不同肺复张模式对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者呼吸功能及血管外肺水指数的影响

目的探讨控制性肺膨胀(SI)和压力控制(PCV)两种肺复张(RM)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者呼吸力学及血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)的影响。方法采用随机对照病例研究方法,选择30例ARDS患者,随机分为SI组和PCV组,每组15例。SI组:保护性肺通气稳定0.5h后呼吸机模式改为持续正压通气(3.92kPa),持续40s;PCV组:呼吸机模式改为PCV,吸气压力(Pessure above PEEP,1.96kPa),I∶E=1∶1,持续2min。肺复张结束后,2组均恢复呼吸机基础参数。每12h重复1次RM,连续3d。收集2组患者治疗前,治疗12、24、48、72h各时间点氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、气道峰压(PIP)、气道平台压(Pplat)、静态肺顺应性(Cst)及EVLWI;监测每次RM前后血流动力学变化。结果 1)治疗后2组患者PaO2/FiO2、Cst均呈上升趋势(P<0.05或P<0.01),PIP、Pplat值在治疗后均呈下降趋势,但在各时间点2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2)治疗后2组EVLWI均呈下降趋势(P<0.01),但各时间点2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3)2组患者在肺复张时平均动脉压、心脏指数下降,心率、中心静脉压升高,与复张前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),PCV组上述指标波动幅度及持续时间均低于SI组,在肺复张时、复张后2min、复张后5min上述指标比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 SI与PCV两种肺复张均能改善肺氧合及肺顺应性,减少ARDS患者EVLWI,PCV肺复张对血流动力学影响低于SI。     

小儿肺内型与肺外型急性呼吸窘迫综合征早期肺氧合及呼吸力学比较

目的:研究肺保护通气下小儿肺内型急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)与肺外型ARDS的早期肺氧合功能和呼吸力学之间的差异.方法:选择2007年7月至2009年12月南京儿童医院PICU收治的ARDS患者25例,平均年龄3.8岁.其中肺内型ARDS患者14例,肺外型ARDS患者11例.在肺保护性通气治疗下比较两者在肺氧合功能和呼吸力学之间的差异.结果:肺内型ARDS组和肺外型ARDS组PaO2和PaO2/FiO2呈上升趋势,与0时间点差异呈显著性(P<0.05);PIP、Pplat呈下降趋势,但各组间差异无显著性;Cst同样随时间呈上升趋势,其中12、24、48 h与0时间点差异有显著性(P<0.05);所有观测指标在肺内型ARDS组和肺外型ARDS组间差异无显著性.结论:在肺保护通气下小儿肺内型ARDS和肺外型ARDS就肺氧合功能和呼吸力学方面无明显差异.     

早期连续血液滤过对脓毒性休克肺循环通透性的影响

目的 探讨早期连续血液滤过(continuous veno-venous hemofiltration,CVVH)对脓毒性休克肺循环通透性的影响.方法 选取浙江省立同德医院重症医学科2010年6月至2011年12月确诊脓毒性休克患者51例,随机(随机数字法)分为:常规治疗组(A组,27例),CVVH治疗组(B组,24例),B组在A组的治疗基础上完成72 h CVVH,比较两组治疗前后气道平台压(Pplat)、肺顺应性(Cst)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、血管外肺水指数(extravascular lung water index,EVLWI)及E-选择素的变化.结果 ①治疗后两组患者Pplat均呈下降趋势,在48、72 h同时间点比较B组低于A组(t =2.215,P＜0.05;t=4.266,P＜0.01);Cst在治疗后呈上升趋势,48、72 h比较B组高于A组(=2.516,P＜0.05;=3.052,P＜0.01).②治疗后两组患者PaO2/FiO2均呈上升趋势,48、72hB组高于A组(t=2.732,P＜0.01; =3.511,P＜0.01).③治疗后两组患者EVLWI均呈下降趋势,48、72 h同时间点B组低于A组(t=2.597,P＜0.05;t =2.125,P＜0.05).治疗后ITBVI、CI、SVRI及MAP组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).④治疗后两组患者E-选择素均呈下降趋势,48、72 h同时间点B组低于A组(t=2.154,P＜0.05;t =3.581,P＜0.01).结论 早期CVVH治疗能改善脓毒性休克患者的肺血管通透性,减少EVLWI,改善肺氧合功能和肺顺应性,对血流动力学无影响.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

