肩胛上神经严重撕脱时副神经移位修复的处理对策

目的探讨臂丛神经损伤肩胛上神经严重撕脱常规锁骨上前入路术式难以修复肩胛上神经时,后入路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经的疗效。方法2003年2～10月对6例臂丛严重撕脱患者应用后入路副神经移位术式修复肩胛上神经,并观察肩胛冈上缘水平副神经与肩胛上神经的关系、术后斜方肌各部分肌力的变化及肩关节功能的恢复情况。结果6例患者均顺利完成后入路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经。在肩胛冈上缘水平,副神经走行于斜方肌深面、筋膜下,定位于肩胛冈与肩胛骨内侧缘相交附近,肩胛上神经位于肩胛横韧带深侧肩胛切迹内,二者位置相对固定,相距3．5～5．5 cm,在肩胛冈上缘横切口内二者在无张力情况下直接拉拢端端吻接；术后随访18～26个月对斜方肌上部功能无明显影响,肩外展恢复35°～55°。结论当臂丛损伤肩胛上神经撕脱严重常规手术难以解剖、进行修复时,后入路副神经移位术式是一种很好的选择。     

后入路副神经移位至肩胛上神经的应用解剖

目的 对斜方肌内的神经支配进行解剖学观察,为寻找副神经移位到肩胛上神经的最佳移位点和移位方式提供解剖依据.方法 选用成人尸体标本10具20侧.观察副神经在斜方肌内的行径及分支.并取不同水平副神经、肩胛上神经横断面制病理切片,计数各神经断面的神经纤维数,进行比较.结果 副神经在锁骨上2～3 cm进入斜方肌内,在肩胛冈中点前上方3～4 cm处,有来自颈丛的交通支加入后形成终末支.副神经的神经纤维计数:入斜方肌处(A点)为(1245±46)条,颈丛的交通支汇入前(B点)为(830±36)条,汇入后(C点)为(1074±38)条.结论 (1)副神经在与颈丛交通支合干后H-G段内的各断点,是副神经的最佳移位点.(2)后进路副神经移位术不影响斜方肌上部神经支配,充分利用了颈丛交通支,且缩短了神经再生距离,值得推广.     

副神经移位修复肩胛上神经的入路术式比较

副神经移位治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤是经典术式,副神经是治疗臂丛神经损伤最常用的移位动力神经之一[1].肩胛上神经支配的冈上肌、冈下肌是肩关节外展的"启动肌",又是上举的"主要肌"和上臂外旋的"关键肌",修复肩胛上神经对臂丛神经损伤患者肩关节功能恢复的具有重要作用.副神经是斜方肌的主要支配神经,斜方肌上部对于维持肩部外形和完成耸肩、肩外展动作非常重要.而副神经与肩胛上神经距离近,用副神经移位于肩胛上神经已是常规术式[2-3].     

斜方肌神经支配的应用解剖学研究

目的　对斜方肌的神经支配进行解剖学研究 ,为在有关手术中保留部分斜方肌的功能提供可靠的依据。方法　取 2 0具中国成年人尸体 ,在头戴式放大 5倍显微镜下 ,解剖观察 40侧斜方肌的神经支配及其行径。结果　斜方肌的神经支配来源于副神经占 10 0 % ;来源于 C2～ 4神经根及 C5 神经根 ,分别占 10 0 %、45 %。副神经平均直径为 2 .18± 0 .2 3mm(x± sx,下同 ) ;颈神经根的分支一般在斜方肌血管神经门以前加入副神经后进入斜方肌 ,或直接进入斜方肌。副神经在肩胛冈中点附近及上方 2 .6 cm处分成二支支配斜方肌的上下两部分。结论　 40块斜方肌均受副神经的支配和 C2～ 4神经根直接或间接的支配 ,部分斜方肌受 C5 神经根直接或间接的支配。在副神经移位及斜方肌肌瓣手术中可利用部分斜方肌及副神经在斜方肌中的一个分支 ,使供区可保留部分斜方肌的功能     

