胸膜外Nuss手术与Nuss手术对比研究

目的 前瞻性对比胸膜外Nuss手术和Nuss手术的安全性和可行性.方法 2008年7月至2009年6月252例行Nuss手术者,排除漏斗胸复发、有合并症同期手术、大于13岁、广泛凹陷使用双支撑架和极重度和严重非对称性者,余131例随机分两组,62例胸膜外Nuss手术组和69例Nuss手术组.比较两种术式同手术期情况、并发症和手术效果,并观察胸膜外组钢板是否确在胸膜外.结果 131例均顺利完成手术,在两组年龄、Haller指数差异无统计学意义的前提下,手术优良率、手术时间、术中出血量和出院时间差异亦均无统计学意义.随访14～26个月,无复发及远期并发症,两组并发症各3.例,差异无统计学意义.胸膜外组32例破入胸腔.结论 胸膜外Nuss手术是安全可行的,但与Nuss手术组在手术时间、术中出血、出院时间和手术效果上无任何优势,且不容易观察到对侧胸腔情况,手术方法不容易掌握和推广.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the safety and feasibility of thoracoscopic extrapleural Nuss procedure with traditional intrapleural Nuss procedure. Methods Total 252 patients with pectus excavatum received Nuss surgery from July 2008 to June 2009 in Beijing children' s hospital. Patients had following condition were excluded; (1) recurrent pectus excavatum; (2) complicated with other diseases, and need simultaneous surgery; (3) older than 13-year-old; (4) extensive depression, and need two Nuss bar; or (5) extreme severe or severe unsymmetric. 131 cases were selected in our study and they were randomly divided into two groups, thoracoscopic extrapleural Nuss procedure ( n = 62 ) and traditional intrapleural Nuss procedure ( n =69). Perioperative information, postoperative complications, effectiveness and the location of the Nuss bar were compared between two groups. Results All the 131 patients had completed the procedure successfully. There were no significant differences in age, Haller index; surgical effects, operation time, blood loss, and hospital stay, between two groups. Postoperative complications between the two groups are not significant. 131 patients were followed up from 14 to 26 months, and no recurrence and long-term complications occurred. About more than half cases of extrapleural Nuss procedure group were break the pleural into thoracic cavity. Conclusion Both extrapleural and intrapleural Nuss procedure are safe and effective for pectus excavatum, but extrapleural Nuss procedure have no advantage to the intrapleural Nuss procedure, also it' s hard to observe the other side of thoracic cavity during the surgery, and not easy to grasp and to promote.     

Nuss手术与改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸疗效的对比研究

目的比较Nuss手术与改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸的疗效。方法对比分析我院1992年1月-2010年10月采用改良Ravitch手术与Nuss手术治疗小儿先天性漏斗胸88例临床资料。2组年龄无差异。改良Ravitch手术（R组）45例,骨膜内切除变形肋软骨,胸骨截骨,分离胸骨后及两侧间隙,用克氏针将凹陷胸骨抬高固定;Nuss手术43例（N组）,腋中线小横切口,支撑钢板预弯,胸腔镜下,用引导器将钢板经胸膜外引入对侧,翻转钢板撑起下陷胸骨,固定钢板。结果与R组相比,N组切口短[（3.85±0.71）cm vs.（9.67±2.80）cm,t=13.227,P=0.000],出血量少[（5.7±1.8）ml vs.（63.8±54.8）ml,t=6.942,P=0.000],输血患者比例少[0%（0/43）vs.42.2%（19/45）,P=0.000],手术时间短[（59.4±8.9）min vs.（167.5±57.3）min,t=12.222,P=0.000],总住院时间短[（9.1±2.5）d vs.（18.9±5.1）d,t=11.469,P=0.000],术后住院时间短[（4.7±1.6）d vs.（11.9±2.7）d,t=15.332,P=0.000]。并发症发生率R组22.2%（10/45）,N组30.2%（13/43）（χ2=0.731,P=0.393）。2组88例随访3个月-9年,总满意率R组95.6%（43/45）,N组97.7%（42/43）（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）,其中36例〉3年,满意率R组90.9%（20/22）,N组92.9%（13/14）（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）。结论 Nuss手术微创优势明显,中期疗效满意,可作为治疗小儿漏斗胸的首选术式。严重的非对称性漏斗胸尤其伴严重的多发肋骨畸形者,以及不具备实施Nuss手术条件的医疗单位,仍可以采用改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸。     