不同吸入氧浓度对机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征病人肺复张血气指标的影响及护理对策

[目的]观察不同吸入氧浓度(FiO_2)对接受机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)病人肺复张血气指标的影响,实施有针对性的护理干预措施,观察治疗护理效果。[方法]选取2018年7月—2019年6月在医院呼吸内科及重症监护室(ICU)接受机械通气的ARDS病人100例为研究对象,应用随机数字表法随机分为A组、B组、C组、D组,各25例。肺复张(RM)时,A组设置吸入氧浓度(FiO_2)为60%,B组为50%,C组为40%,D组为30%。比较RM前、RM后5 min、RM后30 min和RM后1 h4组病人血气指标中的动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2),呼吸力学指标中的肺静态顺应性(Cst)及平台压(Pplat),血流动力学指标中的平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)和心率(HR)。[结果]RM后5 min、RM后30 min、RM后1 h B组、C组病人血气指标PaO_2、PaCO_2、PaO_2/FiO_2均优于A组、D组(P均0.05);RM后5 min、RM后30 min、RM后1 h B组、C组病人呼吸力学指标Cst、Pplat均优于A组、D组(P均0.05);RM后5 min、RM后30 min、RM后1 h B组、C组病人血流动力学指标MAP、CVP、HR均优于A组、D组(P均0.05)。[结论]肺复张及相应的护理干预能有效提高机械通气ARDS病人的治疗效果,改善病人血气指标及肺顺应性,肺复张吸入氧浓度设置为40%或50%对ARDS病人心肺功能影响较小。     

肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血管外肺水的影响

目的 探讨肺复张(RM)策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者血管外肺水(EVLW)的影响.方法 采用随机对照病例研究方法,将20例ARDS患者随机分为RM组和对照组.按肺保护性通气策略的原则给患者进行机械通气;用双水平气道正压(BIPAP)通气模式进行RM,每8 h重复1次,连续7 d或至脱机前;除RM外,其余治疗两组相同.记录患者的基线资料和每日RM结束后的EVLW、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、呼吸力学参数、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、中心静脉压(CVP)、血浆胶体渗透压(COP)以及糖皮质激素、肾上腺素能药物用量和24 h液体出入量平衡等影响EVLW各因素的数值.结果 RM组和对照组EVLW、EVLWI随时间延长呈逐渐降低趋势,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05).两组间CVP、COP和去甲肾上腺素、氢化可的松用量比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);RM组多巴胺用量在4 d时明显少于对照组(P<0.05);液体出入量平衡RM组7 d时为负平衡,对照组则为正平衡(P<0.05).RM组平均气道压(Pmean)的均值[(18.8±3.2)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)]和肺准静态顺应性(Cstat)的均值[(36.5±14.5)ml/cm H2O]均明显高于对照组[(16.6±3.9)cm H2O和(29.3±12.0)ml/cm H2O,P均<0.05];其中RM组5 d时Cstat大于2 d和3 d时(P均<0.05).两组间PaO2/FiO2比较则未见明显差异(P均>0.05).结论 针对ARDS患者实施的RM治疗并没有明显影响EVLW,而仅起到了改善肺呼吸力学特征的作用.本研究中所涉及的影响肺水的因素并未影响肺水的形成和清除.     

靶向支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征的比较研究

目的评价肺泡灌洗（BAL）对肺源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDSp）的治疗作用。方法以20例血液动力学稳定、接受机械通气的ARDSp患者为研究对象,随机分为常规治疗组（简称常规组）与支气管肺泡灌洗组（简称BAL组）,观察两组治疗前及治疗2h和4h后气道峰压（Ppeak）、气道平台压（Pplat）、平均气道压（Pmean）、肺静态顺应性（Cst）在相同呼气末正压（PEEP）条件下的变化趋势及PaO2/FiO2治疗前后的变化。结果相同PEEP条件下BAL组治疗后较治疗前Ppeak、Pplat、Pmean有显著下降（P〈0.05）,Cst明显增高（P〈0.05）,PaO2/FiO2有显著升高（P〈0.05）,与常规治疗组比较Ppeak、Pplat、Pmean亦有显著下降（P〈0.05）,PaO2/FiO2有显著升高（P〈0.001）;常规治疗组Ppeak、Pplat、Pmean较治疗前增高,Cst下降,PaO2/FiO2有升高,但差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论BAL能降低ARDSp的气道压力及肺的顺应性,从而改善肺通气功能及氧合。     