副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤患者呼吸功能的解剖学研究

目的 :探讨副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤患者呼吸功能的解剖学可行性。方法 :选取经福尔马林固定的成人尸体30具,解剖分离颈部双侧膈神经及副神经共60侧,测量副神经主干终点(设定为副神经进入斜方肌处)及膈神经起始点的宽度及厚度、副神经出胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经主干起始点及终点的距离、胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度,寻找副神经沿胸锁乳突肌外侧缘斜出的位置、副神经起始点与甲状软骨的位置关系及副神经入斜方肌内侧缘的位置与锁骨中线的关系。选取5具尸体(10侧)的副神经主干终点及膈神经起始点标本,进行切片、免疫组织化学染色,计数运动神经纤维含量。结果:副神经进入胸锁乳突肌后,5侧穿过胸锁乳突肌下行,55侧在胸锁乳突肌的深面继续向下外穿行,其在胸锁乳突肌后缘,距胸锁乳突肌锁骨止点85.2±5.9mm处浅出;在肩胛提肌表面,副神经越过颈后三角行至斜方肌前缘于锁骨中线内侧13.2±1.9mm处进入斜方肌,于斜方肌深面分为2~5支支配斜方肌。副神经主干终点的宽度为1.61±0.39mm,厚度为0.61±0.23mm,胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度为59.2±12.2mm。16侧膈神经起始点位于甲状软骨的中点水平,32侧位于甲状软骨上缘水平,6侧位于甲状软骨下缘水平,6侧位于甲状软骨上1/3水平。膈神经起始点处的宽度为1.43±0.27mm,厚度为0.60±0.26mm,副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经起始点的距离为26.9±6.0mm,至膈神经终点的距离为76.7±8.2mm。胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘间的副神经长度大于副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘至膈神经起始点的距离(P=0.000)。膈神经起始点的运动神经纤维含量为836±311条,副神经主干终点的运动神经纤维含量为1290±371条,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.019)。结论:胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度明显大于副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经起始点的距离,从解剖学的角度证明了在不损伤胸锁乳突肌的情况下副神经可与膈神经起始点无张力直接吻合。     

锁骨下水平副神经切断移位修复肩胛上神经的临床观察

目的 观察在锁骨下水平切断副神经、移位修复肩胛上神经,恢复臂丛损伤患者肩外展功能的临床效果及对斜方肌功能的影响。方法 在锁骨下副神经内外侧分支入肌处切断副神经,移位到肩胛上神经４９例,术后２～４年随访肩外展功能,其中２０例来院随访的患者又进行了术后斜方肌肌力及电生理检查。结果 副神经移位修复肩胛上神经,恢复臂丛损伤患者肩外展功能,其肩外展角度平均６１＾０,副神经移位后对斜方肌下部功能影响明显,对中     

副神经移接肩胛上神经术后肌电恢复规律的初步探讨

目的　探索副神经移位于肩胛上神经后冈下肌肌电恢复的规律。方法　对 46例副神经移接肩胛上神经者 ,于术后不同时期测定冈下肌复合运动动作电位 (CMAP)的波幅及潜伏期 ,并用SPSS统计软件进行KaplanMeier生存率的分析及数据、方程式的拟合。结果　 (1)术后冈下肌出现新生电位的平均时间为 3 11.98± 3 5 .87d ;(2 )不同随访时间的复合运动动作电位潜伏期 (L)、波幅 (A)及术后时间 (x)的关系 ,即经验方程式为L =13 .8764 + 2 10 7.3 2 /x(Rsq =0 .3 78) ;A =0 .710 6+ (-0 .0 171)x + (2E-0 6)x 2 + (-1E -7)x 3 (Rsq =0 .64 8)。结论　副神经移位于肩胛上神经术后不同时期复合运动动作电位的波幅及潜伏期的预测可提供经验方程式 ,并为临床早期判断手术疗效提供量化依据。     

副神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤的进展

副神经是神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤的重要动力神经。本文介绍副神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤的历史，及近年来副神经解剖的进展；并重点讨论、比较副神经各种移位方式及其恢复效果，分析副神经移位术式的趋势，认为副神经移位修复肩胛上神经，恢复肩关节外展功能是较好的选择，且在副神经移位时保留斜方肌上部功能，利用副神经的远端终支移位是现在临床应用的趋势；并讨论了影响副神经移位疗效的各种因素。     

肩胛上神经卡压的诊断及治疗

肩胛上神经卡压是较少见的周围神经卡压性疾病,肩胛上神经卡压在诊断上不易与颈肩部的其他疾病区分。本文归纳了近期的文献报道,以进一步认识该疾病的病因及相应治疗。 1 解剖学 肩胛上神经起源于臂丛上干(第5、6颈神经根),第4神经根也参与它的组成。自臂丛发出后,往下进入斜方肌内,直至肩胛骨上缘的切迹,肩胛上动静脉跨过该处肩胛上横韧带进入肩胛窝,肩胛上神经在此韧带下穿过,发出运动支支配冈上肌和感觉支支配2/3的肩关节囊。主干继续沿着肩胛冈走行,穿过由肩胛冈关节盂韧带(又名肩胛下横韧带)和肩胛冈组成的纤维-骨性隧道,转至冈     

