呼气末正压通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果

目的探讨呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效。方法选取本院2009年3月~2011年12月重症医学科收治的50例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者,经常规治疗无效后,加用PEEP(5~8 mm Hg)机械通气治疗,对比治疗前后心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、血氧饱和度(Sa O2)、氧合指数(Pa O2/Fi O2),以及血气指标如氧分压(Pa O2)、二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)等指标的变化。结果 50例患者经PEEP机械通气治疗后,其中40例在1 d内,呼吸困难改善,发绀明显好转,肺部湿啰音基本消失,仅肺底残留少许固定湿啰音,HR减慢(P<0.05)、RR减慢(P<0.05)、Sa O2上升(P<0.05),Pa O2/Fi O2明显升高(P<0.05),低氧血症均有不同程度的改善。血气指标显示Pa O2上升(P<0.05),p H有所改善(P<0.05),但Pa CO2在PEEP治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。10例因严重脓毒性休克,循环衰竭,治疗无效而死亡。PEEP机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征,总有效率为80%。结论 PEEP是治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征快速且有效的方法 ,可作为重要的治疗手段。     

无创性通气治疗早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的　探讨无创性通气 (NIV)在治疗早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)中的临床疗效。方法　 10例ARDS患者均于早期给予面罩NIV治疗 ,选用压力支持通气 (PSV)加呼气末正压 (PEEP)模式 ,PEEP水平设为 5～ 8cmH2 O ,PSV水平设为 8～ 2 0cmH2 O。结果　经NIV治疗 2 4～ 72h后 ,呼吸窘迫治愈 6例 ,失败 4例。治疗成功组的呼吸频率 (RR)由治疗前的 36± 3次 /min降至 2 4± 2次 /min ,PaO2 由治疗前的 6 0± 5mmHg升至 110± 2 5mmHg ,氧合指数 (OI)由治疗前的14 0± 15升至 36 4± 2 0。而失败组无显著改善。结论　早期ARDS患者合理使用NIV治疗是很有益处的。     

1例重症H7N9患者实施改良俯卧位通气的护理

H7N9重症患者常并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),需要及时实施机械通气.俯卧位通气是指在实施机械通气时,把患者置于俯卧式体位,通过改善膈肌运动,使肺内气体重新分布、改善背侧肺通气,减轻心脏对肺的压迫,增加功能残气量,改善V/Q、减少分流,从而改善氧合[1],并使吸入氧浓度(FiO2)和呼气末正压(PEEP)水平降低,减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤的发生. 1 临床资料 我科于2016年3月收治1例重症H7N9患者,入院时氧和指数54 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),予气管插管后行有创通气.有创通气治疗期间共实施18次俯卧位通气,根据患者耐受及氧和指数改善情况,每次俯卧位时间8~21 h.     

显性吸入性肺炎及其所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床分析

目的探讨显性吸入性肺炎所诱导呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的相关因素及诊疗对策,旨在探讨其临床意义.方法对14例显性吸入性肺炎及ARDS发生后,在祛除诱因、纤支镜气道内吸除吸入物和吸氧、联合应用抗生素及对症处理等综合治疗基础上,予呼吸末正压(PEEP)8～12cmH2O和潮气量(Vt)4～7ml/kg机械辅助通气.动态观测气道内吸入物pH、气促评分、中心静脉压(CVP)、氧合指数和白细胞总数、血糖等预后影响因素.结果显性吸入发生6小时内,患者气促评级由(1.3±0.65)增加至(2.4±0.34),呈显著增加(P＜0.01),而氧合指数由(375±43.0)mmHg降低至(274±28.0)mmHg,呈显著降低;经处理在吸入发生24小时内,各项观察指标均进一步显著恶化;且氧合指数＜200mmHg;应用合适PEEP、Vt行机械通气可显著改善氧合.死亡组行机械通气72小时后氧合仍呈恶化,其氧合指数(172±55.0)mmHg显著低于存活组(212±48.0)mmHg(P＜0.01);而白细胞总数和血糖显著高于存活组;其既有基础疾病种类和发生多脏器功能障碍(MODS)也显著多于存活组;而二组的气道内吸入物pH和吸入发生6小时内的氧合指数水平无显著性差异.结论显性吸入性肺炎早期易致ARDS;在综合治疗基础上,应用合适PEEP和小Vt可有效改善ARDS氧合;其预后较差且取决于72小时内的治疗反应及感染、血糖的有效控制和MODS的发生.     