血管外肺水指数和肺毛细血管渗透性指数在肺水肿诊断中的意义

目的 探讨血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、肺毛细血管渗透性指数(PVPI)在诊断及动态监测肺水肿时的临床价值.方法 选择40例行脉搏轮廓曲线连续心排血量(PiCCO)监测的肺水肿患者,根据入院时的病史、症状、体征、辅助检查及血流动力学变化将患者分为急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)组(15例)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)组(25例).记录入院时各指标并行相关性分析,再于置入气管插管0、24和72 h 时记录存活与死亡患者EVLWI、胸内血容量指数(ITBVI),并计算PVPI值.结果 ①置管0 h 时ARDS组PVPI显著高于ACPE组(P＜0.01).②相关性分析显示:ACPE组PVPI与氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、EVLWI、ITBVI、中心静脉压(CVP)均无显著相关性(P均＞0.05);EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2(r=-0.672,P＜0.01)、APACHEⅡ评分(r=0.412,P＜0.05)、ITBVI(r=0.636,P＜0.05)有一定相关性.ARDS组PVPI与EVLWI(r=0.904 P＜0.01)、PaO2/FiO2(r=-0.554,P＜0.01)、APACHEⅡ评分(r=0.390,P＜0.05)均显著相关;EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2(r=-0.602,P＜0.01)、APACHEⅡ评分(r=0.457,P＜0.05)、PVPI(r=0.904,P＜0.01)具有一定相关性.③绘制PVPI受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),曲线下面积(AUC)为0.956±0.019(P＜0.01);选取PVPI的截断点为2.23时,其敏感性为92.0%,特异性为93.3%.④根据预后,将患者分为存活组及死亡组,ACPE和ARDS存活组的EVLWI均逐渐下降(P＜0.05和P＜0.01);ACPE死亡组PVPI有增高趋势(P＜0.01).结论 将EVLWI、PVPI(截断点2.23)用于鉴别静水压性和通透性肺水肿,以及评估病情严重程度和预后有一定的临床意义.     

反复肺复张联合肺保护性通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者肺损伤的作用

目的评价反复肺复张联合肺保护性通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者肺损伤的作用。方法选择30例ARDS机械通气的患者,采用双水平正压通气模式(BIPAP)实施肺复张(RM),高水平和低水平压力分别为40和20cmH2O,呼吸14次/min,吸:呼=1:1.5,时间持续2min;每2h复张1次,共复张3次(RM1、RM2、RM3)。监测肺复张前、每次肺复张后10min和反复复张后4h的血流动力学和肺气体交换及血管外肺水(EVLW)的指标;肺复张前、反复肺复张后10min和4h采集血清,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10浓度。结果每次肺复张后10min和反复肺复张后4h与肺复张前比较,心率、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心脏指数(CI)变化没有统计学意义(P>0.05);而每次肺复张后10min和反复肺复张后4h与肺复张前比较,PaO2/FiO2明显增加,血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)明显减少,变化有统计学意义(P<0.05);RM3后10min与RM1后10min比较,PaO2/FiO2明显增加,变化有统计学差异(P<0.05);RM3后10min和反复肺复张后4h与RM1后10min比较,EVLWI减少有统计学意义(P<0.05)。反复肺复张后10min和4h与肺复张前比较,细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10均有降低,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论反复肺复张联合肺保护性通气可提高ARDS患者PaO2/FiO2,减少EVLW,且不加重ARDS的肺损伤。     

肺复张策略抢救急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的最佳PEEP设置

目的探讨肺复张(RM)策略抢救急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的最佳PEEP设置。方法将37例ARDS患者采用压力控制法肺复张后随机分为治疗组(n=19)和对照组(n=18),分别以P-V曲线呼气支拐点和吸气支低拐点+2cmH2O设置PEEP。比较2组患者RM前、后(15 min,1、2 h)氧合和呼吸系统动态顺应性、血流动力学等指标的变化。结果 2组RM后(15 min,1、2 h)的PaO2/FiO2较RM前均明显增高(P<0.01),治疗组RM后(1、2 h)的PaO2/FiO2明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);2组RM后的Cdyn短时间内(15 min)较RM前明显增高(P<0.01),治疗组RM后(15 min,1、2h)均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);RM后2组平均气道压、气道峰压均明显高于同组RM前(P<0.01),2组组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);2组RM前后PaCO2比较无明显差异(P>0.05);2组RM后短时间内(15 min)均有HR、CVP增高,MAP下降(P<0.01)。结论肺复张策略能改善ARDS患者的氧合和呼吸系统顺应性,RM后以P-V曲线呼气支拐点设置PEEP更佳。     

