干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎发生甲状腺功能异常的分析

目的：探讨干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎患者后发生甲状腺功能异常的情况及相关因素的分析。方法回顾性分析206例慢性丙型肝炎患者,观察89例干扰素治疗前和117例治疗后甲状腺功能的异常情况及其影响因素,Logistic分析发生甲状腺功能异常的危险因素。结果干扰素治疗前的89例患者中,有23例合并甲状腺功能异常,其中甲状腺功能减退症7例,甲状腺功能亢进症2例,亚临床甲状腺功能减退症14例;干扰素治疗后的117例患者中,有17例发生甲状腺功能异常,其中甲状腺功能减退4例,为桥本甲状腺炎2例和非自身免疫性甲状腺功能减退2例;甲状腺功能亢进1例;亚临床甲状腺功能减退症12例。多元Logistic回归分析显示,女性（OR＝5．828）、体内预存抗甲状腺自身抗体（OR＝35．393）是慢性丙型肝炎患者使用干扰素治疗后诱发甲状腺疾病的独立危险因素。结论干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎可导致甲状腺功能异常的发生;对体内预存大量抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体的女性,要监测甲状腺功能,定期复查。     

Graves甲亢患者血清中存在抗DNA抗体

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病主要指Graves病和慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎(桥本甲炎)。本文观察了血清抗DNA抗体与这两种疾病的关系。 对象和方法 本研究包括五组患者:(1)61例治疗前的Graves甲亢;(2)48例治疗后的Graves甲亢;(3)19例治前桥本甲亢;(4)11例治疗后桥本甲亢;(5)18例桥本甲状腺炎患者。全部患者均排除了可引起抗DNA抗体升高的结缔组织病(如:系统性红斑狼疮,类风湿关节炎,皮肌炎等)。     

桥本甲亢的鉴别与处理

桥本甲亢(Hashitoxicosis) 患者具有Graves 病甲状腺功能亢进的临床特征和桥本甲状腺炎(HT) 的病理表型。 临床表现上最初的甲状腺功能亢进阶段几乎和Graves 病无法区分,包括甲状腺放射性碘吸收率增加和促甲状腺素 受体抗体阳性,同时存在高水平的甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体和( 或) 甲状腺球蛋白抗体。一般甲状腺功能亢进的症状 相对较轻、且甲状功能亢进阶段比较短暂。桥本甲亢患者对抗甲状腺药物反应敏感,治疗过程中易出现甲状腺功能 减退,多经过3~24 个月会演变成永久性甲状腺功能减退。因此治疗时抗甲状腺药物宜小剂量起始,甲功检测宜频繁, 药物调整宜及时。应避免使用放射碘或手术治疗。     

自身免疫与甲状腺疾病

人体内分泌器官容易发生自身免疫而引起疾病．常见的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病有Graves病、桥本甲状腺炎及持发性甲状腺功能减退等。甲状腺疾病S免疫的关系非常密切。自身免疫性甲状腺疾病免疫学自身免疫性甲状腺疾病免疫学包括有体液免疫、细胞免疫和免疫复合物几方面。一、体液免疫1．甲状腺自身抗体：甲状腺的数种成分可刺激机体的免疫系统，产生相应的抗体，这些抗体大多具有器官特异性和种属特异性，可分为：（）甲状腺腺体成分；（2）滤泡上皮细胞；（）甲状腺激素。2甲状腺刺激抗体：包括甲状腺刺激抗体（TSAb）和促甲状腺激素结合抑制…     

甲状腺功能正常或减退的桥本甲状腺炎患者甲状腺状况对甲状腺自身免疫表达的

００７甲状腺功能正常或减退的桥本甲状腺炎患者甲状腺状况对甲状腺自身免疫表达的影响［英］／ＲｉｅｕＭ…∥ＣｌｉｎＥｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｏｌ．－１９９４：４０．－５２９～５３５在桥本甲状腺炎表现为功能减退（甲减）时甲减的恢复似乎取决于ＴＳＨ受体抗体（ＴＳＨ－Ｒ...     

