂养，差别不显著。城市６－１８个月婴儿辅食添加普遍，体格发育与畏食添加的关系不明显。农村婴儿在６－１８个月阶段，体重及体重６个月增长值与蛋白类辅食的添国关系为突出。     

婴幼儿合理喂养的生理学研究进展

全世界每年有1090万名5岁以下儿童死亡，其中60％直接或间接地由营养不良造成，这些死亡的2／3以上通常与生命第一年不适当的喂养方法有关。2002年的营养调查报告显示，中国纯母乳喂养还没有完全普及，0～4个月婴儿母乳喂养率为71．6％，而且城市低于农村；过早添加辅食与添加不及时同时存在，出生后4个月以内婴儿添加辅食率为30．4％，6到8个月的婴儿还有22．1％未添加辅食。     

南京城区婴儿辅食添加指导研究

【目的】通过对家长或抚养人进行针对性辅食添加指导,改善添加辅食的质量,对辅食添加指导满1岁婴儿的干预效果进行评估。【方法】儿保医生对干预组婴儿在出生4、5、6、8、10和12个月时进行喂养情况调查、24 h膳食回顾调查,计算摄入辅食的能量与营养素摄入量。根据婴儿辅食添加的情况,给予家长应添辅食种类、量、次数和喂养行为的指导。【结果】两组婴儿在出生和6个月时的体重、身长和头围无明显差异,12个月时干预组婴儿平均身长明显高于对照组及1995年九市城市男童身长评价标准的均数水平,而对照组低于均数水平。6个月时干预组婴儿血红蛋白明显高于对照组,12个月时两组婴儿的血红蛋白、血清铁蛋白和血清锌水平无差异,但干预组血清维生素A水平明显高于对照组。干预组和对照组婴儿1岁时膳食中热能和蛋白质摄入均高于每日推荐膳食供给量(RDA),且干预组明显高于对照组;干预组维生素A、维生素B1摄入达到RDA的80%以上,对照组低于RDA的80%;干预组维生素B2、维生素C、钙摄入明显高于对照组。【结论】城市婴儿定期健康检查,家长已具有较好的喂养知识和方法,为了保证婴儿健康生长,对婴儿进行膳食调查、营养计算及针对性辅食添加指导,是改善添加辅食质量的有效方法。     

适时添加辅食对母乳喂养婴儿体内铁状况的影响

为了评价在婴儿６个月前添加辅食的作用,作者将１６４个纯母乳喂养４个月的婴儿随机分成两组,一组继续以纯母乳喂养（纯母乳喂养组）,一组在母乳喂养的同时给予强化铁的辅食（母乳＋辅食组）。六个月时,母乳＋辅食组的婴儿铁平均摄入量（４ｍｇ／ｄ）远大于纯母乳组（...     

河北唐县4～8月龄婴儿贫血状况分析

１９９８年３月对唐县４～８个月龄农村婴儿进行了营养状况调查。调查结果显示,这一年龄组婴儿贫血发病率高达３７－５％,现报告如下。对象和方法　（１）调查对象：在唐县选择生活习惯相同,经济水平接近的相邻的４个乡,整群抽样,４～８个月龄婴儿２６７名。（２）内容与方法：喂养调查（包括喂养方式、是否断奶、添加辅食月龄、添加辅食种类）、体格测量（包括身长、体重）、血红蛋白测定、疾病调查。（３）评价标准：月龄别的身高、体重按世界卫生组织推荐参考值评价,贫血的诊断按ＷＨＯ１９７２年推荐标准以血红蛋白低于１１０ｇ／…     

1998年中国4个月以内婴儿纯母乳喂养与生长发育

重点分析了中国城市与农村4个月以内婴儿纯母乳喂养情况及其与婴儿生长发育及疾病的关系。资料来源于1998年全国40个食物与营养监测点现场调查,通过分析表明中国4个月以内婴儿纯母乳喂养率城市为53．7％,一般农村为76．6％,较贫困农村为64．6％。生长迟缓婴儿的纯母乳喂养率为57．7％,显著低于身长正常的儿童73．04％。4个月以内采用纯母乳喂养的婴儿比非纯母乳喂养的婴儿体重平均重0．36kg,身长平均高1．2cm,WAZ值高0．4,HAZ高0．53,相差显著。同时,纯母乳喂养的婴儿腹泻患病率显著低于非纯母乳喂养的婴儿,两者相差15．9个百分点。通过Logistic回归分析显示,非纯母乳喂养的婴儿发生生长迟缓的危险度为纯母乳喂养的婴儿的2．19倍（OR＝2．19）,发生腹泻的危险度为2．74倍（OR＝2．74）。     