Lung recruitment maneuver effects on respiratory mechanics and extravascular lung water index in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

BACKGROUND:

Animal experiments showed that recruitment maneuver (RM) and protective ventilation strategy of the lung could improve oxygenation and reduce extravascular lung water. This study was to investigate the effects of RM on respiratory mechanics and extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

METHODS:

Thirty patients with ARDS were randomized into a RM group and a non-RM group. In the RM group, after basic mechanical ventilation stabilized for 30 minutes, RM was performed and repeated once every 12 hours for 3 days. In the non-RM group, lung protective strategy was conducted without RM. Oxygenation index (PaO₂/FiO₂), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), Plateau pressure (Pplat), static pulmonary compliance (Cst) and EVLWI of patients before treatment and at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours after the treatment were measured and compared between the groups. Hemodynamic changes were observed before and after RM. One-way ANOVA, Student''s t test and Fisher''s exact test were used to process the data.

RESULTS:

The levels of PaO₂/FiO₂ and Cst increased after treatment in the two groups, but they were higher in the RM group than in the non-RM group (P<0.05). The PIP and Pplat decreased after treatment in the two groups, but they were lower in the RM group than in the non-RM group (P<0.05). The EVLWI in the two groups showed downward trend after treatment (P<0.05), and the differences were signifcant at all time points (P<0.01); the EVLWI in the RM group was lower than that in the non-RM group at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with pre-RM, hemodynamics changes during RM were significantly different (P<0.01); compared with pre-RM, the changes were not significantly different at 120 seconds after the end of RM (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

RM could reduce EVLWI, increase oxygenation and lung compliance. The effect of RM on hemodynamics was transient.KEY WORDS: Lung recruitment maneuver, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Respiratory mechanics, Extravascular lung water index, Hemodynamics, Lung protective ventilation, Oxygenation index     

肺复张对肺内/外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型犬呼吸生理和肺形态学影响的比较

目的 探讨以压力-容积(P-V)曲线为导向的肺复张(RM)策略对肺内/外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDSexp/ARDSp)模型犬呼吸生理和肺形态学的影响.方法 将24只健康杂种犬按随机数字表法均分为两组,分别以静脉注射油酸0.1 ml/kg复制ARDSexp模型,以气管内注入盐酸2 ml/kg复制ARDSp模型.每种模型再随机均分为肺保护通气策略(LPVS)组和LPVS+RM组.LPVS组采用LPVS进行机械通气(MV);LPVS+RM组先进行以P-V曲线为导向的RM,RM采用压力控制通气(PCV),压力上限为高位转折点(UIP),呼气末正压(PEEP)为低位转折点(LLP)+2 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),维持60 s后再按LPVS进行MV.两组MV时间均为4 h.观察动物基础状态(成模前)及RM前后的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸力学指标变化;采用低流速法记录准静态P-V曲线并计算UIP、LIP ;根据肺CT比较不同肺充气区容积占全肺容积的百分比.结果 成模前和RM前两组PaO2/FiO2及UIP、LIP比较差异均无统计学意义.RM后4 h,两种模型LPVS+RM组PaO2/FiO2和肺顺应性(Crs)均较同模型LPVS组显著升高[ARDSexp模型PaO,/FiO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):263.9±69.2比182.8±42.8,Crs(ml/cm H2O):11.3±4.2比9.7±3.7;ARDSp模型PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg):193.4±33.5比176.4±40.2,Crs(ml/cm H2O):10.1±3.9比9.0±3.9,P＜0.05或P＜0.01],气道压力明显低于同模型LPVS组[ARDSexp模型吸气峰压(PIP,cm H2O):24.1±7.4比30.2±8.5,气道平台压(Pplat,cm H2O):19.1±7.3比25.6±7.7;ARDSp模型PIP(cm H2O):26.6±8.4比29.6±10.3,Pplat(cm H2O):21.9±7.3比25.1±8.4,P＜0.05或P＜0.01];且ARDSexp模型改善程度较ARDSp模型更为显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).两种模型LPVS+RM组肺组织闭合区和充气不足区所占比例均较同模型LPVS组明显减少,正常充气区所占比例明显增加[ARDSexp模型闭合区:(9.9±3.1)%比(16.3±5.2)%,充气不足区:(10.2±4.2)%比(23.4±6.7)%,正常充气区:(76.2±12.3)%比(57.5±10.1)%;ARDSp模型闭合区:(14.3±4.8)%比(1 8.2±5.1)%,充气不足区:(17.4±6.3)%比(24.1±5.9)%,正常充气区:(63.2±10.7)%比(54.6±11.3)%,P＜0.05或P＜0.01];且ARDSexp模型各充气区所占比例改善程度均明显优于ARDSp模型(均P＜0.05).结论 对于不同原因ARDS,以P-V曲线为导向的RM均具有增加肺氧合、改善肺顺应性和肺组织通气的作用,且对ARDSexp的治疗效果明显优于ARDSp.