肺开放通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效分析

目的:通过大潮气量、高呼吸末正压(PEEP)肺开放策略,探索容量辅助控制通气、小潮气量、呼吸末正压治疗下,难以纠正的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)低氧血症的策略。方法:容量辅助控制通气,潮气量为6mL/kg～8mL/kg,PEEP为10cmH2O～15cmH2O,FO2<60%机械通气过程中,提高PEEP20cmH2O～30cmH2O,潮气量(VT)15mL/kg,氧浓度为100%,开放通气2min～3min。低氧血症纠正,恢复基础通气模式和参数。结果:PEEP20cmH2O～30cmH2O,潮气量(VT)15mL/kg肺开放治疗ARDS有效率达96.87%(31/32)。结论:肺开放通气,促使萎陷肺泡开放,改善通气血流比例,提高PaO2,有效纠正低氧血症,为治疗ARDS的有效策略。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的无创正压通气治疗

目的探讨不同病因导致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的无创正压通气（NIPPV）治疗。方法20例ARDS患者,分为原发性肺损伤组（9例）和继发性肺损伤组（11例）,比较两组间的APACHEⅡ分值,NIPPV治疗前后动脉血pH值,氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、呼吸频率等。结果两组治疗前与治疗2h后的PaO2／FiO2、呼吸频率均有显著差异,两组间的APACHEⅡ分值无显著性差异。结论NIPPV治疗ARDS安全、有效,可以首选。     

无创机械通气在急性左心衰竭合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

目的 评价无创机械通气(NIPPV)在不同病因致急性左心衰竭合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭治疗中的疗效.方法 将48例急性左心衰竭合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者完全随机分成NIPPV组(24例)与常规治疗组(24例);NIPPV组为使用无创呼吸机组,常规治疗组为双鼻导管或面罩吸氧组.2组患者均予以常规药物抗心力衰竭治疗.测定动脉血pH、PaO2、脉博血氧饱和度(SpO2)、PaCO2及左心室射血分数(LVEF),观察血压、呼吸频率、HR及临床症状,比较2组的治疗效果.结果 NIPPV组和常规治疗组患者治疗后与治疗前比较,收缩压降低[分别为(125±16)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)比(168±19) mm Hg,(120±18)mm Hg比(167±20)mm Hg)],舒张压降低[分别为(71±10)mm Hg比(97±12)mm Hg,(74±11)mm Hg比(95±14)mmHg],SpO2升高[分别为(0.98±0.02)％比(0.76±0.11)％,(0.90±0.10)％比(0.78±0.15)％],PaO2升高[分别为(91±6)mm Hg比(54±8)mm Hg,(76±9) mm Hg比(55±9)mm Hg],LVEF升高[(50±10)％比(32±14)％,(45±6)％比(31±11)％],差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).治疗后NIPPV组HR、呼吸频率明显低于常规治疗组(P＜0.05),PaO2、LVEF明显高于常规治疗组(P＜0.01).NIPPV组治疗有效率明显高于常规治疗组[95.8％(23/24)比75.0％ (18/24)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 NIPPV对急性左心衰竭合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者有良好的改善呼吸功能、纠正低氧血症效果.     

乌司他丁联合机械通气用于急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床观察

目的探讨乌司他丁联合机械通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效。方法将68例ARDS患者随机分为对照组(36例)和乌司他丁组(UTI组)(32例),对照组采用ARDS常规治疗,UTI组患者在此基础上确诊后即刻予乌司他丁(ulinastatin,UTI)注射液每日20万U静脉注射。观察两组患者治疗后疗效、血气分析指标及血清中TNF-α、IL-8含量。结果治疗后3 d、7 d UTI组患者动脉血氧分压(Pa O2)、氧合指数(Pa O2/Fi O2)改善优于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),UTI组血清中TNF-α、IL-8及病死率均较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 UTI联合机械通气治疗能够有效阻抑ARDS患者的炎性反应,改善患者氧合情况和预后。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效

目的探讨纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的效果。方法76例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组38例。对照组实施NIPPV辅助通气治疗,观察组在对照组基础上使用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗。比较两组患者治疗效果以及治疗前后动脉血气指标[动脉血氧分压(PaO₂)、二氧化碳分压(PaO₂)]水平。结果观察组治疗总有效率94.74%高于对照组的78.95%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者PaO₂(85.65±7.96)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)高于对照组的(77.24±7.21)mm Hg,PaO₂(36.37±3.64)mm Hg低于对照组的(41.53±4.39)mm Hg,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合NIPPV治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,可以较好控制病情,改善患者的肺功能。     

经鼻高流量氧疗结合康复治疗在脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者中的应用价值研究

目的 分析经鼻高流量氧疗结合康复治疗在脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者中的应用价值。方法 100例脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组50例。对照组患者给予面罩式无创正压通气结合康复治疗,观察组患者给予经鼻高流量氧疗结合康复治疗。比较两组咳痰难度评分、咳痰舒适度评分、咳痰耐受性评分,治疗前后呼吸频率、氧合指数、二氧化碳分压、氧分压,3个月内死亡率。结果 观察组咳痰难度评分(2.01±0.12)分、咳痰舒适度评分(1.24±0.12)分、咳痰耐受性评分(1.10±0.23)分均低于对照组的(3.56±0.21)、(2.78±0.23)、(2.25±0.12)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者的呼吸频率、氧合指数、二氧化碳分压、氧分压比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的呼吸频率(17.56±3.21)次/min、二氧化碳分压(42.19±2.50)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)均显著低于对照组的(20.51±2.44)次/min、(46.14±2.12)mm Hg,氧合指数(388.56±23.21)mm...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.