儿童C3肾小球肾炎6例临床与病理分析

目的分析6例儿童C3肾小球肾炎的临床表现、病理特征及治疗反应,旨在提高儿科医生对此病的认识和处理。方法对2010年9月至2016年6月在吉林大学第一医院小儿肾病科确诊为C3肾小球肾炎且有完整临床资料的6例患儿的临床表现、病理改变、疗效及预后进行回顾性分析。结果(1)临床表现及实验室检查:以血尿为首发症状2例,以血尿和蛋白尿为首发症状4例;其中表现为肾炎综合征3例,肾病综合征1例;6例患儿补体C3均降低;补体C4均正常;(2)病理特点:6例患儿免疫荧光均可见补体C3强阳性沉积;光镜下表现为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎5例,表现为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎1例;电镜下3例可见电子致密物沉积,3例未见电子致密物沉积;(3)治疗及预后;均予肾炎常规治疗,2例有新月体形成者加用糖皮质激素治疗。随访6~42个月,预后较好。结论本组C3肾小球肾炎患儿以血尿和(或)蛋白尿为主要表现,免疫荧光见C3强阳性沉积,光镜表现多以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎为主,电镜可表现为电子致密物沉积,短期预后较好。     

IgA肾病与过敏性紫癜肾炎对比分析

目的 从临床和病理两方面比较IgA肾病和紫痰性肾炎的发病特点。方法 对24例确诊IgA肾病患儿及21例确诊紫痰性肾炎患儿的临床和病理资料进行分析。结果 两者均可有血IgA升高，免疫荧光均显示肾脏中有IgA沉积，可见补体C3沉积；电镜下电子致密物多沉积在内皮下和(或)系膜区。IgA肾病的起病轻重不一，感染常为其诱因或使症状加重，病程一般较长；病理以肾小球硬化多见，伴肾小管损伤，提示其长期预后可能不佳。而紫痰性肾炎患儿起病时常有皮疹、胃肠道等表现，肾脏损害多见于起病后6个月内；其肾脏病理以上皮新月体形成毛细血管内增生、系膜细胞增生及IgA沉积等为主。结论 IgA肾病和紫痰性肾炎有极其相似的临床特点，而从起病、伴随症状及病理改变等方面认为是两种不同的疾病。     

儿童急性感染后IgA为主型肾小球肾炎1例报道并文献复习

目的 提高对儿童急性感染后IgA为主型肾小球肾炎（简称肾炎）临床和病理特征的认识。方法分析1例急性感染后IgA为主型肾炎患儿的临床和病理资料,并结合文献分析其临床特点、诊断、发病机制、治疗及预后。结果 本例患儿临床表现为肉眼血尿、大量蛋白尿、急性肾损伤,抗链球菌溶血素“0”(ASO)升高、血清IgA升高等,肾脏病理组织学见肾小球系膜细胞轻度增生性病变,免疫荧光见IgA（+） 、C3（+）沉积于肾小球系膜区和血管襻;电镜见肾小球上皮下“驼峰”样电子致密物沉积伴系膜区少量致密物沉积。在病程9周时患儿肾功能恢复正常,血尿和蛋白尿消失。结论急性感染后IgA为主型肾炎临床和病理特征均具有不典型性,诊断依赖早期肾活检,电镜检查必不可少,短期疗效尚可,远期疗效仍需观察。     

儿童C1q肾病4例报告

目的提高对儿童C1q肾病的认识。方法回顾性分析4例确诊为C1q肾病患儿的临床、病理及预后特点。结果4例患儿临床表现及病理均符合C1q肾病诊断标准,其中2例临床表现为难治性肾病,1例为镜下血尿合并蛋白尿,1例为肾炎性肾病、高血压脑病及肾功能异常。光镜下2例呈轻至中度系膜增生性肾炎表现,1例为轻微病变,1例呈硬化性肾炎。免疫荧光下2例呈满堂亮表现。电镜下均未见明显电子致密物沉积。1例镜下血尿合并蛋白尿患儿加服泼尼松1年后痊愈;1例难治性肾病予足量泼尼松并加用CTX治疗4个月,临床仍无效。1例表现为肾炎性肾病及高血压脑病患儿予泼尼松、骁悉、洛汀新等治疗,随访17个月,肾功能逐步恶化,进展至慢性肾功能不全;另1例失访。随访末患儿自身抗体及血补体均正常。结论C1q肾病是一种较少见的肾小球疾病,临床及病理表现多样,治疗效果和长期预后与临床表现、病理改变密切相关。     

儿童膜增生性肾炎5例临床病理分析

目的：进一步提高对膜增生性肾炎的病理及临床的认识,探讨治疗方法。方法：对5例病理诊断为膜增生性肾炎患儿的病理、临床表现特点、治疗转归进行分析。结果：①5例临床表现为肾病水平的蛋白尿及血尿, 4例有高血压, 2例肾功不全;②病理改变肾小球系膜细胞增生及系膜基质扩张, 3例肾小球呈分叶状, 2例有新月体形成, 4例基膜“双轨征”,肾间质有不同程度的损害,免疫荧光均以C3 沉积为主;③5例均应用了泼尼松治疗,其中3例应用了甲基泼尼松龙冲击, 4例联合应用了环磷酰胺静脉冲击治疗。3例获部分缓解, 1例完全缓解, 1例呈持续肾病状态。结论：儿童膜增生性肾小球肾炎临床表现以肾炎型肾病为主。病理以系膜细胞增生基质扩张和基膜“双轨征”为其特征性改变,免疫荧光检查以C3沉积为主。大剂量激素联合环磷酰胺静脉冲击治疗对短期内缓解病情、改善肾功能是有效的。     