Abstract：

Objective To determine effects of recruitment maneuver (RM) guided by pressure-volume (P-V) curve on respiratory physiology and lung morphology in canine models of acute respiratory distress syndrome of pulmonary or extrapulmonary origin (ARDSp and ARDSexp). Methods Twenty-four healthy dogs were randomly divided into two groups with 12 dogs each: ARDSexp and ARDSp. Each dog in ARDSexp group was injected with oleic acid 0. 1 ml/kg through femoral vein, and each dog in ARDSp group received hydrochloric acid 2 ml/kg via trachea. Subsequently, dogs with both models were randomly subdivided into lung protective ventilation strategy (LPVS) group and LPVS+RM group, respectively. Dogs in LPVS group were given LPVS only without RM. RM guided by P-V curve was performed in LPVS+RM group followed by LPVS and pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) mode was selected. Phigh was set at upper inflection point (UIP) of the P-V curve, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at lower inflection point (LIP)+2 cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0. 098 kPa), and the duration of RM was 60 seconds. The duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) in both subgroups was 4 hours. The oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), relative lung mechanical indexes were measured in two ARDS models before establishment of ARDS model, and before and after RM. The UIP and LIP were calculated with P-V curve. The percentage of different volume in ventilation of lung accounting for total lung volume was compared by CT scan.Results The PaO2/FiO2, UIP and LIP did not showed significant differences among all groups before ARDSand before RM. PaO2/FiO2 and respiratory system compliance (Crs) were significantly elevated in LPVS+RM group of both models 4 hours after RM compared with corresponding LPVS group [PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa) of ARDSexp model: 263. 9±69. 2 vs. 182.8±42. 8, Crs (ml/cm H2O) of ARDSexp model: 11.3±4. 2 vs. 9. 7±3. 7; PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg) of ARDSp model: 193. 4±33.5 vs. 176. 4±40. 2, Crs (ml/cm H2O) of ARDSp model: 10.1±3.9 vs. 9.0±3.9, P＜0. 05 or P＜0.01], and the airway pressure was significantly declined compared with corresponding LPVS group [peak inspiratory pressure (PIP),cm H2O) of ARDSexp model: 24. 1±7. 4 vs. 30. 2±8. 5, plateau pressure (Pplat, cm H2O) of ARDSexp model: 19.1±7.3 vs. 25.6±7.7; PIP (cm H2O) of ARDSp model: 26.6±8.4 vs. 29.6±10.3, Pplat (cm H2O) of ARDSp model: 21.9±7. 3 vs. 25.1±8.4, P＜0. 05 or P＜0. 01]. Moreover, PaO2/FiO2, Crs,PIP and Pplat were improved better in ARDSexp model than ARDSp model (P＜ 0. 05 or P＜ 0. 01).Compared with LPVS maneuver, RM plus LPVS maneuver could significantly decrease the proportion of closure and hypoventilation region, and increase the proportion of normal ventilation region in both models [closure region of ARDSexp model : (9.9±3.1) % vs. (16. 3± 5. 2) %, hypoventilation region of ARDSexp model: (10. 2±4.2)% vs. (23. 4±6. 7)%, normal ventilation region of ARDSexp model: (76. 2±12. 3)%vs. (57.5±10. 1)%; closure region of ARDSp model: (14.3±4. 8)% vs. (18. 2±5.1)%, hypoventilation region of ARDSp model : (17.4±6. 3) % vs. ( 24. 1 ± 5. 9) 0%, normal ventilation region of ARDSp model :(63. 2 ± 10. 7 ) % vs. ( 54. 6±11.3 ) %, P ＜ 0. 05 or P ＜ 0. 01]. All of the ventilation regions were better improved with ARDSexp model than ARDSp model (all P＜0. 05). Conclusion RM guided by P-V curve could help obtain better oxygenation, improve pulmonary compliance and lung ventilation in ARDSexp and ARDSp, and better treatment effects are seen in ARDSexp dogs than ARDSp dogs.     