肋间神经移位术修复腋神经

在肩外展功能的神经移位修复术式中,应用比较广泛的有副神经移位修复肩胛上神经、肋间神经移位修复腋神经以及桡神经肱三头肌肌支移位修复腋神经等[1],其中副神经移位修复肩胛上神经已经证实具有比较理想的效果并成为臂丛神经损伤修复中的肩外展功能修复经典术式.本文总结2008年之前在本院行肋间神经移位修复腋神经的患者4例,获得一些临床经验.     

Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction

PURPOSE: Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve is a common procedure, performed to reestablish shoulder motion in patients with brachial plexus palsy. We propose dissecting both nerves via a distal oblique supraclavicular incision, which can be prolonged up to the scapular notch. The results of the transfer to the suprascapular nerve are compared with those of the combined repair of the suprascapular and axillary nerves. METHODS: Thirty men between the ages of 18 and 37 years with brachial plexus trauma had reparative surgery within 3 to 10 months of their injuries. In partial injuries with a normal triceps, a triceps motor branch transfer to the axillary nerve was performed. The suprascapular and accessory nerves were dissected via an oblique incision, extending from the point at which the plexus crosses the clavicle to the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. In 10 patients with fractures or dislocations of the clavicle, the trapezius muscle was partially elevated to expose the suprascapular nerve at the suprascapular notch. RESULTS: In all cases, transfer of the accessory to the suprascapular nerve was performed without the need for nerve grafts. A double lesion of the suprascapular nerve was identified in 1 patient with clavicular dislocation. In those with total palsy, the average improvement in range of abduction was 45 degrees , but none of the patients with total palsy recovered any active external rotation. Patients with upper-type injury recovered an average of 105 degrees of abduction and external rotation. If only patients with C5-C6 injuries were considered, the range of abduction and external rotation increased to 122 degrees and 118 degrees , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the accessory nerve for transfer to the suprascapular nerve ensured adequate return of shoulder function, especially when combined with a triceps motor branch transfer to the axillary nerve. The supraclavicular exposure proposed here for the suprascapular and accessory nerves is advantageous and can be extended easily to explore the suprascapular nerve at the scapular notch.     

End-to-side repair of thenar motor branch of median nerve to the ulnar nerve after excision of the median nerve neurofibroma

A 13-year-old male patient suffering for the past 5 years with a gradually swelling and occasionally painful volar side of right forearm, presented to our clinic without any trauma. An end-to-side nerve repair performed between the ulnar nerve and thenar motor branch, and second common digital nerve to the digital nerve of the first finger for mend the sensorial, digital, and motor impairments related to the median nerve associated plexiform neurofibroma that occured after the excision of the tumor.     

Repair of peripheral nerve defect with direct gradual lengthening of the proximal nerve stump in rats.

We investigated the effect of direct gradual lengthening on the proximal nerve stump and subsequent nerve regeneration in rats. A 10-mm-long nerve segment was resected from the sciatic nerve of each rat. The proximal nerve stump was directly lengthened at a rate of 1 mm/day using an original external nerve distraction device. Experiment I: After distraction periods of 10, 15, and 20 days, the length of each nerve was evaluated, and the lengthened nerve stump was also examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Experiment II: After a distraction period of 20 days, both nerve stumps were refreshed and direct end-to-end neurorrhaphy was performed. For control, 10-mm nerve grafting was immediately performed after nerve resection. Nerve regeneration was evaluated electrophysiologically and histologically 7, 9, and 15 weeks after nerve resection in both groups. The whole proximal nerve stump, including the endoneurium and the axon, could be lengthened in proportion to the distraction period. There were no significant differences in motor nerve conduction velocity and tetanic muscle contraction force between both groups. Histologically, the total number of myelinated fibers was significantly greater in the nerve lengthening group than in the autografting group. This study demonstrated that the whole proximal nerve stump including the endoneurium and the axon could be lengthened by direct gradual distraction, and that this method might have potential application in the repair of peripheral nerve defects.     