中国较贫困农村婴幼儿喂养方式及其与生长发育的关系

对１９８５～１９８９年７省１８个乡较贫困农村婴幼儿喂养方式、生长发育监测结果进行分析。４月龄时母乳喂养率为７４．８％，混合喂养率为２２．０％。农村儿童平均断奶年龄为１８．２月，混合喂养儿的断奶年龄较母乳喂养儿早３个月。４个月时母乳喂养儿的身长、体重及血红蛋白水平高于混合喂养儿，混合喂养儿又高于人工喂养儿。低体重和低矮儿童发生率也是母乳喂养组低于混合喂养组及人工喂养组，差别极显著。因此鼓励提倡母乳喂养是农村改善儿童营养状况的有效途径之一。     

婴幼儿辅食添加与生长发育关系的研究进展

婴幼儿期是体格生长和智力发育的关键期。随着婴幼儿的生长，母乳中的营养物质逐渐不能满足婴儿的生长需要，所以当母乳喂养的婴儿生长到4个月以后就应该开始添加辅助食品，以补充婴幼儿生长发育所需的各种营养素。笔者就辅食添加的时间、质量、原则与婴幼儿生长发育的关系进行综述。     

Growth and feeding practices of 4 and 8 months infants in Southern China

A cross-sectional study was conducted to observe the growth and feeding practices of infants in Southern China. The study comprised 758 infants at 4 (n = 383) and 8 (n = 375) months of age in Guangzhou City, and 398 infants at 4 months of age in the rural areas of Guangdong Province. Anthropometrics and feeding information were obtained. In the city, the mean Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) of the infants were above the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference median at 4 months. By 8 months, WAZ and WHZ, but not HAZ scores, were below the NCHS reference median (p < 0.05). Rural infants were lighter and shorter than the NCHS reference at 4 months (p < 0.05). Prevalence of breast feeding was 65% at 4 months and 44% at 8 months for urban infants, but 99% of the rural infants were breastfed at 4 months. Rural infants were fed less commercial baby cereals, high-protein foods, and fruits, but more homemade cereals than urban infants. The attained size of the 4 months old urban infants was positively associated with the exposure loads of breast milk, fruits, and vitamin supplements, but negatively associated with formula, rice porridge, and glucose drinks. Body weight of the 4-month rural infants was negatively associated with the exposure loads of formula and glucose drinks. By 8 months, the growth of the urban infants was associated positively with the exposure loads of fruits, high-protein foods, and vitamins supplements, but negatively with home made cereals and Chinese herbs. Improved feeding practices, including the usage of appropriate weaning and complementary foods, are needed for optimal growth of both urban and rural infants.     

Growth pattern of exclusively breast-fed infants during the first six months of life in Ile-Ife,Osun State,Nigeria

Several studies to determine the growth pattern of exclusively breast fed infants have provided varying conclusions as to the sufficiency of breast milk alone to support adequate growth for the first six months of life. Disagreement exists concerning the optimal timing of introduction of complementary foods to exclusively breast fed infants. This prospective study thus examined the adequacy of breast milk alone to support normal growth during the first six months of life in our environment. The overall objective was to propose a scientifically sound national recommendation on the appropriate timing for the introduction of complementary feeding in Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty-two mother/infant pairs were serially recruited into the study; all babies were aged 14 days or less and weighed 2.5 kg and above. Three hundred and forty-five (98%) were successfully followed up till the infants were six months old. By six months, 264 (76.5%) were exclusively breast-fed, while 81 (23.5%) had commenced complementary feeding. Growth curves of exclusively breast-fed infants showed increasing weight from birth to six months. Although the 50th percentile birth weight for both boys and girls were the same (3.2 kg), boys gained weight faster than the girls from the age of one month to six months and were heavier at six months. Additionally, the 50th percentile curves of these infants (both genders) for the first six months were above the 50th percentile curve of the World Health Organisation and National Centre for Health Statistics (WHO/NCHS) reference currently used on our national "road to health" (growth monitoring) cards. It was concluded that exclusive breast-feeding supported adequate growth during the first six months of life for most of the children studied and that our national recommendation that infants be introduced to complementary feeding at six months is appropriate.     

