Sialyl Lewis-X,CD44v6和E-cadherin表达与肝细胞癌转移和预后的关系

目的：探讨唾液酸化的路易斯寡酶－X（sialyl Lewis-X,SLeX)抗原，CD44v6和E－上皮钙粘附素（E－cadherin,ED)蛋白表达与肝细胞癌（HCC）转移和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法，检测110例HCC组织中SLeX,CD44v6及ED蛋白表达，结合随访资料分析。结果：在HCC中，SLeX,CD44v6和ED阳性表达率分别为39．1％（43／110），42．7％（47／110）和44．5％（49／110），SLeX和CD44v6阳性表达及ED阴性表达的HCC转移率高（P＜0．05），分化程度差和患者大于5年生存率低（P＜0．05），结论：SLeX,CD,44v6和ED表达与HCC转移和患者生成期密切相关，检测SLeX,CD44v6和ED蛋白的表达可作为判断HCC预后的参考指标。     

胆囊癌中CD44v6和基质金属蛋白酶-2的表达及其临床意义

目的: 探讨胆囊癌中粘附分子CD44v6、基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)的表达及临床意义,以及二者之间的关系. 方法: 采用免疫组织化学方法检测42例胆囊癌、10例慢性结石性胆囊炎组织中CD44v6和MMP-2的表达. 结果: ①CD44v6阳性表达率在胆囊癌组为64.3%(27/42),明显高于慢性结石性胆囊炎组(0/10)(P<0.005);CD44v6表达与胆囊癌的组织类型、病理分级以及转移相关(P<0.05);CD44v6阳性的胆囊癌病人预后较差.②MMP-2在胆囊癌组织中表达率为61.9%,明显高于慢性结石性胆囊炎组(10%,P<0.005);MMP-2的表达与胆囊癌细胞的分化、转移和预后有关(P<0.05),与组织类型无关.③CD44v6和MMP-2在胆囊癌组织中表达呈正相关(P<0.005). 结论: CD44v6和MMP-2的表达与胆囊癌分化、转移、预后有关,在胆囊癌细胞的侵袭和转移中起重要作用.联合检测有利于评估胆囊癌的生物学行为和判断预后.     

CD44v6在甲状腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨甲状腺癌组织中CD44v6抗原的表达及其临床意义。方法 应用微波－ISAB免疫组织学法，检测50例甲状腺癌、45例甲状腺瘤和20例癌旁状腺组织中CD44v6的表达。结果 甲状腺癌中CD44v6表达阳性率（64．0％）显著高于甲状腺腺瘤（37．0％）和癌旁甲状腺组织（25．．0％（均P＜0．05）。CD44v6表达与甲状腺癌组织类型无关；CD44v6表达阳性率在淋巴结转移者显著高于无淋巴结转移者（P＜0．05）；病理分期Ⅲ－Ⅳ期病例显著高于病理分期Ⅰ－Ⅱ期病例（P＜0．05）。CD44v6阳性的甲状腺癌复发及死亡率显著高于CD44v6阴性者（P＜0．05）。结论 CD44v66表达对甲状腺癌恶性程度判断、生物学行为预测和预后评估是一种有意义的客观指标。     

粘附分子CD44v6和E—cadherin的表达与甲状腺乳头状癌侵袭转移的关系

目的 探讨粘附分子CD44v6和E－cadherin表达与甲状腺乳头状瘤（PTC）侵袭转移的关系。 方法 应用S－P免疫组织化学方法检测58例甲状腺乳头状癌组织中CD44v6和E－cadherin的表达。结果 甲状腺乳头状癌组织中CD44v6和E－cadherin表达阳性率分别为72．4％和41．4％;CD44v6表达阳性率与PTC的侵袭和转移呈正相关（P＜0．05）,而E-cadherin表达阳性率与PTC的侵袭和转移呈负相关（P＜0．01）,且两种粘附分子在PTC中的阳性表达呈负相关性（P＜0．05）。结论 粘附分子表达与PTC侵袭和转移密切相关,检测CD44v6和E－cadherin的表达可作为判断甲状腺乳头状癌预后的参考指标。     

胆囊癌中CD44v6和Ezrin的表达及临床意义

目的：检测胆囊癌和胆囊良性病变中Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白表达水平,探讨Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白表达与胆囊癌发生、发展的关系;并结合临床病理特点,研究Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白表达与胆囊癌侵袭转移等生物学行为的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学法检测31例胆囊癌组织和10例慢性胆囊炎组织石蜡切片标本中Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白的表达水平,对Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白表达情况进行统计学分析,并对Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白的表达与胆管癌临床病理资料进行讨论。结果：1）CD44v6和Ezrin阳性表达率在胆囊癌组明显高于慢性胆囊炎组（P〈0.05）;2）CD44v6和Ezrin蛋白在胆囊癌中有淋巴结转移和无淋巴结转移2组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;3）在胆囊癌病理类型中Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白在高分化、中分化、低分化组中差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;4）Ezrin和CD44v6蛋白在Nevin分期的Ⅰ＋Ⅱ、Ⅲ＋Ⅳ、Ⅴ组中的表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;5）Ezrin和CD44v6与肿瘤标志物CEA、CA199间有显著相关性（P〈0.01）;6）胆囊癌中Ezrin、CD44v6蛋白的表达与患者年龄、性别无关。7）CD44v6与Ezrin在胆囊癌中的表达无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：1）胆囊癌组织中Ezrin与CD44v6蛋白表达水平显著高于慢性胆囊炎组织,说明二者与胆囊癌的发展有密切联系。2）Ezrin与CD44v6蛋白表达水平与胆囊癌的浸润转移有密切联系,可以作为反映胆囊癌浸润转移的生物学指标。3）Ezrin与CD44v6蛋白在胆囊癌中的表达无相关性。     

