关节镜下踝关节融合术治疗严重踝关节炎

目的观察关节镜下踝关节融合术治疗严重踝关节炎的临床效果。方法行踝关节镜下软骨清理2枚空心钉固定踝关节融合术治疗严重踝关节炎17例。结果本组手术时间75(60~110)min,出血量150(100~300)ml。切口延迟愈合2例,皮神经损伤致足背麻木1例,距下关节疼痛1例。17例获得平均14(10~20)个月随访,术后X线片提示踝关节骨性融合的时间为术后4~6个月,平均4.9个月,均达到完全骨性融合。结论关节镜下踝关节融合术是治疗严重踝关节炎的有效方法,具有融合率高、无需额外植骨、并发症发生率低等优点,但需要一定的镜下操作技术。     

关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的探讨关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的治疗效果。方法 2006年7月-2008年12月,对12例跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者行关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗。男10例,女2例;年龄38～54岁,平均44.8岁。左足5例,右足7例。致伤原因:高处坠落伤8例,交通事故伤3例,其他伤1例。跟骨畸形愈合按照Stephens分型标准均为Ⅱ型。根据美国足踝关节协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分系统,术前总评分为(35.68±10.35)分,疼痛评分为(8.14±1.83)分。伤后至手术时间为3～7个月。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。12例术后均获随访,随访时间14～32个月,平均18个月。X线片示距下关节于术后10～14周(平均11.5周)获骨性融合。根据AOFAS的踝-后足评分系统,总评分为(76.45±9.83)分,疼痛评分为(1.52±1.48)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合可获得满意的融合率,且无明显并发症。     

踝后正中入路锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合术

目的评估踝后经跟腱正中入路植骨锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合术的手术技巧和临床效果。方法从2008年1月至2012年12月,共收治123例踝关节合并距下关节创伤性关节炎,其中13例因踝周软组织条件不佳而选用踝关节后方入路胫距、距下关节清理、植骨、4.5 mm干骺端锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合术。其中男9例,女4例,平均年龄47.8岁（30~65岁）;平均病程7年（1~15年）。术后定期随访复查X线片以明确骨愈合情况,并采用直观模拟量表（Visual Analog Scale,VAS）评估术后疼痛改善情况,美国骨科足踝外科（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝关节与后足评分及简明健康量表SF-36评分评估恢复效果,并记录相关并发症。结果术后所有患者伤口均一期愈合,未见感染、皮肤坏死等软组织并发症。11例获得最终随访,平均随访时间24个月（12~36个月）。随访复查X线片示术后平均12周融合端骨性愈合（10~15周）。末次随访时,AOFAS踝与后足评分及SF-36评分均较术前明显改善,疼痛症状明显缓解。随访期间未见内固定失效、融合失败等并发症,2例患者术后出现距舟关节骨关节炎,伴轻度疼痛,口服药物对症治疗后缓解。结论经踝后正中入路锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合安全、有效,特别适合于踝周软组织条件不佳的病例。     

关节镜治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎的临床疗效观察

目的探讨关节镜治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2011年1月—2014年12月收治并符合选择标准的14例距下关节创伤性关节炎患者临床资料。患者均为男性;年龄32~62岁,平均42岁。既往均为高处坠落伤致跟骨骨折;其中8例行石膏外固定,6例行切开复位内固定术。受伤至该次手术时间2~7年,平均3.4年。采用关节镜下经外侧入路对距下关节进行清理和松解,术中探查关节软骨损伤并按照Outerbridge分级评价:3级4例、4级10例。手术前后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VSA)评价疼痛情况,美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分评价踝关节功能恢复情况。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无早期相关并发症发生。患者均获随访18个月。患者关节疼痛症状明显缓解,术后18个月VAS评分以及AOFAS踝-后足评分总分分别为(3.8±0.9)、(59.1±8.8)分,明显优于术前的(7.7±1.2)、(37.6±8.2)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=9.728,P=0.000;t=6.688,P=0.000)。随访期间无患者行距下关节融合,CT和MRI复查未见关节炎明显加重。结论采用关节镜下清理治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎可以改善关节功能,延迟关节融合。     

