单纯性肥胖儿童血脂及内皮素检测与分析

【目的】对不同程度单纯性肥胖儿童的血脂成份、内皮素(ET)结合临床进行分析,探讨单纯性肥胖儿童血脂和ET的变化及临床意义。【方法】选择单纯性肥胖儿童50例和对照组儿童42例,对两组儿童进行临床检查和血总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、ET的检测。【结果】①单纯性肥胖组与对照组比较,体质指数(BMI)、血压(BP)均增高,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);②单纯性肥胖组血清TC,TG,LDL,ET较对照组各项均增高,差异有显著性,且增高程度与BMI呈正相关;HDL水平两组比较差异无显著性。【结论】单纯性肥胖儿童存在血脂代谢紊乱,血清TC,TG,LDL和ET水平均升高,应对单纯性肥胖儿童进行早期干预,从儿童时期开始预防动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病。     

27例单纯性肥胖儿童血清Leptin检测结果分析

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童血清瘦素(Leptin)、血脂水平及其相互关系。方法用放免法检测27例肥胖儿童和27例健康儿童的血清Leptin、血总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)。结果肥胖儿童血清Leptin、TC、TG、LDL水平均显著高于健康对照组(P均<0.01);Leptin升高的水平与肥胖程度成正比。结论单纯性肥胖儿童存在瘦素抵抗,瘦素抵抗可能在肥胖的发生发展中起重要作用;TG与Leptin相关。     

单纯性肥胖症学龄前儿童生化指标病例对照分析

【目的】为了解天津市学龄前正常健康儿童与单纯性肥胖症儿童的血糖、血脂、尿酸水平及相关性，并以此为依据为肥胖儿童制定相应治疗措施及干预方法。【方法】采集全部筛选出的单纯性肥胖儿童和随机抽取的正常儿童的清晨空腹末梢指血0．5ml，离心后分离血清测定总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C），动脉硬化指数（AI），血糖（GLU），尿酸（UA）。【结果】肥胖儿童GLU、TG、LDDC、UA水平高于对照组儿童，HDL—C低于对照组儿童，其中TG、UA水平随肥胖度的增加而增加，HDL—C水平随肥胖度的增加而降低，肥胖男童的GLU、HDL—C水平高于女童，差异有显著性；GLU还呈现出随年龄增长而增加的趋势。肥胖组儿童的GLU、TG，HDL-C、LDL—C、UA异常率高于对照组儿童。【结论】肥胖组儿童患冠心病、Ⅱ型糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症的危险性高于对照组儿童，TG、HDL—C和UA能很好地预测这种危险性。     

儿童单纯性肥胖血脂、脂蛋白及血糖浓度变化

【目的】　通过研究儿童单纯性肥胖症血脂、脂蛋白及血糖浓度变化 ,为儿童单纯性肥胖症的防治工作提供依据。　【方法】　对 5 0名单纯性肥胖儿童和 5 0名对照儿童进行血脂、脂蛋白及血糖浓度测定。　【结果】　肥胖组儿童甘油三酯 (TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)却低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。肥胖组与对照组血清总胆固醇 (TC)浓度差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。血糖浓度依肥胖程度不同与对照组差异不同 ,轻、中度肥胖血糖浓度与对照组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,重度肥胖血糖浓度显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。　【结论】　单纯性肥胖儿童出现脂质及糖代谢紊乱     

肥胖儿童体液免疫功能及其相关因素分析

【目的】探讨单纯性肥胖症儿童的体液免疫功能及可能的影响因素。【方法】对符合诊断标准的40例单纯性肥胖儿童测定其腹围、身高、体重,计算体质指数(body mass index,BMI)。运用散射比浊法测定其免疫球蛋白IgG、IgAI、gMI、gE及补体C3、C4,同时测定空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素与30例正常儿童相比较,并调查一些相关因素。【结果】肥胖组的IgG、补体C3值明显低于正常儿童,并与肥胖儿童的血甘油三酯(TG)、BMI、腹围、肥胖年数、胰岛素抵抗指数(HO-MA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能指数(HBCI)密切相关。经多因素回归分析,影响体液免疫功能的因素有肥胖年数、BMI、血脂等因素。【结论】单纯性肥胖症患儿存在体液免疫功能受损。免疫功能受损与肥胖体块指数、血脂及肥胖年数有关。     

单纯性肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平与血糖及血脂变化的关系

目的 研究单纯性肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平与血糖、胰岛素抵抗及血脂异常的关系。方法 采用放射免疫分析法、酶法对42对7-10岁肥胖及健康对照儿童进行血清瘦素、胰岛素水平及血糖、血脂水平的测定。结果 肥胖及对照儿童瘦素水平分别为2．74-45．125μg/L和0．53-10．18μg/L,经对数转换后肥胖组平均水平非常显著高于体重正常组。血清瘦素水平与体重指数(BMI)、腰臀围比(WHR)及体脂百分比均呈显著正相关关系。83％的肥胖儿童有瘦素抵抗,肥胖瘦素敏感组与体重正常组的血糖、胰岛素及血脂水平均差异无显著性,而肥胖瘦素抵抗组总胆固醇、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及胰岛素水平均显著高于体重正常组,肥胖瘦素敏感与瘦素抵抗儿童年龄、性别分布及BMI、WHR的差异无显著性,但瘦素抵抗组TG显著高于瘦素敏感组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著低于瘦素敏感组。结论 肥胖儿童即存在瘦素抵抗,瘦素抵抗与代谢综合征及心血管疾病的危险因素密切相关,可作为筛查高危肥胖儿童的有用指标。     