早期持续肾脏替代治疗在急性呼吸窘迫综合症患者中的应用价值探索

目的 观察急性呼吸窘迫综合症（ARDS）患者血管外肺水指数（EVLWI）、动脉血乳酸（Lac）等指标变化,以及早期行持续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）对其的影响和临床意义.方法 36例ARDS患者随机分为A组（常规治疗组,18例）和B组（常规治疗＋CRRT组,18例）.B组患者明确诊断后即行CRRT治疗.通过脉搏指示连续心排监测仪（PICCO）监测确诊即刻、治疗后2h、1d、3d、7d EVLWI变化,在相同时间点监测Lac、氧合指数（PaO2 /FiO2）及pH值,并进行比较.比较两组患者机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率和死亡率.结果 B组患者pH值、PaO2/FiO2在治疗后2h较治疗前即开始出现显著上升,EVLWI、Lac则在治疗后1d开始出现显著下降;而A组患者pH值、PaO 2/FiO2显著上升及EVLWI、Lac显著下降的时间点分别为治疗后1d和治疗后3d,均晚于B组,且在相同时间点两组之间上述指标存在显著差异.A、B两组机械通气时间分别为14.5±1.0d和9.2±0.8d（P＜ 0.05）;VAP发生率分别为50%和17%（P＜0.05）;死亡率分别为38.9 %和22.2%（P＞0.05）.结论 对ARDS患者进行常规治疗的同时早期进行CRRT治疗能有效降低EVLWI、Lac水平,改善氧合状态,缩短机械通气时间,降低VAP的发生率.     

血管外肺水监测对脓毒症急性肾损伤的应用研究

目的探讨血管外肺水监测(PICCO)在脓毒症合并急性肾损伤肾脏替代治疗(RRT)中的应用价值。方法选取2012年3月-2014年12月我院收治的脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者41例,在PICCO监测下,予每天6~8hRRT,根据血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)值分成观察组(EVLWI7mL/kg)21例和对照组(EVLWI≤7mL/kg)20例。观察初始液体复苏治疗后,两组患者氧合指数(PO_2/FiO_2)、动脉氧分压(PO_2)、经皮脉氧饱和度(SPO_2)、血乳酸值的变化。结果观察组液体复苏24h的PO_2/FiO_2明显低于治疗前及对照组(P0.05);观察组在液体复苏48h后PO_2/FiO_2开始恢复,但仍低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者液体复苏72h的PO_2/FiO_2恢复正常。观察组液体复苏24h的PO_2低于观察组(P0.05)。两组患者液体复苏24h的SPO_2均呈一过性下降,48h恢复正常,两组患者SPO_2液体复苏治疗前后及相互比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。观察组与对照组液体复苏24h的血乳酸明显低于治疗前(P0.01),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血管外肺水监测有助于脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者氧合情况的观察与护理。     

肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效观察

目的 对比肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗与单纯胸部物理治疗对机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效,探讨肺部超声在ARDS胸部物理治疗中的应用价值.方法 选取在我院行机械通气的ARDS患者104例,根据ARDS限制性保护通气策略随机分为两组,对照组52例,常规治疗加机械辅助排痰;超声组52例,常规治疗加超声引导机...     

肺复张治疗肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果评价

目的 观察肺复张对肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者氧合指数[氧分压(PaO2)/吸入氧气浓度(FiO2)]、呼吸力学及血流动力学的影响.方法 14例肺外源性ARDS患者行保护性肺通气,稳定后开始肺复张治疗.实施控制性肺膨胀(SI)进行肺复张,每8小时进行1次,共3天,纪录每天第1次患者治疗前及治疗后1小时的血气指标、呼吸机参数及肺复张前后的血流动力学指标.结果 1、2、3天肺复张治疗后1小时患者PaO2/FiO2较治疗前均有上升,(162.6±19.80)mmHg vs(220.93±34.10)mmHg,(195.6±24.40) mmHg vs (243.3±34.60)mmHg,(222.57±27.40) mmHg vs(254.71±38.90)mmHg(P＜0.05或＜0.0l);气道峰压[PIP:(35.64±2.71)cmH2O vs(34.07±2.58)cmH2O,(32.86±3.30)cmH2O vs(30.93±3.15)cmH2O,(30.14±2.66)cmH2O vs (28.07±3.27)cmH2O,P＜0.01]、气道平台压[Pplat:(31.29±2.49)cmH2O vs (28.93±2.63) cmH2O,(28.79±3.02) cmH2O vs(26.86±3.13)cmH2O,(25.71±2.09)cmH2O vs(23.57±2.34)cmH2O,P＜0.01]在肺复张治疗后均下降,呼吸系统静态顺应性(Cst)在肺复张治疗后改善,且整体呈升高趋势[(26.21±3.26)ml/cmH2O vs (30.14±3.70) ml/cmH2O,(29.36±4.25) ml/cmH2O vs (33.64±5.30) ml/cmH2O,(32.14±5.05) ml/cmH2O vs (35.57±5.57)ml/cmH2O,P＜0.01)];14例患者中有9例在肺复张过程中心率升高、血压下降,但均能于复张后3分钟恢复至复张前水平,余患者肺复张过程中心率、血压未见明显波动,14例患者均无心律失常发生.结论 对于肺外源性ARDS,肺复张可明显改善氧合,改善呼吸系统顺应性,对血流动力学影响轻徽.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血管外肺水指数动态变化与预后的关系