机器人联合踝关节镜复位内固定治疗Hawkins Ⅱ型距骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨天玑骨科机器人导航技术联合踝关节镜技术复位内固定治疗Hawkins Ⅱ型距骨颈骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年9月徐州仁慈医院足踝外科收治的13例Hawkins Ⅱ型距骨颈骨折患者资料。其中男8例, 女5例;年龄平均35.8岁(22～61岁)。均采用天玑机器人联合踝关节镜复位内固定治疗。记录术中关节镜辅助骨折复位时间、机器人导航置入内固定时间、骨折愈合时间、手术并发症等, 末次随访时采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分评估功能。结果本组患者手术均在2 h内完成, 均一次性置钉成功, 其中关节镜辅助复位时间平均为52.8 min(43～66 min), 机器人导航置入内固定时间平均为43.6 min(33～55 min)。所有患者术后随访平均13.3个月(12～15个月), 均在3个月内获得骨性愈合;1例患者发生距下关节创伤性关节炎伴轻度疼痛, 给予保守治疗;未出现切口感染、距骨坏死等并发症。末次随访时AOFAS的踝-后足评分平均为91.0分(83～94分)。结论机器人联合踝关节镜复位内固定治疗Hawkins Ⅱ型距骨颈骨折具有微创、精准复位及置钉...     

关节镜辅助踝关节清理、植骨融合治疗创伤后踝关节炎

目的探讨关节镜辅助下踝关节植骨融合治疗创伤后踝关节炎的早期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年7月至2012年12月,采用关节镜辅助踝关节融合术治疗晚期创伤性踝关节炎21例。其中男16例,女5例;年龄18~60岁,平均47.8岁;均为Morrey-WiedemanⅢ期踝关节炎,部分患者的MR显示距下关节、距舟关节轻微炎症信号,但外观畸形不明显。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS)、美国足踝外科协会(American 0rthopaedic Foot and Ankle Societv,AOFAS)踝与后足评分、评价术前及末次随访时足踝关节功能。结果 21例术后获12~36个月(平均24个月)随访。参照Winson标准,术后10~16周(平均12周)获得骨性融合。2例长时间行走或站立出现后跟部酸痛感,采取口服活血化瘀中成药和中药熏洗的方法治疗,6个月后症状明显缓解。21例末次随访时疼痛症状完全缓解,功能恢复满意,步态改善、平地步行无困难。无内固定失败、畸形愈合、融合失败等并发症发生。踝关节正位X线片中,12例踝关节融合于中立位,6例外翻<5°,2例外翻5°~8°,1例内翻3°;侧位X线片中,13例踝关节融合于背伸中立位,5例跖屈5°以内,3例跖屈5°~8°。3例有2或3期距下关节炎表现,1例有2期距舟关节炎表现。疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)末次随访时平均为(2.63+0.17分)与术前(8.51+1.35分)比较,差异有统计学意义。AOFAS踝与后足评分,末次评分平均为(80.91±7.14分),与术前评分(45.85±11.31)比较差异有统计学意义。结论关节镜辅助踝关节清理、植骨融合治疗创伤后踝关节炎可得到优良的临床疗效,是治疗创伤后关节炎的良好选择。     

踝上截骨联合距下关节融合术治疗内翻型踝关节合并距下关节骨性关节炎

目的 探讨踝上截骨联合距下关节融合术治疗内翻型踝关节合并距下关节骨性关节炎的疗效。方法 纳入自2017-01—2021-02诊治的24例内翻型踝关节合并距下关节骨性关节炎,12例采用踝上截骨联合距下关节融合术（观察组）,12例采用踝上截骨术（对照组）。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量以及术后1年的AOFAS评分、Maryland评分、踝关节活动度、CT测量的胫骨前侧关节面角（Tibial anterior surface angle,TAS）、胫骨侧位关节面角（Tibial lateral surface angle,TLS）、距骨倾斜角（Talar tilt angle,TT）、胫骨踝穴角（Tibiocrural angle,TC）。结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量均多于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后观察组1例严重疼痛,对照组1例切口感染、1例严重疼痛导致活动障碍。观察组术后1年的AOFAS评分、Maryland评分、踝关节活动度均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组术后1年TAS和TLS较术前增加、TT和TC较术前减小,观察组TAS和TLS较对...     

关节镜辅助下清理融合术治疗晚期距下关节结核

985年,Parisien与Vangsness[1]首先开始将关节镜技术应用于距下关节.近年来,以关节镜下清理融合术治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎、类风湿关节炎等已有报道,但应用关节镜技术治疗距下关节结核还未见相关文献报道[2-4].距下关节结核早期缺乏特异性表现,大多数病例就诊时已进入晚期.对于晚期距下关节结核,传统的手术方法主要为开放清理与融合手术,但是这些手术的创伤大、清理不彻底、并发症发生率高、融合率低.我们在总结关节镜技术治疗晚期踝关节结核经验的基础上[5,6],采用关节镜下清理融合术治疗晚期距下关节结核,现报告如下.     