Nuss手术及其改良术式治疗漏斗胸的早期经验与探讨

目的 总结微创漏斗胸矫形术(Nuss手术)及其改良术式治疗漏斗胸的早期治疗经验.方法 39例对称性漏斗胸患者采用Nuss手术治疗,即在胸腔镜监视下将矫形钢板由一侧胸腔经胸骨后穿至对侧胸腔,翻转后固定.3例非对称性漏斗胸患儿采用改良Nuss手术.结果 42例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间20～60 min,平均31.3 min,出血量10～50 ml.住院时间3～12 d,平均5.7 d.6例患者术后疼痛较明显,3例患者出现发热,对症治疗后改善.无气胸及皮下气肿、无切口感染.术后3～18个月随访,40例患者矫形效果满意.2例患者术后矫形板移位,1例再次手术.结论 Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸具有微创、美观、创伤小,安全可靠的优点,便于推广;非对称性漏斗胸患者采用改良Nuss手术治疗,近期效果满意,远期效果还需观察.     

比较Nuss手术与改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸的疗效

目的比较Nuss手术与改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸的效果。方法随机将78例漏斗胸患儿分为2组,每组39例。A组施行Nuss手术,B组施行改良Ravitch手术。观察比较2组手术效果。结果 A组手术时间、术中出血量、恢复活动时间及住院时间均短于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组并发症发生率、优良率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸与改良Ravitch手术效果相当,但Nuss手术创伤小、恢复快,应根据手术适应证加以选择。     

Nuss手术矫治复杂漏斗胸

目的 总结Nuss手术治疗复杂漏斗胸的临床经验.方法 2006年9月至2009年10月,采用Nuss于术治疗169例漏斗胸病儿,其中复杂漏斗胸45例,术前常规行胸部CT和心脏B超等检查.有合并症者同时行合并症矫治,极重度和严重不对称漏斗胸分别采用剑突下小切口辅助、个性化钢板、多钢板放置、斜行放置钢板等方法完成矫治.结果 45例均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间54 min,术后4例出现少量气胸或皮下气肿,术后平均住院7天.矫形效果为优秀30例,良好13例,中等2例.所有病儿均获得随访,效果满意.结论 对复杂漏斗胸术前必须完善诊断,并分别和综合采用多种改良的Nuss手术方法,可以达到较好的矫治效果.     

胸膜外入路与胸膜腔入路Nuss手术对照研究

目的 对胸膜外入路与胸膜腔入路钢板植入胸骨抬举术(Nuss手术)治疗小儿漏斗胸的效果进行比较.方法 2006年7月～2007年11月28例漏斗胸患儿按手术时间分为胸膜外入路组(n=12)和胸膜腔入路组(n=16),比较2组手术情况和疗效. 结果 2组均顺利完成手术,术中未发生气胸,无心包、心脏、肺损伤,手术结束漏斗畸形即校正.2组手术时间(34.4±3.4)min vs(33.4±5.9)min无统计学差异(t=0.524,P=0.605).胸膜外入路组术中出血量(2.5±0.5)ml显著少于胸膜腔入路组(7.5±2.6)ml(t=-6.542,P=0.000),但最大出血量仅有10 ml.胸膜外入路组住院时间(3.8±1.2)d显著短于胸膜腔人路组(5.6±1.8)d(t=-2.994,P=0.006).胸膜外入路组满意率为100%与胸膜腔人路组93.8%无统计学差异(P=1.000).胸膜外入路组皮下气肿、胸膜刺激征发生率显著低于胸膜腔入路组(0 vs 31.2%,P=0.053;0 vs 31.2%.P=0.053).28例患儿随访2～10个月,平均7.6月,所有患儿胸廓外形维持优良,无钢板及固定器移位、滑动或旋转,无肺感染. 结论 胸膜外入路与胸膜腔入路钢板植入胸骨抬举术治疗小儿漏斗胸安全、可行、有效.胸膜外入路与胸膜腔入路Nuss手术比较具有并发症少、恢复快、胸膜腔完整等优点.     

