肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿的临床观察

目的 评价胸腔镜下肺减容手术治疗晚期重度肺气肿病人的治疗效果.方法 选择37例病人进行肺减容手术,术后6个月复查肺功能及6min步行距离,并将结果 与术前对比,评价疗效.结果 术后死亡1例,其余病人均痊愈出院.术后6个月复查肺功能及6min步行距离,与术前相比有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论 肺减容手术可以明显改善病人肺功能,提高病人生活质量.     

肺减容手术治疗重度肺气肿

肺气肿是慢性阻塞性肺病的一种，目前常规的治疗方法是内科药物治疗和功能锻炼，但这些方法对晚期患者疗效不佳。从上世纪90年代中期兴起的肺减容手术（lung volume reduction surgery，LVRS）现已经成为治疗重度肺气肿的一种较好选择。我们从2003年11月至2007年9月，用肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿11例，手术近期效果满意，现将结果报告如下。     

胸腔镜下双侧同期肺减容术的护理

探讨胸腔镜下重度肺气肿双侧同期减容术的护理措施及临床意义。（1）总结8例重度肺气肿双侧同期减容术的护理措施；术前加强健康教育及心理护理，进行呼吸运动训练，作好呼吸道准备；术后严密观察生命体征，有效叩背排痰，保持呼吸道通畅；对术后主要的并发症重点防治；进行康复训练和出院前指导；（2）8例均于肺功能改善状态下步行出院，术后第1、3、6、10月随访，肺功能逐步好转，6分钟活动能力提高，胸片示膈肌形态有改善。     

从肺减容过渡到肺移植*

背景：文献报道肺减容在一部分终末期肺气肿病例可以作为肺移植之前一种过渡外科治疗手段。 目的：探讨终末期肺气肿患者经肺减容后再行肺移植的可行性及疗效。 方法：为经2次肺减容术的1例终末期肺气肿患者进行了左肺移植。 结果与结论：患者术后于32 h顺利脱机,肺移植后无明显急性排异反应及其他明显并发症出现,移植后25 d胸部CT示左肺扩张良好,左肺血液灌注良好, 移植后1个月复查肺功能均明显改善,于移植后35d康复出院。进一步表明,对于已行肺减容的终末期肺气肿患者行肺移植是可行的,能明显改善患者肺功能。 关键词：肺减容;肺气肿;肺移植;终末期;器官移植 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.05.043     

肺减容手术治疗肺气肿

肺气肿是慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)的一种类型。其治疗措施包括 :内科保守治疗、肺功能锻炼和肺移植 ,前两者疗效不佳 ,后者国外大量开展 ,并取得一定的疗效 ,但肺供体来源有限 ,需长期使用免疫抑制剂 ,肺减容手术 (L VRS)作为替代肺移植的手段已越来越受到人们的关注。〔1 0 ,1 1〕1　历史背景1945年 ,Nissen首次报导局部切除肺大泡组织 ,术后症状明显改善〔1〕。 1975年 Brantigan倡导切除肺周围肺气肿组织的手术方式 〔2〕,经后外侧切口 ,连续楔形切除可疑肺气肿最严重的部位 (约占肺容积的 2 0 %～ 30 % ) ,其认为 :通过减少肺容积可增…     

胸腔镜下双侧同期肺减容术的护理

探讨胸腔镜下重度肺气肿双侧同期减容术的护理措施及临床意义.①总结8例重度肺气肿双侧同期减容术的护理措施:术前加强健康教育及心理护理,进行呼吸运动训练,作好呼吸道准备;术后严密观察生命体征,有效叩背排痰,保持呼吸道通畅;对术后主要的并发症重点防治;进行康复训练和出院前指导.②8例均于肺功能改善状态下步行出院.术后第1、3、6、10月随访,肺功能逐步好转,6分钟活动能力提高,胸片示膈肌形态有改善.     