经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术治疗踝关节并距下关节严重关节炎的临床疗效

目的探讨经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术治疗踝关节合并距下关节严重关节炎的临床疗效。方法采用经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术治疗踝关节合并距下关节严重关节炎18例。结果 18例术后均获随访5-36个月,平均20个月。X线片显示踝关节及距下关节获得骨融合,未见神经血管损伤、感染、骨不连、骨质及内固定物外露等并发症。AOFAS评分从术前平均45(40-53)分提高到术后的76(70～89)分。结论经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术是临床治疗踝关节和距下关节严重关节炎的一种安全、有效、简便的方法,能有效缓解踝与后足疼痛,提高生活质量。     

关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗创伤性距下关节炎

目的探讨关节镜下距下关节融合术治疗创伤性距下关节炎的效果。方法2003年1月～2007年2月,对8例距下关节创伤性关节炎行关节镜下距下关节融合术,交替使用三个入路。结果8例术后随访20～55个月,平均30个月。未见皮肤坏死、麻木、感染等手术并发症。8例X线片均示骨性融合,平均愈合时间10.8周（9～12周）。改良美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）评分从术前的（51.0±11.7）分提高到（82.0±10.9）分,差异具有显著性（配对t检验,t=19.69,P〈0.01）。结论关节镜下距下关节融合术创伤小,理论上不损伤跟骨距骨的血供,患者痛苦小,操作简单,避免切开,早期适当活动及负重,有助于恢复本体感觉,有利于骨性愈合,效果确切。     

Analysis of arthroscopically assisted ankle arthrodesis

Purpose: Evaluation of an arthroscopically assisted ankle arthrodesis technique for clinical and radiographic union, function, and patient satisfaction. Type of Study: Retrospective analysis and review of the literature. Methods: Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 52.7 years who underwent arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis were examined at an average follow-up time of 34 months. The mean duration of symptoms was 4.4 years. The most common diagnosis for patients who underwent arthrodesis was post-traumatic arthritis (19 of 21) with 1 patient having a diagnosis of avascular necrosis of the talus and the other patient having rheumatoid arthritis. All patients described severe mechanical pain as the most important reason for undergoing the procedure. Results: Fusion occurred in 20 of 21 patients. The average time to clinical and radiographic union was 8.9 weeks. Nine patients were graded as excellent; no pain, limp, or occupational restriction, and a stable fusion. Eleven were graded as good; mild pain, occasional limp, or occupational restriction with a stable fusion. One was graded as poor; failed union and pain. The failure had extensive avascular necrosis involving approximately 50% of the talus as a preoperative diagnosis. Conclusions: The advantages of the arthroscopic technique include a high fusion rate, decreased time to fusion, and decreased cost. There are considerable advantages to the arthroscopic technique in appropriately selected patients with no or mild angular deformity and no avascular necrosis greater than 30% of the talus. There is a substantial reduction in time to fusion in the arthroscopic procedure compared with published reports on open procedures for ankle arthrodesis. While this procedure is not indicated in all instances, selected patients with disabling ankle arthrosis may be more appropriately treated with an arthroscopic arthrodesis than by open surgery.     

Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis: factors influencing union in 39 consecutive patients

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis is an effective alternative to open techniques with established advantages in select patient populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients who had arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis for end-stage arthritis with minimal to no deformity of the ankle and to report factors influencing union. METHODS: Thirty-nine consecutive patients had arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis between 1994 and 2003. Clinical records and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate variables that could predispose patients to nonunion. Union outcomes were correlated with etiology of arthritis, ankle deformity, medical co-morbidities, and the use of demineralized bone matrix or platelet-rich plasma. Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis was accomplished with a consistent technique using crossed transmalleolar cannulated screw fixation. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 39 patients (87.2%) achieved radiographic and clinical union. The average time to fusion was 47 (range 37 to 70) days. Poor bone quality and inherent positional ankle deformity were identified as risk factors for nonunion. Patients who smoked, had diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, or other medical co-morbidities attained ankle union in nearly all cases. In obese patients, there was an observed trend towards ankle nonunion (relative risk 5.81, p = 0.049, Fisher's Exact test). The addition of demineralized bone matrix or platelet-rich plasma did not improve the rate of ankle union. Aside from nonunion, 10 patients developed minor complications. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis achieves high union rates, facilitates short time to union, and permits rapid patient mobility. Careful patient selection is important for the procedure. Synthetic allograft or platelet-rich plasma did not enhance the fusion rate. Obese patients showed a trend towards nonunion in this series.     