目的分析急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)的变化特点,探讨其在ARDS患者液体管理中的指导意义以及对预后评估的价值。方法采用回顾性研究的方法 ,将2011年1月至12月收住湖州市第一人民医院重症监护室(ICU)的24例ARDS患者根据临床转归分为存活组(16例)与死亡组(8例),观察两组患者的临床特点,运用脉搏指示持续心输出量监护仪进行血流动力学监测。结果两组患者入住ICU第1天的一般情况、平均动脉压、中心静脉压(CVP)、氧合指数、血乳酸水平、心排指数和EVLWI差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。从第1天到第3天,存活组氧合指数逐天上升,EVLWI、血乳酸值逐天降低,而死亡组三个指标均逐天降低,三个指标在两组间有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。另EVLWI与氧合指数呈明显负相关(r=-0.46,P<0.01),而EVLWI与CVP无明显相关性(r=-0.11,P=0.146)。第3天的EVLWI与预后的接受者操作特性曲线下面积为0.738±0.069,当EVLWI>8.5ml/kg时,预后评价的敏感度为85.3%,特异度为56.8%。结论 EVLWI的动态变化可用于评估治疗效果和患者预后,EVLWI可能是客观评价肺毛细血管渗漏的指标之一。     

高呼气末正压加肺复张治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 评价高呼气末正压(PEEP)加肺复张(RM)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 选择2008年6月至2010年5月贵阳医学院附属医院内科重症监护病房(MICU)收治的ARDS患者38例,按信封法随机分为RM组和非RM组,每组19例.两组均采用压力支持通气(PSV)模式行机械通气,尽可能在吸入氧浓度(FiO2)＜0.60时达到目标氧合的最小PEEP水平,限制平台压≤30 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa).RM时FiO2调至1.00,压力支持水平调至0,将PEEP升至40 cm H2O,持续30 s后再降低,8 h 1次,连续5 d.记录基础状态和5 d内的机械通气参数、血气分析结果及生命体征,比较两组氧合改善和肺损伤指标变化,观察RM的不良反应和气压伤发生率.结果 ①两组患者基础状态及机械通气参数均无明显差异.②两组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)均明显改善,且RM组明显优于非RM组[PaO2(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)2 d:85.8±21.3比73.5±18.7,3 d:88.6±22.8比74.3±19.8,4 d:98.8±30.7比79.3±19.3,5 d:105.5±29.4比84.4±13.8;PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg)4 d:221.8±103.5比160.3±51.4,5 d:239.6±69.0比176.8±45.5,均P＜0.05].③两组呼出气冷凝液(EBC)中过氧化氢(H2O2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均呈下降趋势,RM组下降幅度更明显[5 d时H2O2(μmol/L):0.04±0.02比0.10±0.03;IL-6(ng/L):4.12±2.09比9.26±3.47,均P＜0.05].④两组均无气压伤发生,心率无明显变化,无心律失常发生,中心静脉压和平均动脉压无明显变化.结论 高PEEP加RM可增加气体交换,改善氧合,减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VALI).应用RM比较安全,耐受性好,临床观察未见低氧血症、气压伤和血流动力学异常.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and safety degree of high positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) combined with lung recruitment maneuver (RM) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods Thirty-eight patients in medical intensive care unit (MICU) of Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College suffering from ARDS admitted from June 2008 to May 2010 were enrolled in the study. With the envelope method they were randomized into RM group and non-RM group, with n= 19 in each group. All patients received protective ventilation: pressure support ventilation (PSV) with plateau pressure limited at 30 cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0. 098 kPa) or lower. PEEP was set at the minimum level with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ＜0. 60 and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) kept between 60 and 80 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa). RM was conducted by regulating FiO2 to 1.00, support pressure to 0, PEEP increased to 40 cm H2O and maintained for 30 seconds before lowering, and this maneuver was repeated every 8 hours for a total of 5 days. Base status, ventilation parameters, blood gas analysis and vital signs were obtained at baseline and for the next 5 days. Oxygenation status and lung injury indexes were compared between RM group and non-RM group, the adverse effects of (PaO2/FiO2) were both increased in RM group and non-RM group, but the values were higher in RM group [PaO2 (mm Hg) 2 days: 85.8± 21.3 vs. 73. 5± 18. 7, 3 days : 88. 6± 22. 8 vs. 74. 3 ±19. 8, 4 days : 98. 8 ±30. 7 vs. 79. 3±19. 3, 5 days: 105.5±29.4 vs. 84. 4±13. 8; PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg) 4 days: 221.8±103. 5 vs.interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) decreased in both groups but lower in RM group with significant difference [5 days H2O(μmol/L): 0. 04 ± 0. 02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.03 ; IL-6 (ng/L):No significant changes in heart rate were found during RM. Central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure remained unchanged after RM. Conclusion High level PEEP combined with RM can improve gas exchange and oxygenation, decrease ventilator associated lung injury (VALI). RM was safe and had good tolerance, no hypoxemia, barotrauma and hemodynamic instability were observed.     

