Management of iatrogenic ureteric injuries associated with gynecological surgery

Objective: This retrospective study defines the presentation and managementof iatrogenic ureteric injuries consequent upon gynecological surgery in ateaching hospital in Punjab, Pakistan.Patients and methods: 18 patients with median age 35 years (range 18–80years) with iatrogenic ureteric injuries associated with gynecological surgerywere referred to the department of urology at Nishtar Hospital Multan Pakistan.Main presenting symptoms were urinary incontinence, loin pain and anuria.Median time since injury and presentation was 3 weeks (range 1 day to 7 years). In 16 (88%) patients injury resulted from abdominal hysterectomy. Othercauses included ovarian cystectomy (one patient) and vaginal hysterectomy (onepatient). 11 (61%) patients had ureterovaginal fistula, 5 (28%) patients hadcomplete unilateral ureteric obstruction and 2 (11%) patients had bilateral ureteric obstruction and anuria. In 11 patients with ureterovaginal fistula ureteroneocystostomy was performed. In five patients with unilateral uretericobstruction, one had end to end anastomosis of ureter, three had ureteroneocystostomy only and one had ureteroneocystostomy and psoas hitch done. Two had anuriasecondary to bilateral ureteric obstruction. In one of these patients Boari flapand ureteroneocystostomy was carried out. The second patient had deligation ofcatgut sutures on ipsilateral side and ureteroneocystostomy on the contra-lateralside.Results: In 17 patients no major complication occurred. One patient whohad deligation of catgut sutures, the distal ureter sloughed and re-explorationand ureteroneocystostomy was performed. Renal salvage was achieved in all cases.Conclusion: Open surgical procedures for repair of iatrogenic uretericinjuries are associated with good outcome. Strategies to prevent these injuriesinclude adequate surgical training and meticulous surgical techniques.     

医源性输尿管下段损伤或狭窄的处理：（附14例报告）

为探讨对医源性输尿管损伤或狭窄的处理，降低并发症，回顾分析１９８６￣１９９６年治疗的医源性车尿管下段损伤１１例和狭窄３例（４侧），其中泌尿外科、妇科、普外科手术所造成的输尿管下段损伤或狭窄分别为９例（６４．３％）、４例（２８．６％）、１例（７．１％），以泌尿外科手术引起的发生率最高，可能与输尿管镜等腔道内手术的广泛开展及各类开放性手术的失误升并发症有关。除普外科造成的１例在损伤当即被发现并修复外，     

直肠癌手术中输尿管损伤的预防措施

尿管创伤多为医源性,多发生于外科手术操作中．尤其是盆腔和腹膜后的手术,结肠和直肠手术导致输尿管创伤占10％。解剖关系的不清晰是导致输尿管损伤的主要原因。输尿管损伤的类型有挫伤、钳夹伤、结扎伤、电刀烧伤、离断或切开伤和扭曲牵拉成锐角等．损伤部位主要在输尿管下段。术前充分评估输尿管损伤的风险、熟悉输尿管的正常解剖以及在病理情况下辨认迂曲变形的输尿管、辩证使用“冷热兵器”并进行合理干预和经膀胱镜留置输尿管导管．是预防输尿管损伤的主要措施和有效方法：一期修复是治疗输尿管损伤的最佳选择。     

妇科腹腔镜手术并发症分析及预防

目的 探讨妇科腹腔镜手术并发症的发生原因、处理及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析我院1995年9月～2006年6月妇科4413例腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果 4413例妇科腹腔镜手术中,71例出现并发症,发生率为1.6%（71/4413）,其中经开腹处理10例,占14.1%（10/71）。并发症包括膀胱损伤5例,肠管损伤4例,出血5例,切口血肿和引流口出血8例,大网膜嵌顿1例,会阴部气肿9例,皮肤淤血12例,头部血肿2例,臂丛神经损伤2例,感染性休克1例,切口愈合不良15例,下肢静脉血栓1例,颈管残端囊肿6例。结论 妇科腹腔镜手术并发症与手术难度和术者技巧有关,积极预防可降低其发生率。     

术中超声的妇科临床应用

二十世纪80年代起,术中超声以其高分辨率、高频率、实时传感器、多重频率传感器以及灵活可变的探头应用于各学科手术中。术中超声能确定术中病变部位及其与周围组织的关系,与术后病理符合率更高,逐渐成为了外科手术辅助应用设备。本文针对该项术技术的实用性及有效性在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用予以综述。     