昆明市6～24月龄婴幼儿早期喂养状况城乡比较研究

目的通过调查了解并比较昆明市城、乡6~24月龄婴幼儿出生早期喂养状况,分析存在的问题,为改善昆明市婴幼儿营养状况提供科学依据。方法以昆明市城、乡6~24月龄婴幼儿作为研究对象,采用自制的调查表进行横断面问卷调查。结果昆明市城、乡6~24月龄婴幼儿早期喂养问题突出,且城乡差异显著。1)6月龄纯母乳喂养率较低,城、乡分别为42.1%和57.0%;2)婴儿出生后开奶时间晚,城、乡分别有44.2%和57%的婴幼儿开奶时间超过出生后24h;3)婴幼儿出生后第一口食物是母乳的比例很低,城、乡分别为22.5%和10.9%;4)出生后婴儿吃的第一口食物主要是配方奶粉(城市占43.8%)和糖水(农村占49%);5)过早(≤4月龄)添加辅食现象普遍,且城市早于农村等。结论昆明市婴幼儿早期喂养问题不容忽视,尤其是农村地区。及时、准确、全面地对喂养人进行营养健康教育的工作迫在眉睫。     

Breast and complementary feeding practices in relation to morbidity and growth in Malawian infants

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare growth, morbidity incidence and risk factors for undernutrition between infants receiving complementary feeding early, before 3 months of age, with those receiving complementary foods after 3 months in a poor rural Malawian community. METHODS: A cohort of babies was enrolled at birth for follow-up to 12 months of age. Weight, length, morbidity and feeding patterns were recorded at 4 weekly intervals from birth to 52 weeks. RESULTS: Mean age at introduction of water was 2.5 months (range 0-11.8), complementary foods 3.4 months (range, 1.0-10.7) and solids 4.5 months (range 1.2-13.8). Over 40% of infants had received complementary foods by 2 months and 65% by 3 months. The proportion of exclusively breast-fed infants, which included those receiving supplemental water, was 13% at 4 months, 6.3% at 5 months and 1.5% at 6 months. Infants with early complementary feeding had lower weight for age at 3 and 6 months (P<0.05), and at 9 months (P=0.07) and at 2 months they were approximately 200 g lighter. Early complementary feeding was significantly associated with increased risk for respiratory infection (P<0.05), and marginally increased risk for eye infection and episodes of malaria. Maternal illiteracy was associated with early complementary feeding (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.3, 3.2), while later complementary feeding was associated with reduced infant morbidity and improved growth. CONCLUSION: Breast-feeding promotion programmes should target illiterate women. Greater emphasis is required to improve complementary feeding practices.     

Prolonged breast feeding related to later solid food acceptance

Summary 132 full-term healthy infants were studied for the first 18 months of life and parents were interviewed regarding their child's acceptance of solid foods. Results indicate that infants breast fed for less than 3 months showed a better acceptance of solid foods at 18 months than those breast fed for 6 months or more. It would appear that prolonged breast feeding increases resistance to weaning, and that later feeding problems can be reduced if chewable foods are introduced at an appropriate age.     

广州城郊婴儿出生及喂养情况调查

目的:了解目前广州市城、郊区婴儿出生及喂养情况,找出婴儿喂养存在的问题及影响因素。方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取广州市越秀区和白云区郊区共2 040名42天以上、1岁以内婴儿及其母亲作为调查对象,逐一进行面对面问卷调查。结果:广州市城、郊区低出生体重儿、巨大儿和早产儿发生率分别为3.75%、4.20%和6.13%,城区显著高于郊区(P<0.01)。婴儿4个月内母乳喂养率为41.99%,城、郊区差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);出生后4个月内添加辅食的比例是29.34%,4～6个月为70.28%。Logistic回归分析显示,影响喂养行为的主要因素有乳汁分泌量、分娩方式、母亲年龄、地域、母亲文化程度和家庭年收入等。结论:广州城、郊区婴儿喂养方式仍存在很多不合理现象,应根据人群不同特点有针对性地开展健康教育,普及营养知识和科学育儿观念,提高母乳喂养率,并适时合理地添加辅食,以促进婴儿生长发育。     