改良Nuss手术纠治小儿漏斗胸

目的 总结胸腔镜辅助下改良Nuss手术纠治小儿漏斗胸的初步经验.方法 2004年6月至2006年7月,采用胸腔镜辅助下改良Nuss手术纠治53例漏斗胸患者,年龄2.4～16.0岁,平均年龄8.1岁.36例畸形为对称型,17例为非对称型.结果 53例患者均顺利完成手术,术中平均失血量少于10 ml.2例术中发生心包穿孔,6例术后出现少量气胸,3例术后出现胸腔积液,均经相应的处理治愈.术后平均住院5.5 d,所有患者均未输血,胸廓畸形矫正满意.测量胸骨凹陷48例得到完全纠正,5例残余凹陷小于术前程度的20%.矫形效果46例为优良,7例为良好.全部患者均获得随访,随访时间1～25个月,均无不适,活动量与正常的儿童相同,钢板无移位,无伤害事件发生.其中1例术后24个月拆除钢板,矫形效果仍保持优良.结论 改良Nuss手术简单、易行,对患者创伤小,近期矫形效果满意.胸腔镜监测可提高手术的安全性.胸腔镜辅助下Nuss手术是一种值得尝试和推广的手术方法.     

胸腔镜微创Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸

目的:探讨胸腔镜辅助下漏斗胸矫形术(Nuss手术)的优越性。方法:在胸腔镜辅助下实施漏斗胸矫形术2例。结果:手术过程顺利,手术时间分别为35、30m in,术中出血1~2m l,均恢复顺利,分别于术后第4天和第5天出院,分别随诊1年和10个月无任何并发症出现。结论:Nuss手术具有切口小而隐蔽、手术时间短、出血少、活动早、手术创伤小、无手术瘢痕、矫形效果好等优点,手术方法安全可行,值得推广。     

Nuss手术并发症的处理及预防

目的 探讨微创Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸的手术并发症,预防方法及处理原则.方法 2002年7月至2008年7月共行613例Nuss手术,其中55例为复发的漏斗胸,116例为有合并症的漏斗胸.35例出现并发症,占5.71%.分析术中并发症和术后并发症出现的原因,总结处理方法和预防的原则.结果 613例均顺利完成手术,手术时间25～300 min,术中出血1～200 ml.术中并发症10例,包括心包损伤4例、心脏损伤1例、膈肌穿通肝脏损伤2例、肋间肌撕脱2例,肋间血管损伤1例;均在术中得到妥善处理.术后并发症25例,包括支撑架移位3例、液气胸14例、长期疼痛5例(疼痛造成脊柱侧弯3例)、引流管断入胸腔1例、金属排斥和伤口感染各1例;支撑架移位、支撑架排斥和引流管断入胸腔各1例均再手术后痊愈,其余保守治疗治愈.结论 Nuss手术虽然并发症发生率较高但多属于轻微并发症,随着对并发症的认识和技术的进步,并发症的发生率将大大降低.     