妇科腹腔镜手术中血管损伤的临床分析

目的探讨妇科腹腔镜手术中发生血管损伤的原因、处理及预防. 方法回顾分析我院1994年7月～2004年6月6 416例全麻腹腔镜手术中发生血管损伤的临床资料,分析其相关因素. 结果 6 416例妇科腹腔镜手术中血管损伤13例,其中9例腹壁下血管损伤,3例大网膜血管损伤,2例髂血管损伤,发生率0.2%(13/6 416).9例由于腹壁套管针穿刺所致, 4例由于术中操作引起,包括1例腹壁下动脉损伤、1例大网膜血管损伤以及2例髂血管损伤.发生血管损伤的主要原因是盆、腹腔中、重度粘连,视野暴露困难,局部解剖不清.1例腹壁下动脉损伤、1例大网膜血管损伤行腹腔镜下成功止血,其余9例均中转开腹手术.无一例死亡. 结论腹腔镜手术中血管损伤可发生于操作中的任何阶段,与医生的手术经验明显相关,盆、腹腔粘连是血管损伤发生的危险因素.加强腹腔镜操作技能培训,提高穿刺技术是减少腹腔镜手术中血管损伤的关键.     

电视腹腔镜妇科手术68例报告

目的 :探讨腹腔镜治疗妇科疾病的效果。方法 :应用腹腔镜治疗妇科疾病 6 8例并进行临床分析。结果 :6 8例中 1例中转开腹 ,余均在腹腔镜下完成。术中发生腹壁气肿 1例 ,术后并发会阴水肿 1例。结论 :与传统的开腹术相比 ,腹腔镜妇科手术具有切口小、出血少 ,术后恢复快 ,治疗效果确切等优点 ,适宜临床推广。     

腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 :探讨腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉应用于妇科腹腔镜手术的可行性。方法 :选择 138例改良式腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术 ,分别采用腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉和硬膜外麻醉。结果 :腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术患者生命体征平稳 ,无严重不良反应 ,且麻醉诱导时间及手术时间明显短于硬膜外麻醉。结论 :腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉操作简易 ,用药量少 ,起效快 ,效果好 ,不良反应少 ,医疗费用低 ,适用于妇科腹腔镜手术     

腹腔镜手术在妇科急诊中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术在妇科急诊中的应用。方法 回顾分析我院1997年5月～2001年8月145例妇科急诊腹腔镜手术，并将145例中100例输卵管妊娠腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜组)与我院19994年1月～1997年4月89例开腹输卵管妊娠手术(开腹组)进行比较。结果 145例妇科急诊腹腔镜手术中，139例(95．9％)顺利完成手术，6例中转开腹。腹腔镜组输卵管开窗术与开腹组相比较，手术时间明显延长(t＝3．9，P＝0．000)，术中出血量明显增量(t＝5．81，P＝0．000)。结论腹腔镜手术在妇科急诊中有诊断和治疗双重作用，是一种安全、可靠的治疗方法，但是急诊腹腔镜手术最好选择输卵管切除。     

儿童输尿管炎性假瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨输尿管炎性假瘤(1nflammatory pseudotumor，IPT)的临床特点，提高其诊治水平。方法：报告1例9岁男性输尿管IPT患者，并复习文献就相关问题予以讨论。结果：术后患者恢复良好，痊愈出院。病理检查证实为输尿管IPT。结论：IPT指组织炎性增生形成的肿瘤样团块，根据症状、体征及影像学检查结果难与恶性肿瘤相鉴别，其确诊有赖于病理学检查。输尿管IPT治疗大多仍需行外科手术，并在治疗后进行随访。     

Robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology: evolution of a new surgical paradigm

Robotic surgical platforms were first developed with telesurgery in mind. Conceptualized by NASA and the military to provide surgical expertise to remote locations, some telesurgical success has been documented, but progress has been held back by communication bandwidth limitations. Telepresence surgery, where the surgeon is in proximity to the patient but is provided with an ergonomic console equipped with three-dimensional vision and autonomous control of wristed laparoscopic surgical instruments and energy sources, has shown efficacy first in cardiac and then urologic cancer surgery. Interest is currently focused on the application of this technology in the field of gynecology, with techniques being described to perform simple hysterectomy, myomectomy, tubal anastomosis, and pelvic reconstruction procedures. This article will review the application of robotic- and computer-assisted surgery in the specialty of gynecologic oncology.     