不同术式食管癌根治术前后患者肺功能情况研究

目的 探讨食管癌根治术后病人肺功能的改变以及不同术式对肺功能影响程度的差异.方法 自2003年至2005年45例食管癌根治手术治疗的患者按不同术式进行分组,22例经左后外侧开胸食管癌切除行食管胃胸内吻合术(左后外侧切口组),23例经右前外侧开胸行食管胃颈部吻合术(右前外侧切口组).测定术前、术后1个月及术后3个月肺功能情况,对两组的肺功能检查结果进行分析.结果 45例病人术后未发生肺部并发症,术后均有不同程度肺功能下降,经左后外侧切口组术后肺活量(VC%)、时间肺活量(FVC%)、第一秒用力肺活量(FEVI%)及最大通气量(MVV%)显著低于经右前外侧切口组(P＜0.05).结论 食管癌切除术后患者均有不同程度肺功能下降,经右前外侧切口开胸根治食管癌对肺功能影响程度低于左后外侧切口.     

肺减容手术治疗重度肺气肿

肺减容手术是通过外科手术切除、折叠或减缩占据胸膜腔的部分肺气肿组织，用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿的一种手术技术。2000年6月至2003年10月，我科采用肺减容手术治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿10例，手术近期效果满意，现报告如下。     

肺支气管血管CT三维重建辅助胸腔镜下解剖性肺段或亚段切除术前定位的应用效果观察

目的 探讨肺支气管血管CT三维重建（3D-CTBA）在单孔胸腔镜（VATS）解剖性肺段或肺亚段切除术前定位中的可靠性与临床效果。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2020年1月—2022年2月在徐州市中心医院胸外科行3D-CTBA辅助单孔VATS解剖性肺段或肺亚段切除术的肺结节患者207例。其中男78例、女129例,年龄27~93（57.4±11.7）岁,肺结节最大径0.2~4.3（1.1±0.6）cm。依据术前3D-CTBA影像解剖的定位和设计进行手术。观察指标：（1）围术期及术后随访情况;（2）评价3D-CTBA无创定位肺结节的可靠性。结果 （1）患者手术均顺利完成,均R0切除,无中转开胸。手术时间（131.4±59.7）min,术中出血量（92.6±76.6）mL。引流管留置时间（4.5±2.4）d。术后并发症发生率5.8%（12/207）,其中持续肺漏气（>7 d）6例、切口脂肪液化2例、乳糜胸2例、迟发性胸腔积液2例。术后30 d无二次手术。患者均获随访2~34（16.1±7.3）个月,无肿瘤复发或死亡。（2）术中解剖观察与术前3D-CTBA对比,切除的肺结节所在肺段或肺亚段的血管、支气管及其分支均与影像所示的解剖结构匹配。所有靶区肺结节完整切除且有明确的病理诊断,与影像定位相符。结论 3D-CTBA用于单孔VATS解剖性肺段或亚段切除术的手术前定位精准可靠,临床效果满意。     

全胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗孤立性肺小结节的对比分析

目的 探讨全胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗孤立性肺小结节的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2014年1月~2016年6月手术治疗的100例孤立性肺小结节患者,按照手术方式分为开胸组和VATS组,各50例。开胸组采用传统开胸手术治疗,VATS组采用全胸腔镜手术治疗。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血、术后当日引流量、术后拔引流管时间、镇痛时间和住院时间。结果 两组患者生存率、病理性质比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与开胸组比较,VATS组手术时间短 [（114.3±29.5）min vs（151.2±47.3）min],术中出血少[（41.5±12.9）ml vs（145.1±65.8）ml],术后当日引流量少[（150.2±46.3）ml vs（220.1±55.4）ml],镇痛时间短[（2.2±1.3）d vs（7.5±1.6）d],术后拔引流管时间短[（2.2±1.3）d vs（5.8±2.6）d],术后住院时间短[（8.1±2.1）d vs（14.1±1.8）d],差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术后发生肺部感染、肺不张、心律失常VATS组分别为1例、1例、0例,开胸组为3例、2例、1例,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 全胸腔镜手术治疗孤立性肺小结节比开胸手术创伤小、术中出血少、手术时间短、疼痛轻、术后恢复快、并发症少,适合在临床基层医院开展应用。     

Functional evaluation of lung by Xe-133 lung ventilation scintigraphy before and after lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in patients with pulmonary emphysema