漏斗胸仿Nuss手术的动物实验研究

我们通过对漏斗胸大鼠实施仿Nuss手术，从动物实验角度探讨该手术的安全性和矫形效果，为Nuss手术的开展和普及打下基础。     

漏斗胸Nuss术后钢板取出手术方法的改良

目的探讨漏斗胸Nuss术后钢板取出手术的改进方法。方法2008年1月～2011年2月64例漏斗胸Nuss术后钢板取出,27例为双侧切口,其中双侧固定片18例、单侧固定片9例,包括2例肋骨骨痂包绕成骨、2例严重漏斗胸;37例为单侧切口。采用单腔气管插管全麻,平卧位,选固定片侧原手术侧切口,将固定片外露出皮肤后去除,再使用骨科旋转器将钢板向外稍扳直后,向下沿着钢板弧度将钢板拉出。结果手术时间10-75min,平均21min;术中出血量5—450ml,平均为15ml。2例（3．1％）术中出血量〉400ml,为钢板固定片骨痂形成,术中损伤肋间血管导致出血;1例（1．6％）钢丝遗留再次手术去除;4例（6．2％）术后少量气胸,2例（3．1％）术后术口感染,保守治疗后痊愈。术后住院时间1—13d,平均2．5d。术后1年取出钢板2例（3．1％）,术后2年3例（4．7％）,术后3年59例（92．2％）。2年内拆除钢板原因为患者对钢板过敏致钢板外露（4例）和钢板严重移位（1例）。64例随访4～36个月,平均16．8月,所有患者均保持同术前相近的良好漏斗胸畸形矫正效果。结论漏斗胸Nuss手术患者钢板多在3年后去除,通过改良Nuss术后钢板取出手术方法,采用固定片侧原手术侧切口,将固定片外露出皮肤后先去除,然后将钢板向外稍扳直后沿钢板弧度不翻转钢板向下将钢板顺原位取出,可以减少和预防并发症发生。     

Complications associated with the Nuss procedure: continued evolution of the learning curve

BACKGROUND: We report unusual and/or significant complications encountered during and after the Nuss Procedure for pectus excavatum. METHODS: This was a retrospective review that was approved by the institutional review board, with parental consent. RESULTS: Seven patients had unique and/or significant complications as follows: (1) laceration of an internal mammary artery during bar placement requiring emergent minithoracotomy; (2) hemopericardium 10 weeks postoperatively after blunt chest trauma requiring exploration of the pericardium and clot evacuation; (3) almost complete recurrence of the pectus excavatum deformity immediately after bar removal; (4 and 5) immediate/early postoperative bar displacement requiring re-operation and placement of 2 bars each; and (6 and 7) almost complete neo-ossification of the Nuss bar, making removal challenging. CONCLUSIONS: The Nuss procedure has met with near-universal acceptance. Complications are just being reported. We describe 7 events to add to the evolving literature as the entire pediatric surgery community participates in the initial learning curve.     

胸腔镜下Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸38例报告

目的探讨胸腔镜下Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸的疗效和安全性。方法胸腔镜监视下用穿通器在胸骨凹陷最低点水平，两腋中线之间，于胸膜外经胸骨后穿通一遂道，放置支撑板将凹陷胸骨抬起，支撑板两端安装固定器。5例使用进口器械，33例使用国产器械。结果38例均在胸腔镜辅助下顺利完成手术，手术时间40～80min，平均50min。术中出血量5～30ml，平均16ml。36例放置1根钢板支撑，2例放置2根钢板支撑。术后气胸4例，皮下气肿16例，右侧固定器滑脱1例，钢板轻度翻转1例。术后住院7～21d，平均8d。38例随访3～22个月，平均11个月，优36例，良2例，优良率100％。结论胸腔镜辅助下Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸方法安全可靠，疗效好，手术最佳时机3～12岁。     

儿童微创Nuss手术相关并发症的处理及预防

目的 总结微创Nuss手术治疗儿童漏斗胸的相关并发症的预防及处理原则.方法 2005年5月～2011年12月采用Nuss手术治疗280例漏斗胸患儿,其中8例为复发漏斗胸,5例合并心肺合并症,7例有胸部手术史.取两侧腋中线小切口,在胸腔镜的监视下,用穿通器将已塑形的钢板凸面朝下由左侧肋弓最高点经胸骨最低点拉至右侧肋弓最高点穿出,翻转钢板撑起凹陷的胸骨,固定钢板.结果 280例手术顺利,平均手术时间54 min(38～ 120 min).并发症发生率16.4％(46/280),其中早期并发症28例:心包穿孔3例,均退回并重置穿通器;肋间隙撕裂1例,重新选择肋间斜置钢板;心包炎1例,对症治疗好转;气胸12例,3例穿刺抽吸,3例闭式引流,6例未处理;胸腔积液7例,2例穿刺抽液,2例闭式引流,3例未处理;肺炎2例,予抗感染治疗后恢复;切口感染2例,换药处理后愈合.晚期并发症18例;切口无菌性囊肿3例,保守治疗好转;支架移位3例,均再手术纠正;疼痛造成获得性脊柱侧弯3例,理疗后1例恢复,2例未恢复;钢板金属过敏2例,分别提前取出固定片及支架;钢板压迫肋软骨3例,提前取出钢板;肋软骨过度增生4例,取钢板时加做肋骨截骨术.结论 早期诊断并及时处理是有效治疗Nuss手术相关并发症的关键.     