血清瘦素与青春期肥胖儿童高血压的相关性研究

【目的】探讨血清瘦素浓度与青春期肥胖儿童高血压的关系。【方法】测定32例肥胖高血压患儿、31例单纯性肥胖患儿和34例健康自愿者的空腹血清瘦素浓度、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、腰围,计算体质指数(bodymass index,BMI)和平均动脉压(MAP),采用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA法)测定血清瘦素相对浓度,分析瘦素与上述各项参数的相关性。【结果】①肥胖高血压组和单纯性肥胖组血清瘦素浓度显著高于正常组(P<0.05),肥胖高血压组血清瘦素浓度高于单纯性肥胖组(P<0.05);②正常组、单纯性肥胖组和肥胖高血压组女童的血清瘦素浓度均分别显著高于同组男童(P<0.05);③瘦素与BMI、SBP、DBP和腰围呈正相关性。【结论】肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平升高,且血清瘦素水平与血压之间有相关关系,推测血清瘦素可能参与了青春期肥胖儿童高血压的发生发展过程。     

单纯性肥胖儿童载脂蛋白E基因多态性的频率分布及其对血脂的影响研究

【目的】 探讨单纯性肥胖儿童载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E, ApoE)基因多态性的频率分布及对其血脂谱水平的影响。 【方法】 采用基因测序方法对100例单纯性肥胖儿童及100例正常对照组儿童进行ApoE基因多态性测定,另外抽取空腹静脉血作甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL)、载脂蛋白A(apolipoprotein A, ApoA)、载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B, ApoB)检测,观察不同基因型和等位基因的分布情况,并与血脂的相关性进行分析。 【结果】 基因型E3/3频率分布最高,在70%之上,而含E3的杂合子(E2/3和E3/4)居中,二者之和超过20%,E2/2和E4/4表型的频率最低;与对照组比较,实验组肥胖儿童E2型等位基因有较高水平的TG(P＜0.05),E3型有较高的TG、TC、LDL水平和较低HDL、ApoA水平(P＜0.01),E4型有较高的TG、AopB水平和较低的HDL、ApoA水平(P＜0.05);肥胖组儿童中,与E3相比较,E4具有较高的TG、ApoB值和较低的HDL值,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而E2具有较低的TC、LDL和ApoB水平,但是差异无统计学意义;携带不同等位基因的肥胖儿童的血脂异常率为E4＞E3＞E2(P＜0.01)。 【结论】 ApoE3/3是分布频率最高的基因型,ApoE4等位基因是血脂异常的风险基因之一,与肥胖儿童的血脂异常存在显著相关性。     

单纯性肥胖儿童瘦素、胰岛素及其相关性研究

目的 研究单纯性肥胖儿童瘦素、胰岛素及其相关关系。方法 对筛选出来的54名肥胖儿童和60名正常体重儿童进行瘦素、胰岛素、C-肽、血糖水平的测定，并进行相关关系的研究。结果 肥胖组儿童瘦素、胰岛素、C-肽、血糖水平高于非肥胖组儿童，胰岛素敏感性指数肥胖组儿童低于非肥胖组儿童，差异有显性意义(P＜0．05)。瘦素与体质指数、体脂百分比、体脂肪、臀围、胰岛素、C-肽浓度均呈显正相关(P＜0．05)，与血糖、瘦体重、腰臀围比没有相关性。结论 肥胖儿童存在瘦素抵抗、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗，瘦素与体质指数、胰岛素浓度呈显正相关。     

单纯性肥胖儿童血清瘦素胰岛素及血糖关系的研究

通过对单纯性肥胖儿童的血清瘦素、胰岛素、血糖及其相关性进行研究 ,为预防和治疗肥胖及其并发症提供一定的科学依据 ,对 58名肥胖儿童和 55名非肥胖儿童测定其血清瘦素、胰岛素、C-肽、血糖 ,并测定皮褶厚度 ,计算体脂百分比 (% BF)、体质指数 (BMI)。结果肥胖组儿童血清瘦素、胰岛素、 C-肽显著高于非肥胖组儿童 (P<0 .0 5) ,肥胖组与非肥胖组儿童血糖浓度没有显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5)。% BF、 BMI与血清瘦素、胰岛素、 C-肽均呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 5) ,瘦素与胰岛素、 C-肽呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 5)。肥胖儿童存在瘦素抵抗 ,通过降低体重来减轻瘦素抵抗能改善高胰岛素血症进而治疗 型糖尿病     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.