We evaluated the respiratory functions of patients with pulmonary emphysema who underwent lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) by the mean transit time (MTT) with Xe-133 lung ventilation scintigraphy, forced expiration volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), residual volume (RV), distance walked in 6 min (6-min walk), and the Hugh-Jones classification (H-J classification) before and after LVRS. In 69 patients with pulmonary emphysema (62 men, 7 women; age range, 47-75 years; mean age, 65.4 years +/- 6.1, preoperative H-J classification, III (two were II)-V) who underwent LVRS, all preoperative and postoperative parameters (MTT 3 weeks after LVRS and the others 3 months after LVRS) were judged statistically by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Odds ratio. Every postoperative parameter was improved with a significant difference (P < 0.05) compared to preoperative parameters. MTT at 3 weeks after LVRS was not associated with %FEV1.0 and the H-J classification at 3 months after LVRS, but was associated with RV and a 6-min walk at 3 months after LVRS. MTT was useful for the clinical evalution of aerobic capability after LVRS.     

Dynamic lung mechanics in late-stage emphysema before and after lung volume reduction surgery

This study evaluated the effects of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) on the heterogeneity of lung function in awake, late-stage emphysema patients with measurements taken before and after full recovery from LVRS. We assessed standard clinical measures of lung function and functional heterogeneity in six awake, late-stage emphysema patients before and 6 months after LVRS. Functional heterogeneity was quantified by measuring dynamic inspiratory resistance (R(L)(insp)) and elastance (E(L)(insp)) over a frequency range that included normal breathing ( approximately 0.33-8 Hz). Since LVRS involves targeted resection of emphysematous regions of the lung, we hypothesized that emphysema patients would be functionally more homogeneous post-LVRS. We also compared our measures of functional heterogeneity with indices of anatomic heterogeneity and severity using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). After LVRS, 6 min walk distance increased by 22% (940+/-91 versus 1158+/-299, p=0.031) and recoil pressure at TLC increased (9.0+/-2.0 versus 14+/-5, p=0.031), but changes in R(L)(insp) and E(L)(insp) varied greatly between subjects. A measure of anatomic severity quantified using HRCT positively correlated with airway resistance (r(s)=0.89, p=0.048). These results suggest that subjects with more severe disease as assessed by HRCT criteria had reduced overall effective airway caliber consequent to active airway constriction, reduced parenchymal tethering, and/or loss of parallel lung units. Furthermore, LVRS may not necessarily improve lung function via a substantial reduction in mechanical heterogeneity.     

Improvement after lung volume reduction surgery: a role for inspiratory muscle adaptation

In severe emphysema, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) can improve lung function and exercise tolerance. The maximal changes of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)) and lung volume occur early after surgery, whereas maximal improvement of exercise tolerance occurs later. We tested the hypothesis that secondary adaptation of inspiratory muscles could explain this delayed clinical improvement. In that purpose, we evaluated nine consecutive patients before LVRS and up to 9 months post-operatively. Six weeks after LVRS, we observed an increase in FEV(1) and 6 min walk distance (6MWD). The gain in sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) was inversely proportional to lung volume loss. Values of FEV(1) and lung volume were maintained throughout follow-up whereas SNIP values significantly increased from 6 weeks to 6 months post-LVRS. In the meantime, we observed an increase in 6MWD correlated with the SNIP increase. This suggests that in patients undergoing LVRS, early improvement of SNIP is proportional to decrease in lung volume whereas the further delayed improvement may be due, at least in part, to adaptation of the inspiratory muscles.     

Effect of lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema on diaphragm function

Preoperative prediction of a successful outcome following lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for emphysema is imperfect. One mechanism could be improvement in respiratory muscle function yet controversy exists regarding the magnitude and mechanism of such an improvement. Therefore, we measured diaphragm strength in 18 patients before and after LVRS. Mean (S.D.) FRC fell from 6.53 to 5.40 l (p = 0.0001). Mean sniff transdiaphragmatic pressure increased from 76 to 87 cm H2O (14%, p < 0.03) and mean twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Tw Pdi) increased by 2.5 cm H2O at 3 months (12%, p = 0.03). There was a highly significant increase in twitch esophageal pressure (Tw Pes) (60%, p < 0.0001), which was maintained at 12 months (46% increase, p = 0.0004). No change was observed in quadriceps twitch tension in nine subjects in whom it was measured. After LVRS the ratio Tw Pes:Tw Pdi increased from 0.24 to 0.37 at 3 months (p = 0.0003) and 0.36 at 12 months (p = 008). Low values of Sn Pdi, Sn Pes, Tw Pes and a high RV/TLC ratio were the preoperative variables most predictive of improvement in shuttle walking distance. We conclude that LVRS improves diaphragm function primarily by alteration of lung volume. Patients with poor diaphragm function and high RV/TLC ratio preoperatively are most likely to benefit from the procedure.     