双神经卡压综合征

目的：研究双神经卡压征的病因及手术治疗方法。方法：分析了自１９８８年以来同时诊断为腕管综合征和肘管综合征２６例３４侧的临床资料。全部患者均作两处神经松解术，平均随访１７个月。疗效评定标准，根据术后症状、体征的改善程度分优、良、可和无效四级。结果：２５侧术后疗效优良，占７３．６％（２５／３４）。结论：双神经卡压征手术治疗效果较好。当双神经卡压同时合并颈部神经卡压时，建议优先考虑远端的神经减压。当远端神经减压后未能改善近端神经卡压症状时，才考虑近端神经减压     

The vascularized saphenous nerve as cross-face nerve graft

Summary The vascular anatomy of the saphenous nerve was studied by cadaver preparation, Indian ink and micropaque injection. A constant vascularized nerve graft with a good pedicle and suitable length for a cross-face anastomosis was found. The vascularized saphenous nerve was used for the first time as a cross-face graft in 8 patients with facial palsy. The Tinel-sign was followed-up and a biopsy of the nerve graft at the time of the muscle transplantation was carried out to compare the morphological results of the vascularized nerve graft with two free sural nerve grafts which were used in two patients at the same time. The functional results are demonstrated.     

三种脱细胞神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损效果的比较

目的 比较三种去细胞神经支架修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损效果差异.方法 取大鼠坐骨神经39条,分别用甘油(A组)、叠氮钠(B组)、三硝基甲苯(C组)萃取,每组13条.观察萃取神经结构.用A、B、C三组神经支架修复1.5 cm长的SD大鼠坐骨神经缺损,另设自体神经移植组(D组)和空白对照组(E组),每组10只,术后12周比较五者的修复效果.结果 萃取后A组90%细胞、B、C100%细胞消失,纤维性支架结构A组95%完整;而B、C组仅30%.修复后小腿三头肌湿重、神经电生理A、B、C三组修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损效果相当(P＞0.05),与D、E组比较(P＜0.05)、差异有统计学意义.结论 甘油、叠氮钠、三硝基甲苯等萃取神经可较好地修复坐骨神经缺损,但甘油处理神经最为简单.     

内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经再生方式的研究

目的 通过内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合建立人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧大鼠模型25只,荧光双标追踪技术研究神经再生方式.方法 在成活的21只模型鼠左侧盆神经节(MPG)内注射0.5μl荧光金(FG),腰4前根(L_4VR)的外周神经-坐骨神经注射1μl快蓝(FB)进行逆行神经追踪.应用组织化学方法 对吻合口远端的神经根(L6VR)进行甲苯胺蓝染色.结果 逆行追踪结果显示FG单标和FG-FB双标神经元主要分布于脊髓L_4左侧前角,FB单标神经元主要分布于脊髓L_3-L_6左侧前角.脊髓腰4节段每张切片上FG单标神经元、FB单标神经元、FG-FB双标神经元数目分别为(20.8±3.3)、(5.7±1.3)、(10.3±0.7).吻合口远端(L_6VR)再生的神经经甲苯胺蓝染色后可见轴突呈深蓝色.结论 逆行追踪结果证明内脏神经.体神经端侧吻合建立人工体神经.内脏神经反射弧后,体神经可以通过侧枝发芽的方式长入并替代内脏神经.     

复合神经动作电位与神经再生纤维数目之间的相关性研究

目的 研究大鼠正中神经切断缝合后神经再生期间,其复合神经动作电位( CNAP)与神经再生纤维数目之间的相关性.方法 大鼠上臂正中神经中段切断后,用6种不同型号的缝线进行缝合,切断缝合后2周和8周,进行CNAP检测,观察其参数变化,然后切取大鼠正中神经组织标本(正常、缝合口近端、缝合口远端),用半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色、免疫组化、luxol fast blue染色三种形态学检测方法进行有髓神经纤维计数,用线性回归方法分析他们之间的相关性.结果 神经切断缝合术后2周和8周,再生神经记录的CNAP波幅与正常的CNAP相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).波幅面积(Area)也显著低于正常(P＜0.01).不同型号缝线的各组之间的正中神经有髓纤维再生恢复率之间的差异都有统计学意义(P＜0.05).线性回归分析,远端记录的CNAP波幅和有髓纤维的计数之间有线性关系,拟合的线性方程,即2周:y=250.859x+ 27.826;8周:y=265.584x+2721.462.结论 大鼠正中神经切断缝合后早期和成熟期,再生神经远端的CNAP波幅与相应的有髓纤维计数之间均有线性关系,线性方程斜率的相近,仅截距有明显差异,可以在神经损伤后再生早期或晚期,根据电生理CNAP的波幅,通过线性方程计算出损伤远端的有髓纤维计数,确定神经再生的轴索通畅率,定量评定损伤神经的功能.