不典型急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎3例报告

目的提高对急性肾小球肾炎特殊临床和肾脏病理的认识。方法回顾性分析3例具有不典型急性肾小球肾炎临床表现患儿的临床和病理资料。结果 3例患儿均以急性肾小球肾炎表现起病,例1和例3在病程中出现肾病综合征表现;例2在6周后肉眼血尿方转为镜下血尿;例1于病程11周时仍为肾病水平蛋白尿、直至病程30周时尿蛋白消失;例2和例3分别于病程5周和4周恢复肾功能。例2和例3血清补体C3于病程6周内恢复,例1于病程11周恢复。例2和例3抗链球菌溶血素O(ASO)滴度增高。3例患儿的肾活检组织光镜和电镜改变均符合毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎的特点,免疫病理改变例1以IgM和C3沉积为主,例2和例3以C3沉积为主。结论上述3例患儿均诊断为急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎,但临床和病理特点具有不典型性。     

儿童C1q肾病10例临床与病理分析

目的探讨C1q肾病的临床与病理改变的关系。方法对10例经肾活检确诊为C1q肾病患儿临床表现、肾小球、肾小管及免疫病理特征进行分析比较,6例肾病综合征中环磷酰胺冲击治疗3例,环胞素、霉酚酸酯和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗各1例。结果临床表现为单纯性血尿2例,肾炎综合征、急性肾炎各1例,肾病综合征6例;病理类型为轻微病变、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎各2例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5例,新月体肾炎1例;肾小管间质1例无改变,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;免疫荧光:系膜区均有娃著的以C1q为主的沉积。10例患儿平均随访25.7个月;6例肾病综合征均对激素抵抗,加用免疫抑制剂治疗,5例缓解,1例无效,肾功能渐减退。结论C1q肾病临床病理改变多样化,临床以肾病综合征为主,病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,对激素多不敏感,预后与间质损害程度相关,与C1q沉积无相关性。     

儿童急性肾炎综合征的临床及病理诊断

目的　探讨儿童急性肾炎综合征临床诊断和病理诊断的相关性及早期肾活检的意义。方法　分析比较 43例急性肾炎综合征临床、病理诊断结果及部分病例的临床经过。结果　临床诊断链球菌感染后肾炎 4例 ,病理诊断 :毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎 3例 ,新月体肾炎 1例 ,其中 1例毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎 ,1年后复查肾活检为局灶节段性肾小球硬化 ,5年后进入终末期肾衰 ;临床诊断其它原发性肾小球肾炎 2 3例 ,病理诊断 :毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎 2例 ,新月体肾炎 1例 ,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎 9例 ,IgA肾病 8例 ,局灶节段性肾小球硬化 2例 ,狼疮肾炎 1例 ,临床诊断紫癜肾炎 13例 ,狼疮肾炎 3例 ,均与病理诊断相符合。结论　急性肾炎综合征 ,尽早肾病理检查对发现严重肾脏病变、认识急性链球菌感染后肾炎的转归和急性肾炎综合征的病因诊断 ,指导治疗 ,改善预后有重要价值     

儿童乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎临床病理分析

目的 探讨儿童乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾小球肾炎(HBV—GN)临床及病理特点。方法 分析35例HBV—GN的临床表现及肾活检光镜、免疫荧光和电镜特点。结果 35例HBV-GN临床表现以肾病综合征(NS)为主(32／35，91．4％)；肾小球肾炎3／35(8．6％)。病理类型以膜性肾病(MN)最多见(33／35，94．3％)；其次系膜增生性肾炎(MsPGN，2／35，5．7％)。免疫荧光检查呈多种免疫复合物沉积。电镜观察HBV—MN易见电子致密物系膜沉积，2例肾小球基底膜内观察到病毒样颗粒。结论 儿童HBV—GN临床常表现主要为NS，病理特征以Ⅲ为主，诊断不必强调HBsAg、HBcAg在肾组织上沉积，肾组织病理特点提示HBV可通过多种机制引起肾损害。     

儿童急性肾炎综合征的临床及病理诊断

目的0：探讨儿童急性肾炎综合征临床诊断和病理诊断的相关性及早期肾活检的意义。方法：分析比较43例急性肾炎综合征临床、病理诊断结果及部分病例的临床经过。结果：临床诊断链球菌感染后肾炎4例,病理诊断：毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎3例,新月体肾炎1例,其中1例毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎,1年后复查肾活检为局灶节段性肾小球硬化,5年后进入终末期肾衰;临床诊断其它原发性肾小球肾炎23例,病理诊断：毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎2例,新月体肾炎1例,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎9例,IgA肾病8例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化2例,狼疮肾炎1例,临床诊断紫癜肾炎13例,狼疮肾炎3例,均与病理诊断相符合。结论：急性肾炎综合征,尽早肾病理检查对发现严重肾脏病变、认识急性链球菌感染后肾炎的转归和急性肾炎综合征的病因诊断,指导治疗,改善预后有重要价值。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.