The Prognostic Value of Residual Volume/Total Lung Capacity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The prognostic role of resting pulmonary hyperinflation as measured by residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors related to resting pulmonary hyperinflation in COPD and to determine whether resting pulmonary hyperinflation is a prognostic factor in COPD. In total, 353 patients with COPD in the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease cohort recruited from 16 hospitals were enrolled. Resting pulmonary hyperinflation was defined as RV/TLC ≥ 40%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that older age (P = 0.001), lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) (P < 0.001), higher St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score (P = 0.019), and higher emphysema index (P = 0.010) were associated independently with resting hyperinflation. Multivariate Cox regression model that included age, gender, dyspnea scale, SGRQ, RV/TLC, and 6-min walking distance revealed that an older age (HR = 1.07, P = 0.027), a higher RV/TLC (HR = 1.04, P = 0.025), and a shorter 6-min walking distance (HR = 0.99, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Our data showed that older age, higher emphysema index, higher SGRQ score, and lower FEV₁ were associated independently with resting pulmonary hyperinflation in COPD. RV/TLC is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in COPD.

Graphical Abstract

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Lung function abnormalities in cystic fibrosis and changes during growth.

Static lung volumes (VC, TLC, FRC, RV), elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst(1) at 100, 90, and 60% of TLC), static lung compliance [Cst(1)], specific airway conductance at FRC level (Gaw/TGVex), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), maximal expiratory flows (Vmax.) at 25 and 50% of VC and at 60% of TLC, and "upstream" airway conductance (Gus) at 60% of TLC were studied in 28 patients with cystic fibrosis, 5 to 25 years old, over a period of 1 to 5 years. The data were compared individually with normal values, related to body height in the form of regression equations and expressed in percentage of predicted values. From the indices assessing airway function, Vmax. at low lung volumes, Gus at 60% TLC, RV and RV/TLC were the functional parameters most consistently abnormal. Among the indices characterizing lung elasticity, Pst(1) at 60% TLC was the most abnormal. Generally, the values of the majority of lung function indices [VC, TLC, FRC, Pst(1)] declined during growth. Vmax. at all lung volumes and Gus at 60% TLC did not deteriorate with growth probably due to the great abnormality of these parameters already in young patients. It was also observed that lung function did not change significantly over a period of 1 to 5 years corresponding to a 10 cm increase in body height. However, over that period, lung function improved in some of the subjects, did not change in over 50% of the cases and deteriorated in the others.     

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: How does cohabitation affect respiratory functions?

PurposeCombined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) has emerged as a new syndrome with characteristics of both fibrosis and emphysema. We determined the impacts of radiologic emphysema severity on pulmonary function tests (PFTs), exercise capacity and mortality.Patients and methodsIPF patients (n = 110) diagnosed at the Chest Diseases Clinic between September 2013 and January 2016 were enrolled in the study and followed up until June 2017. Visual and digital emphysema scores, PFTs, pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), 6-minute walking test, composite physiologic index (CPI), and survival status were recorded. Patients with emphysema and those with pure IPF were compared.ResultsThe CPFE-group had a significantly greater ratio of men(p < 0.001), lower BMI (p < 0.001), lower mean PaO₂ (p = 0.005), higher mean sPAP (p = 0.014), and higher exercise desaturation (p < 0.001). The CPFE group had a significantly higher FVC(L)(p = 0.016), and lower FEV1/FVC ratio (p = 0.002), DLCO, and DLCO/VA ratio(p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively). Lung volumes of the CPFE group had significantly higher VC(p = 0.017), FRC (p < 0.001), RV(p < 0.001), RV/TLC(p < 0.001), and TLC(p < 0.001). There were significant correlations between emphysema scores and FVC (L)(p = 0.01), FEV1/FVC(p = 0.001), DLCO (p = 0.003), VC(p = 0.014), FRC (L)(p < 0.001), RV(p < 0.001), TLC(p < 0.001), and RV/TLC (p < 0.001). Mortality rates were comparable between the two groups. CPI (p = 0.02) and sPAP (p = 0.01) were independent predictors of mortality in patients with CPFE.ConclusionsThe presence and severity of emphysema affects pulmonary function in IPF. Patients with CPFE have reduced diffusion capacity, more severe air trapping, worse muscle weakness, more severe exercise desaturation, and pulmonary hypertension. CPI and pulmonary hypertension are two independent risk factors for mortality in subjects with CPFE.     