胆囊癌中基质金属蛋白酶-9、粘附分子CD44变构体6表达及其临床意义

目的 研究胆囊癌中基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9），粘附分子CD44变构体6（CD44v6)的表达情况及其临床意义。方法 应用免疫组织化学Env ision二步法测定46例胆囊癌（GBC）和12例慢性结石性胆囊炎中MMP-9，CD44v6表达。结果 MMP-9，CD44v6在胆囊癌组织中阳性表达率分别为78.26%,71.74%,MMP-9,CD44v6表达与胆囊癌分化程度，临床分期，淋巴结转移，术后生存率有关。结论 检测MMP-9，CD44v6的表达有望成为判断胆囊癌淋巴结转移，病变发展以及评估预后的客观指标。     

Galectin-3和CD44v6的表达与前列腺癌转移及预后的关系

目的：探讨Galectin-3和CD44v6蛋白表达与前列腺癌（PCa）临床病理特征和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学技术检测45例PCa、25例PIN和20例BPH组织中Galectin-3和CD44v6蛋白表达,并结合肿瘤的病理学行为和临床随访资料进行分析。结果：在PCa组织中,Galectin-3和CD44v6阳性表达率分别为（82．2±59．5）％、（75．6±24．0）％,均显著高于PIN和BPH组织（P〈0．05）。Galeetin-3和CD44v6表达与肿瘤分化程度、周围淋巴结转移、远处转移、预后密切相关（P〈0．05）。Galectin-3和CD44v6蛋白表达呈显著正相关（r=0．412,P==0．005）。结论：Galectin-3和CD44v6蛋白表达与PCa发生、转移和患者生存期密切相关,联合检测可以对PCa的发生、发展、预后及药物治疗提供重要依据。     

4种肿瘤相关抗原在胆囊癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨肿瘤相关抗原表达对胆囊癌早期诊断及其预后判断的价值。方法 采用免疫组化染色对10例慢性胆囊炎、10例胆囊腺瘤及50例胆囊癌组织的癌胚抗原（CEA）、癌相关粘液抗原（CA50）、钙粘附蛋白E（E－CD）及增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达进行检测。结果 胆囊癌组织中CEA及CA50表达阳性率显著高于腺癌组和胆囊炎组（P＜0．05），而E－CD表达阳性率明显降低，且伴有转移的胆囊癌E－CD表达更低。胆囊癌的PCNA标记指数显著高于胆囊炎组和腺瘤组（P＜0．01）。CEA及PCAN过度表达者3年生存率显著降低（P＜0．01），E－CD过度表达者3年生存率较阴性者明显增高（P＜0．05）。结论 CEA、CA50以及PCNA检测可能有助于胆囊腺瘤恶变和胆囊癌的早期诊断，且CEA、PCNA和E－CD检测可作为胆囊癌预后判断的参考指标。     

原发性胆囊癌CD44v6和bcl-2的表达及其与临床病理的关系

目的　探讨CD44v6和bcl 2蛋白在原发性胆囊癌组织中的表达及其与癌组织类型、病理分级和转移状况的关系 ,以及CD44v6表达与bcl 2表达的相关性。方法　应用免疫组织化学方法检测 50例原发性胆囊癌、2 0例胆囊腺瘤和 1 0例慢性胆囊炎组织中CD44v6和bcl 2蛋白的表达。结果　胆囊癌组织中CD44v6和bcl 2表达阳性率分别为82 .0 %和 60 .0 % ,均明显高于胆囊腺瘤 (分别为 45 .0 %和 30 .0 % ,P<0 .0 5) ,并随着胆囊癌细胞分化程度的减低、病理分级的增高和转移而明显增高 (P<0 .0 5)。同时 ,CD44v6的表达与bcl 2表达呈正相关 (r =0 .36 ,P<0 .0 5)。结论　CD44v6和bcl 2均是胆囊癌高度恶性和预后不良的重要指标。胆囊癌CD44v6表达与bcl 2蛋白表达可能具有相互协同作用。     

Ⅳ型胶原和基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9在胆囊癌血管生成拟态组织中的表达与意义

目的 探讨Ⅳ型胶原和基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP2）、MMP9在胆囊癌血管生成拟态（VM）中的表达与意义。方法 74例胆囊癌、胆囊腺瘤和慢性胆囊炎各10例病理标本及资料，应用免疫组织化学Envision、SABC法测定上述病变组织Ⅳ型胶原和MMP2、MMP9表达，Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Cox风险模型分析其与胆囊癌VM的相关性和临床意义。结果 （1）在VM（＋）胆囊癌，Ⅳ型胶原表达明显低于、MMP2表达明显高于VM（-）胆囊癌（P〉0．01），MMP9则无差异。（2）Ⅳ型胶原与VM（＋）胆囊癌分化程度负相关；MMP2、MMP9与VM（＋）胆囊癌的Nevin晚期、侵犯浆膜、肝转移正相关，MMP2尚与VM（＋）胆囊癌的低分化和淋巴结转移正相关。（3）Ⅳ型胶原阳性和MMP2、MMP9阴性VM（＋）胆囊癌患者术后5年生存期明显短于VM（-）胆囊癌（P〈0．01；P〈0．05；P〈0．01），MMP2阳性VM（＋）胆囊癌患者术后5年生存期亦明显短于VM（-）胆囊癌。VM、1V型胶原是影响胆囊癌患者预后的独立因素。结论Ⅳ型胶原、MMP2分别与胆囊癌VM呈负、正相关，MMP9与胆囊癌VM无关；Ⅳ型胶原和MMP2可作为判断胆囊癌是否存在VM及VM胆囊癌预后的重要指标。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.