肺牵张反射对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的肺保护作用

目的 观察肺牵张反射对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)兔肺损伤的影响.方法 盐酸吸入法复制兔ARDS模型,应用神经电活动辅助通气(NAVA)进行机械通气,潮气量(VT)维持6 mL/kg,膈肌电活动(EAdi)法选择呼气末正压(PEEP),随机(随机数字法)分为2组:(1)假手术(Sham)组(5只);(2)迷走神经离断(VAG)组(5只).观察在基础状态、ARDS成模、机械通气1,2,3 h时的气体交换及呼吸力学指标.测定肺通透性、病理以及炎症反应指标.结果 机械通气2,3 h,VAG组氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)显著低于Sham组(P＜0.05).在机械通气1,2,3 h时,VAG组二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)与Sham组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),VAG组VT、气道峰压(Ppeak)及平均气道压(Pm)均显著高于Sham组(P＜0.05).机械通气3 h,与Sham组相比,VAG组死腔分数(VD/VT)、肺弹性阻力(Ers)明显升高,肺静态顺应性(Cst)明显降低(P＜0.05).与Sham组相比,VAG组肺组织湿/干质量(W/D)、肺损伤评分、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-8(IL-8)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及丙二醛(MDA)含最均显著升高(P＜0.05).结论 离断迷走神经加重ARDS肺损伤,维持完整肺牵张反射对ARDS具有肺保护作用.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of the pulmonary stretch reflex on the lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method ARDS models of rabbits were induced by intratracheal infusion hydrochloric acid and ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) with a tidal volume ( VT) of 6 mL/kg and the electrical activity of diaphragm ( Eadi)-determined PEEP level. The rabbits were randomly ( random number) divided into two groups: ( 1 ) sham operation (Sham) group ( n = 5 ),(2) bilateral vagotom (VAG) group( n = 5 ). Gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics were determined at baseline, after lung injury and ventilation 1, 2, 3 h respectively. Indices about pulmonary permeability,pathological changes and inflammatory response were also measured. Results Compared with Sham group,the PaO2/FiO2in VAG group decreased significantly at ventilation 2 h, 3 h (P ＜0.05). There was no significant difference on PaCO2 between Sham and VAG group (P ＞ 0.05 ), and VAG group had the higher VT,peak pressure ( Ppeak), mean pressure (Pm) compared with Sham group at the time point of ventilation 1 h, 2 h, 3 h (P＜0.05). Compared with Sham group, the dead space fraction (VD/VT) and the respiratory system elastance (Ers) in VAG group increased (P ＜ 0.05 ) and the static pulmonary compliance (Cst)decreased markedly (P ＜ 0.05 ) after 3 h ventilation. The wet/dry weight (W/D), lung injury score, tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α), interleukin-8 ( IL-8 ), myeloperoxidase ( M PO ) and malondialdehyde ( M DA )in VAG group elevated significantly when compared with Sham group ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions The lung injury in ARDS was aggravated after bilateral vagotomy, which demonstrated that the pulmonary stretch reflex may have the lung protective effect.