无痛性甲状腺炎

无痛性甲状腺炎是一种自身免疫性甲状腺炎,表现为短暂、可逆的甲状腺滤泡破坏,局灶性淋巴细胞浸润.10%发生在产后,称之为产后甲状腺炎.甲状腺无疼痛及触痛为其特征.其典型的甲状腺功能变化类似于亚急性甲状腺炎.摄碘率、T_3/T_4比值及促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)有助于无痛性甲状腺炎与Graves病的鉴别.无痛性甲状腺炎在甲状腺毒症阶段为对症治疗,甲状腺功能减退(甲减)阶段视病情需要短期、小剂量补充甲状腺激素,而永久性甲减需终生替代治疗.甲状腺功能恢复正常后仍需继续随访.     

抗甲状腺药物治疗的Graves病甲亢患者血清TGHA与 MCHA的意义

Graves病甲亢患者甲状腺淋巴细胞浸润程度与血清甲状腺抗体有关,抗体阳性者在甲状腺次全切术后容易发生甲状腺机能减退。另外,约20%的Graves病甲亢患者在停用抗甲状腺药物治疗后发生甲减。这些病人甲状腺组织的破坏被认为是由于自身免疫机制或/和存在TSH阻断抗体。然而有些研究发现,Graves病血清MCHA(抗甲状腺微粒体抗体)滴度较高者复发率较高。为进一步研究     

干扰素-α诱导甲状腺炎的临床分类和诊治原则

干扰素-α是多种恶性和良性疾病主要的治疗手段,尤其是慢性丙型肝炎。一些前瞻性研究表明接受干扰素治疗的慢性丙型肝炎患者中约15%可发展为临床甲状腺疾病,40%产生甲状腺自身抗体。这些不良反应可能导致干扰素治疗中断,或需减量用药。干扰素诱导甲状腺炎（IIT）已成为接受干扰素治疗患者的主要临床问题。IIT分为自身免疫性和非自身免疫性甲状腺炎。自身免疫性甲状腺炎表现为无临床症状的甲状腺自身抗体阳性、自身免疫性甲状腺功能减退（桥本氏甲状腺炎,     

甲状腺癌与桥本甲状腺炎及其他相关危险因素的研究

目的 探讨甲状腺癌与桥本甲状腺炎及其他相关危险因素的关系.方法 采用回顾性研究方法分析2001年1月-2013年9月于空军总医院经手术治疗的1 141例甲状腺结节患者的临床资料,其中,病理诊断为甲状腺癌270例,甲状腺良性结节871例(甲状腺腺瘤194例,结节性甲状腺肿341例,腺瘤性结节性甲状腺肿336例).比较甲状腺癌患者及甲状腺良性结节患者在桥本甲状腺炎、性别、年龄、病程、结节大小、甲状腺功能等方面的差异,并采用Logistic回归法分析甲状腺癌的危险因素.结果 与甲状腺良性结节患者相比,甲状腺癌患者合并桥本甲状腺炎比例较高(t=20.534,P＜0.01)、患者较年轻(t=0.855,P＜0.01)、结节直径较小(t=-5.927,P＜0.01),促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平(t=2.380,P＜0.05)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体异常率(x2=16.088,P＜0.01)及甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体异常率(x2=7.023,P＜0.01)均较高.Logistic回归分析显示桥本甲状腺炎[优势比(OR)=1.829,95％CI:1.163～2.877,P＜O.01]、年龄≤45岁(OR=1.716,95％CI:1.166～2.528,P＜0.01)、结节直径≤1 cm(OR=4.261,95％ CI:2.467～7.360,P＜0.01)是甲状腺癌的危险因素.结论 桥本甲状腺炎可能是甲状腺癌的危险因素,对于促甲状腺激素、甲状腺球蛋白抗体、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平较高的甲状腺结节患者应高度关注,加强随访.     

无痛性甲状腺炎

无痛性甲状腺炎是一种自身免疫性甲状腺炎,表现为短暂、可逆的甲状腺滤泡破坏,局灶性淋巴细胞浸润。10％发生在产后,称之为产后甲状腺炎。甲状腺无疼痛及触痛为其特征。其典型的甲状腺功能变化类似于亚急性甲状腺炎。摄碘率、T3／T4比值及促甲状腺激素受体抗体（TRAb）有助于无痛性甲状腺炎与Graves病的鉴别。无痛性甲状腺炎在甲状腺毒症阶段为对症治疗,甲状腺功能减退（甲减）阶段视病情需要短期、小剂量补充甲状腺激素,而永久性甲减需终生替代治疗。甲状腺功能恢复正常后仍需继续随访。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.