Internal fixation compression arthrodesis of the ankle

Sixteen patients were treated by internal compression arthrodesis of the ankle using cancellous screw fixation. Thirteen patients had a preoperative diagnosis of traumatic osteoarthritis, and three patients had rheumatoid arthritis. All patients were followed until clinical and roentgenographic evidence of union had been obtained (average, 15.1 months). Union was obtained in 15 of 16 cases (94%) by an average of 9.2 weeks. The average ankle evaluation score was 77 points, with 80% of the patients rated good or excellent. Suboptimal results were attributed to technical errors. Midtarsal motion averaged 18 degrees, and subtalar motion was present in the majority of patients after surgery. This technique provides a high union rate while permitting early mobilization of the adjacent hindfoot and midfoot joints with earlier return to satisfactory function.     

踝关节外侧入路T型接骨板固定在胫距关节融合中的应用

背景:目前踝关节融合仍是治疗踝关节创伤后关节炎的金标准。踝关节融合术后不愈合发生率较高。距骨外后侧坏死者往往难以清理。目的:探讨踝关节外侧入路腓骨下段截骨、胫距关节融合T型接骨板固定治疗踝关节创伤后关节炎的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月至2016年6月采用踝关节外侧入路腓骨截骨、胫距关节融合T型接骨板固定的30例创伤后关节炎患者资料。男18例,女12例,年龄56~75岁,平均67.3岁。根据Morrey-Wiedeman分期,均为3期关节炎。记录患者术后主观满意度,采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝功能评分评价末次随访时足踝部功能。结果:30例患者随访时间12~24个月,平均20.0个月。AOFAS评分末次随访时平均为(77.9±6.5)分,与术前(51.2±9.8)分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时胫距关节均融合,其中1例患者损伤腓肠神经,神经相应支配区出现感觉障碍,经营养神经治疗半年后症状缓解;1例由于早期活动融合处延迟愈合,经石膏固定、口服药物后愈合;1例由于融合时距骨向踝关节前侧稍移位,行走时鞋容易脱落。27例患者对手术效果非常满意,3例一般,满意率为90%。结论:踝关节外侧入路腓骨截骨、胫距关节融合T型接骨板固定治疗创伤后关节炎创伤小,术中获取植骨来源充分,操作方便,伤口风险小,患者术后满意度高,能纠正畸形、缓解疼痛,值得临床推广。     

Posterior Arthroscopic Subtalar Arthrodesis: Clinical and Radiologic Review of 19 Cases

Arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis has recently gained popularity in the treatment of primary subtalar or post-traumatic arthritis, coalition, or inflammatory diseases with subtalar arthritis. The present study reports the clinical and radiologic results of 19 patients (19 feet) who underwent posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis using 2 posterior portals. A total of 19 posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodeses (minimum follow-up of 24 months) performed without a bone graft and with 2 parallel screws were prospectively evaluated. The fusion rate was 94% (mean time to fusion 9.8 weeks). Modified American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale score (maximum 94 points) improved significantly from 43 to 80 points and the visual analog scale for pain score improved from 7.6 to 1.2. The 12-item short-form physical and mental scores at the last follow-up point were 52.5 and 56.4, respectively. One (5.3%) patient underwent open repeat fusion for nonunion, 2 (10.5%) patients required a second procedure for implant removal, and 1 (5.3%) experienced reversible neuropraxia. In conclusion, posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis is a safe technique with a good union rate and a small number of complications in patients with no or very little hindfoot deformity.     

Ankle arthrodesis and its relationship to ipsilateral arthritis of the hind- and mid-foot

It has been suggested that arthrodesis of the ankle leads to osteoarthritis of the joints of the ipsilateral hind- and midfoot. We believe these studies overlooked the presence of osteoarthritic changes in these joints before the arthrodesis.We reviewed the pre-operative radiographs of 70 patients with osteoarthritis of the ankle who underwent 71 ankle arthrodeses (one was bilateral). The talonavicular, calcaneocuboid, subtalar and naviculocuneiform joints were given an osteoarthritis score according to Kellgren and Lawrence. The mean age at operation was 54.9 years and the most common indication was for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (52 cases). A total of 68 patients showed pre-existing arthritis in either the hind- or mid-foot, with the subtalar joint the most commonly affected.Ipsilateral hind- and mid-foot arthritis is almost universally present in patients with arthritis of the ankle requiring arthrodesis. The presence of such changes may not be a consequence of this arthrodesis.     