医源性桡神经损伤38例分析

目的 分析医源性桡神经损伤的恢复效果,引起的原因及其防范措施.方法 对38例医源性桡神经损伤患者采用保守治疗17例,手术治疗21例,同时对损伤原因进行分析.结果 经5个月～8年随访,按韦加宁等提出的桡神经功能评定方法评价疗效：优28例,良6例,可4例,优良率89.5%.结论 医源性桡神经损伤大多可以获得较好的恢复效果.选择远离桡神经的入路,注意原发外伤后桡神经可能的位置变化,轻柔操作等,可以减少医源性桡神经损伤的发生.     

医原性输尿管损伤的早期处理(附31例报告)

目的　探讨医原性输尿管损伤的早期诊断和最佳治疗方案。　方法　对 1989至 1999年 31例 33侧医原性输尿管损伤病例进行回顾性研究 ,分析治疗方法和预后及并发症之间的关系。　结果　 31例患者中 ,30例手术成功 ,1例发生尿瘘需行引流。 2 3例随访 6个月～ 10年 ,一期手术组 (其中 17例确诊时间 >4 8h)并发症 3例 ,分期手术组并发症 1例。　结论　医原性输尿管损伤患者一般情况较好时 ,无论确诊时间早晚 ,均可考虑一期手术修复     

医原性输尿管损伤后狭窄梗阻的手术治疗

目的　探讨不同类型输尿管损伤引起狭窄、梗阻的再手术方法。　方法　总结 13例输尿管损伤所致输尿管狭窄、梗阻的临床资料 ,其中肾输尿管手术后 8例 ,输尿管镜术后 4例 ,外伤所致1例 ,均曾行一次或多次手术修补未获成功。再次手术包括输尿管肾下盏吻合 1例 ,输尿管端端吻合8例 ,输尿管膀胱角吻合 2例 ,回肠代输尿管术 1例 ,输尿管膀胱再吻合术 1例。　结果　 13例均手术治愈 ,术后 3～ 4周拔除输尿管支架 ,4～ 6周拔除肾造瘘管。随访 6个月～ 6年 ,IVU和B超检查输尿管通畅无狭窄、无肾积水。　结论　治疗输尿管损伤引起的输尿管狭窄梗阻应选择适当时机和术式 ,彻底切除瘢痕 ,并作无张力吻合 ,对长段输尿管中下段缺损使用输尿管膀胱角再植、回肠代输尿管术     

Ureteric stone surgery in practice

From 1983 to 1986 140 patients underwent surgery for ureteric calculus. In approximately 30% "blind" basket extraction was considered appropriate and continued to be effective. Increasing expertise with the rigid ureterorenoscope led to a considerable reduction in open ureterolithotomy (15% in 1985-86), the majority following failed ureteroscopic extraction. In the same year both "blind" basket extraction and ureteroscopy were successful in 82 and 86% of attempts respectively. Electrohydraulic and ultrasonic lithotripsy were used in 12 patients to reduce large impacted calculi. The commonest complication of ureteroscopic stone surgery was perforation; this occurred in 14% of cases, though it was usually trivial and near the vesicoureteric junction. Perforations higher in the ureter tended to follow endoscopic lithotripsy and were often associated with urinary extravasation. Extra-ureteric stone fragments were also occasionally observed in such cases. There were no serious sequelae, although the in-patient stay was prolonged beyond the 48 h customary for uncomplicated extraction. The results suggest that ureteroscopic stone extraction, which can be conveniently introduced into urological practice, should become a standard endoscopic procedure.     

医源性脊髓神经损伤的预防与治疗

目的分析和探讨医源性脊髓神经损伤的发生原因、损伤机制和临床特点以及神经损伤的预防和治疗。方法回顾性分析5800例脊柱外科手术中发生医源性脊髓神经损伤52例的诊断治疗。52例神经损伤中,术前椎管造影3例(椎管内肿瘤造影剂注入量大),术前不适当牵引及搬动2例(脊柱骨折),手术损伤38例(手术器械直接损伤,神经牵拉伤),术后并发症9例(术后血肿压迫)。结果随访10~34个月,平均14个月。24例脊髓损伤恢复情况,按ASIA分级A级4例,B级3例,C级4例,D级5例,E级8例。28例神经根损伤18例完全恢复,10例残留不同程度感觉、运动障碍。结论医源性脊髓神经损伤发生主要跟医生的责任心、临床经验、手术时精力集中程度有关,同时病情的特殊性、复杂性也增加了神经损伤的发生率。