双支架Nuss手术治疗青少年漏斗胸

目的 探讨使用双支架治疗青少年大范围漏斗胸微创Nuss手术的适应证、可行性和手术方法及效果.方法 31例中男24例,女7例;年龄14～18岁,平均(15.32±3.12)岁.根据Hallar指数均评价为中到重度,凹陷范围为4个肋间以上.选择胸腔镜辅助Nuss手术两点或者多点双支架支撑固定法手术.结果 均采用双支架在胸腔镜辅助下顺利完成Nuss手术.术后住院5～10天,平均(7.48±1.95)天;随访4个月到5年.术中发生出血2例,支架滑动移位和间断疼痛2个月各1例,均治愈.结论 胸腔镜辅助双支架矫正大面积、不对称漏斗胸的Nuss手术对青少年是一种安全、有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the indication, feasibility and technique of minimally invasive nuss procedure with thoracoscope by using double braces in the treatment of wide-scope pectus excavatum repairing in adolescence. Methods 31 patients including 24 boys and 7 girls, suffered from pectus excavtum were corrected by nuss procedure under thoracoscope.The average age was (15.32 ± 3.89)years (ranged, 14 years and 18 years). All cases were moderate to severe degree according to Hallar index with depression scope of 4 ribs or more. A couple of braces of two-point or multipoint fixation for thoracoscopic-assisted nuss procedure were used. Results The procedure was successfully completed under thoracoscopy in all patients. Double braces were utilized in 27 cases, double are bars were required in 4 cases, and multipoint fixations were in 6 patients. The postoperative hospital stay was 5-11 days [average, ( 7.48 ± 1.95 ) days]. The duration of following up was one month to three years. The perioperative complications included intraoperative hemorrhage in 2 patients, bar invertion with displacement in 1, and interrupted pain for two months in 1. All patients recovered after expectant treatment. Conclusion Nuss procedure with double braces for the correction of a large area of asymmetric pectus excavatum under thoracoscopy is safe and effective technique for adolescence.     

Evaluation of the Nuss procedure using pre- and postoperative computed tomographic index

Background

Objective assessment of the chest in patients with pectus excavatum after the Nuss procedure has not been published. This study evaluated the results of the Nuss procedure using computed tomographic (CT) index (CTi).

Methods

We have performed the Nuss procedure in 382 patients since 1998, and 150 patients who underwent bar removal were included in this study. Computed tomographic scans were obtained before the Nuss procedure and after bar removal, and then preoperative CTi (pre-CTi) and postoperative CTi (post-CTi) were calculated. Computed tomographic scans of 62 age-matched patients without chest deformity were collected as controls. Patients were divided at 10 years of age into the younger and older groups, and groups with mild and severe deformity were defined using a pre-CTi value of 5 as border. These CT indices were compared and statistically analyzed.

Results

Mean pre-CTi in all cases was 5.97 ± 3.31 and improved to 3.08 ± 0.64. Postoperative CTi was not significantly different from that of the control (2.47 ± 0.32, P = .17). In the group with mild depression, pre-CTi was 4.15 ± 0.62, and post-CTi was 2.88 ± 0.50. Preoperative CTi in the group with severe deformity (7.44 ± 3.82) improved to 3.25 ± 0.69. Postoperative CTi values between the severe and mild groups were not significantly different (P = .75). Computed tomographic index of the young group improved from 6.20 ± 3.58 to 2.93 ± 0.49 and in older group from 5.50 ± 2.64 to 3.40 ± 0.79. These 2 post-CTi values were not significantly different (P = .73).

Conclusion

Postoperative CT scan could provide objective evaluation of sternal elevation. Mean CTi after the Nuss procedure was statically equivalent to that of the control cohort. Good sternal elevation can be achieved with the Nuss procedure regardless of the severity of chest depression or age.