Milk feeding and dietary patterns predict weight and fat gains in infancy

Current guidelines recommend that infants are exclusively breast fed for the first 6 months of life, with particular solid foods being gradually introduced from 6 months. Our objective was to compare the growth of infants whose feeding most closely followed current guidelines with the growth of infants with other feeding practices. Participants were 1740 infants in a prospective cohort study in Southampton, UK. At 6 and 12 months, infants’ milk feeding was recorded, diets assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), and anthropometry performed. Principal components analysis was used to identify patterns of foods in the diet using the food intakes assessed by the FFQs. Two patterns (‘infant guidelines’ and ‘adult foods’) explained most variance in infant diet at 6 and 12 months of age. The main outcomes were conditional growth in weight, length and skinfold thickness from 0–6 and 6–12 months. Infants who were breast fed from 0–6 months gained weight, length and adiposity more slowly than formula‐fed infants, independent of age at introduction of solids and maternal factors: compared with infants who were breast fed from 0–6 months, formula‐fed infants gained 0.21 standard deviation scores (SDS) in weight [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00, 0.42]. Infants whose dietary pattern was most similar to current feeding guidelines, with high frequencies of fresh fruit and vegetables, home‐prepared foods and breast milk, gained weight and skinfold thickness more rapidly from 6 to 12 months than other infants, independent of milk feeding, age at introduction of solids and maternal factors. Compared with infants in the lowest quarter, infants in the highest ‘infant guidelines’ score quarter gained 0.24 SDS [95% CI 0.06, 0.43] in weight and 0.26 SDS [95% CI 0.07, 0.45] in skinfold thickness. Conversely, infants whose diets had the highest frequencies of breads and processed foods gained weight less rapidly from 6 to 12 months than other infants. The extent to which the patterns of diet and growth we have described will influence the current or later health of infants is unknown. We are following up the infants in this study to assess the impact of these patterns beyond the first year of life. These associations should also be examined in other settings and populations.     

北京市高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养情况分析

目的 了解北京市朝阳区高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养现状,分析该地区婴儿喂养中存在的问题。方法 采用横断面调查,使用联合国儿童基金会标准化问卷,对北京市朝阳区高碑店地区529名9月龄婴儿的喂养情况进行调查,分析世界卫生组织(WHO)2008年版《婴幼儿喂养评估指标》中的8个指标。结果 调查地区早开奶率为64.9%,9个月时持续母乳喂养率为92.5%,适龄喂养率(即6个月以下进行纯母乳喂养,6~9月的婴儿在母乳喂养的同时添加辅食)为75.0%,辅食添加种类合格率为64.1%,但9月龄母乳喂养婴儿辅食添加频率合格率仅为17.6%,且辅食合理添加率仅为14.2%。结论 调查地区婴儿中母乳喂养情况较好,但存在适龄喂养率较低及辅食种类和辅食添加频率偏少的问题,应引起重视。     

Breast feeding and weaning practices of urban housewives in Srinagar

Researchers interviewed 125 mothers in Srinagar, India about breast feeding and weaning practices. Overall the mothers were generally illiterate (52%), housewives (67.2%), Muslim (76%), and from a nuclear family (56%). 39% were in the low income group. Most of the children (48%) ranged for 6-12 months old. 96% of the children had been breast fed. Some of the reasons for breast feeding included nutritional quality, economical, pleased the mother, and made the infant feel secure. 65.8% breast fed their infants on demand. 65.7% weaned their infants between 7-9 months yet 52% believed breast feeding should continue to 18 months. 96% breast fed their infants while ill with diarrhea. 57% believed colostrum to be unhygienic and did not feed it to their infants. 72% decided to breast feed before becoming pregnant while 36% decided to bottle feed before pregnancy. 89% of illiterate mothers breast fed while only 45% of literate mothers did. Further, only 11.8% of the mothers whose family income was 1500 rupees/month breast fed whereas 47% in the lower and 41.2% in the middle income groups did. At 7-9 months, 69.8% of illiterate and 69.5% of literate mothers had already introduced semi solid foods. 78.3% of literate mothers gave semi solid foods to their infants 2 times/day, but only 11.6% of the illiterate mothers did so. Moreover 81.4% of illiterate mothers only fed their infants semi solid foods once a day. Literate mothers were more likely than literate mothers to feed their infants solid foods (75% vs. 46.2%), introduce them at an earlier age (22.2% vs 10%, 7-9 months), and feed them more often (55.5% vs 16.6%; twice a day). In conclusion, the higher the educational status the more likely mothers were likely to breast feed.     

辅食添加时间对婴儿生长发育和营养状况的影响

为了解城市婴儿辅食添加的种类、质量及其对生长发育和营养状况的影响，对合肥市４２３名１２月龄婴儿各类辅食添加的时间进行了调查，并测量了他们的身高、体重、胸围和Ｈｂ含量。结果表明，在０～４月龄添加蛋类、水果类和乳类的婴儿较多，而在５～８月龄添加肉类、蔬菜类、豆类和粮谷类的较多。虽然各类辅食添加的顺序较合理，但开始添加的时间较早，在０～４月龄添加蛋类、乳类、蔬菜、水果、谷类的婴儿均占被调查婴儿的３０％以