踝关节融合术对足踝创伤性关节炎的治疗研究

目的：观察关节镜下微创踝关节融合术与开放式踝关节融合术治疗创伤性关节炎的疗效。方法：回顾性分析26例创伤性踝关节炎患者的临床资料,按治疗方法不同分为微创组和开放式组,对比两组骨性融合率及术后美国足踝外科协会踝-后足评分系统(AOFAS,Ankle Hindfoot Scale)评分。结果：术后6个月微创组骨性融合率为80.0%,高于开放式组的31.3%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1年两组骨性融合率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后6个月两组AOFAS评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1年时微创组评分明显高于开放式组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论：关节镜下踝关节融合术在提高早期骨性融合率及减轻疼痛方面较开放式踝关节融合术更具优势。     

踝关节骨折畸形愈合的重建手术

目的 总结踝关节骨折畸形愈合重建术的临床疗效.方法 2006年1月至2009年1O月,共收治23例踝关节陈旧性骨折畸形愈合患者.男14例,女9例;平均年龄45岁(21～69岁).初次受伤至最终重建术平均间隔18个月(12～36个月),其中11例患者曾接受切开复位内固定术.术前常规行X线及CT检查,对畸形进行个体化评估:所有患者均有不同程度的腓骨短缩或旋转,合并内、外翻畸形者4例,下胫腓联合间隙增宽者5例.对所有腓骨短缩或旋转的患者行腓骨延长截骨术,内外翻畸形则行开放或闭合楔形截骨,而下胫腓增宽者则须行下胫腓功能性融合.术后定期行影像学随访评估骨愈合情况,记录并发症发生情况,并采用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节与后足功能评分来评估治疗效果.结果 共21例患者获随访,平均随访36个月(12～58个月).所有随访患者均无感染、内固定失败、骨不连、畸形复发等发生.影像学随访显示于术后平均12周(10～14周)骨愈合,且力线恢复良好.AOFAS踝关节与后足功能评分从术前平均28分(15～39分)改善为术后1年平均82分(70～94分).2例患者因严重创伤性关节炎分别于术后18个月和术后2年行踝关节融合术.结论 对于踝关节骨折畸形愈合的患者,通过早期重建手术恢复腓骨长度和旋转及踝穴的匹配,踝关节功能可获得极大的改善,也可延缓创伤性关节炎的发展.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical outcomes of reconstruction of malunited ankle fractures.Methods From January 2006 to October 2009,23 malunited ankle fractures were treated in our department.All deformities were evaluated individually based on pre-operatively X-ray and CT scan.Varying degrees of fibular shortening or rotational deformity were found in all patients,with 4 cases of varus or valgus deformity,and 5 of a widen syndesmosis.Then different reconstructive techniques were chosen according to the type of malunion:a lengthening fibular osteotomy was performed in patients with fibular shortening or rotational deformity;an opening or closing wedge osteotomy was chosen correspondingly in patients with varus or valgus deformity;functional fusion of syndesmosis was performed in cases of widen syndesmosis.The postoperative follow-up included standard radiography to evaluate bone union;relative complications were also recorded and functional outcome were assessed with American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS)ankle-hindfoot scores.Results Twenty-one patients were followed up with an average period of 36 months (12-58 months).There were no complications of infection,implant failure,nonunion or malunion.Solid union with a favorable alignment was obtained at an average of 12 weeks (10-14 weeks).The mean pre-operative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 28 (15-39).While the score increased to 82 (70-94) one year after operations.But 2 patients underwent ankle arthrodesis correspondingly 18 months and 24 months post-operatively due to severely post-traumatic arthritis.Conclusion An early realignment reconstruction of the length and rotation of fibula and the congruity of ankle mortise may improve the ankle function and slow down the development of post-traumatic arthritis for patients who suffered from malunited ankle fractures.     

Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis

We reviewed 116 patients who underwent 118 arthroscopic ankle arthrodeses. The mean age at operation was 57 years, 2 months (20 to 86 years). The indication for operation was post-traumatic osteoarthritis in 67, primary osteoarthritis in 36, inflammatory arthropathy in 13 and avascular necrosis in two. The mean follow-up was 65 months (18 to 144). Nine patients (10 ankles) died before final review and three were lost to follow-up, leaving 104 patients (105 ankles) who were assessed by a standard telephone interview. The preoperative talocrural deformity was between 22 degrees valgus and 28 degrees varus, 94 cases were within 10 degrees varus/valgus. The mean time to union was 12 weeks (6 to 20). Nonunion occurred in nine cases (7.6%). Other complications included 22 cases requiring removal of a screw for prominence, three superficial infections, two deep vein thromboses/pulmonary emboli, one revision of fixation, one stress fracture and one deep infection. Six patients had a subtalar fusion at a mean of 48 months after ankle fusion. There were 48 patients with excellent, 35 with good, 10 with fair and 11 with poor clinical results.