A comparison of single breath and re-breathe diffusing capacity in emphysema patients and controls

In emphysema patients, gas dilutional alveolar volume is underestimated by a 10s single breath maneuver at total lung capacity (TLC) compared with re-breathing at functional residual capacity (FRC); corresponding underestimation of single breath diffusing capacity (DLCO) in emphysema has not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree to which re-breathe DLCO at FRC (DLCO(RB)) differs from single breath DLCO at TLC (DLCO(SB)) in emphysema. In 37 consecutively recruited patients with moderate to severe emphysema (FEV1/FVC 40%±10% predicted), DLCO(RB) as % predicted of 91 controls without cardiopulmonary disease was 79%±24%, significantly greater than % predicted DLCO(SB) (44%±19%; p<0.0001). DLCO(RB)/DLCO(SB) was inversely proportional to FEV1% predicted (R = -0.47, p=0.004), and FEV1/FVC (R = -0.54, p<0.001). These data indicate that a 10s single breath DLCO maneuver progressively under-represents re-breathe lung diffusing capacity in emphysema as airflow obstruction increases.     

Pulmonary function in normal Japanese children 6 to 16 years of age

We measured pulmonary function on 182 healthy Japanese children 6 to 16 years of age living in the Tokyo area. Static lung volumes, RV/TLC (%), FRC/TLC (%), FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (%), MMFR, MVV, f, VE and VO2 were measured. Multiple regression equations were obtained and the results were compared with those derived from the other equations (Kanagami (1958), Ishida (1955]. The predicted values were about 10 approximately 25% higher with our equations than those obtained from the other equations which were made more than 30 years ago. These differences were attributed to the recent improvement in growth of the Japanese children. For this reason we think it is better now to adopt new equations for the prediction of normal values in Japanese children.     

Magnetic resonance elastography of the lungs: A repeatability and reproducibility study

Lung diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, from which four million people die annually. Lung diseases are associated with changes in the mechanical properties of the lungs. Several studies have shown the feasibility of using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to quantify the lungs' shear stiffness. The aim of this study is to investigate the reproducibility and repeatability of lung MRE, and its shear stiffness measurements, obtained using a modified spin echo‐echo planar imaging (SE‐EPI) MRE sequence. In this study, 21 healthy volunteers were scanned twice by repositioning the volunteers to image right lung both at residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) to assess the reproducibility of lung shear stiffness measurements. Additionally, 19 out of the 21 volunteers were scanned immediately without moving the volunteers to test the repeatability of the modified SE‐EPI MRE sequence. A paired t‐test was performed to determine the significant difference between stiffness measurements obtained at RV and TLC. Concordance correlation and Bland–Altman's analysis were performed to determine the reproducibility and repeatability of the SE‐EPI MRE‐derived shear stiffness measurements. The SE‐EPI MRE sequence is highly repeatable with a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.95 at RV and 0.96 at TLC. Similarly, the stiffness measurements obtained across all volunteers were highly reproducible with a CCC of 0.95 at RV and 0.92 at TLC. The mean shear stiffness of the lung at RV was 0.93 ± 0.22 kPa and at TLC was 1.41 ± 0.41 kPa. TLC showed a significantly higher mean shear stiffness (P = 0.0004) compared with RV. Lung MRE stiffness measurements obtained using the SE‐EPI sequence were reproducible and repeatable, both at RV and TLC. Lung shear stiffness changes across respiratory cycle with significantly higher stiffness at TLC than RV.