足月儿与早产儿排尿方式的比较研究

目的 探讨足月儿与早产儿出生后排尿方式的不同.方法 选取2010年3月至5月人住郑州大学第一附属医院新生儿室的出生后3～7d足月儿12例与早产儿14例作为研究对象,足月儿孕(38.3±1.1)周,体重(3.1±0.4)kg,早产儿孕(32.5±1.6)周,体重(1.7±0.4)kg.观察新生儿在12 h内(上午9点至晚上9点)的自由排尿情况,记录每次排尿量、残余尿量、排尿时的意识状态(清醒/睡眠)、排尿次数及排尿时间等参数,同时记录饮奶量、液体输入量及摄入时间,液体摄人量按标准进行.每次排尿量等于排尿后尿垫重量减去排尿前尿垫重量,残余尿量由超声检测仪测得.共观察记录了220例次.结果 每次排尿量、残余尿量、排尿次数、排尿时意识清醒状态百分比在足月儿分别为(19.8±10.9)ml、(1.55±1.01)ml、(7.2±1.9)次、(43.5±26.8)%,而在早产儿则分别为(11.1±7.5)ml、(1.82±0.88)ml、(9.6±2.5)次、(24.7±19.1)%.二组数据相比,早产儿的每次排尿量及排尿时意识清醒状态百分比小于足月儿,残余尿量及排尿次数大于足月儿,均具有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 足月儿与早产儿排尿方式明显不同,提示足月儿膀胱功能的发育优于早产儿,早产儿膀胱功能及其受控制的神经系统发育较足月儿明显延迟.

Abstract：

Objective To study the voiding patterns of term and preterm newborns.Methods Between March 2010 and May 2010,26 hospitalized newborns aged 3 to 7 days at this center were recruited in this study.In these patients,12 were term newborns,with an average gestational age of (38.3 ± 1.1 ) weeks,weight of (3.1 ± 0.4) kg,14 were preterm newborns with an average gestational age of (32.5 ± 1.6) weeks,and weight of (1.7 ± 0.4) kg.The voiding volumes (VV),post-void residual volumes (PRV),state of consciousness at voiding,voiding time (VT),voiding frequency (VF)in 12 hours as well as the volume of milk and liquid fed in the same time frame were recorded and analyzed retrospectively.Results In the term newborns,the VV and consciousness voiding rate were significantly higher compared with the preterm newborns [VV and consciousness voiding rate,( 19.8 ±10.9) ml (43.5 ± 26.8%) vs (11.1 ± 7.5) ml (24.7 ± 19.1 %),P＜0.05].However,the PRV and VF were significant lower in term newborns [PRV and VF,(1.55 ± 1.01 ) ml (7.2 ± 1.9) times vs (1.82 ± 0.88) ml (9.6 ± 2.5) times,P＜0.05].Conclusions Incomplete voiding pattern exists in term and preterm newborns.The better urodynamic parameters of the term newborns indicate the term newborns have better mature bladder function than preterm newborns.     

新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病对早产儿排尿方式的影响

目的 探讨新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)对早产儿排尿方式的影响.方法 选取出生后4～15d确诊为新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病早产儿48例,男34例,女14例,孕(32.1±0.7)周,出生时体重(2.5±0.3)kg.选取同期出生后4～15d无缺血缺氧性脑病的33例早产儿为对照组,男22例,女11例,孕(32.3±1.4)周,出生时体重(2.4±0.5)kg.记录4h(早上8点～10点)排尿情况,包括排尿量、残余尿量、排尿次数等参数,同时记录饮奶量、液体输入量及摄入时间,液体摄入量按标准进行.结果共记录了248次排尿,其中HIE组136次,对照组112次.HIE组排尿量和排空比例分别为(14.8±8.3)ml和11.6％,均显著小于对照组[(16.5±9.2)ml和24.3％];而HIE组的排尿次数、平均残余尿量分别为(2.8±1.1)次、(1.5±1.3)ml,对照组为(3.3±1.2)次、(1.7±0.9)ml,两者之间的差异无统计学意义.结论 缺血缺氧性脑病可使早产儿出现一定程度排空和储尿障碍,表现为每次排尿量及排空比例降低.     

脑室周围-脑室内出血对早产儿排尿方式的影响

目的 探讨脑室周围-脑室内出血(PIVH)对早产儿排尿方式的影响.方法 31例胎龄在32～36周适于胎龄早产儿分为两组,正常组16例,胎龄(34.2±1.1)周,日龄(11±2)d;PIVH组15例,胎龄(34.1±1.1)周,日龄(11±1)d进行连续8h自由排尿观察,记录每组早产儿在观察时间内的排尿次数、每次排尿量、残余尿量、清醒排尿及间断排尿,对两组早产儿排尿参数进行统计学分析.结果 PIVH组早产儿残余尿量显著高于正常组[(2.4±0.8)ml比(2.0±0.7)ml](P＜0.05),清醒排尿比例显著低于正常组[(35±6)％比(44±8)％](P＜0.05),PIVH组与正常组早产儿在观察时间内的排尿次数[(7.4±1.0)比(7.2±1.0)]、每次排尿量[(15.6±5.7)ml比(16.5±6.0)ml]及间断排尿比例(47％比44％)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 脑室周围-脑室内出血对32～36周胎龄早产儿残余尿量及排尿时意识状态具有显著影响,提示脑室周围-脑室内出血早产儿排尿方式与正常早产儿存在差异.     

出生1～7 d早产儿12 h自由排尿观察

目的 探讨出生7 d内早产儿的自由排尿特点.方法 选取2010年3-5月在本院NICU住院的113例出生7 d内无疾病的单胎早产儿.男60例,女53例;胎龄32～36周[(34.0±1.9)周];体质量1.16～2.07 kg[(1.48±0.34) kg].据日龄分为7组(第1天组～第7天组).第1天组6例,第2天组11例,第3天组11例,第4天组18例,第5天组18例,第6天组26例,第7天组23例.每组均进行12 h(900-2100)自由排尿观察,记录排尿时间、每次排尿量, B超测量排尿后残余尿量,排尿时觉醒状态.结果 113例早产儿12 h共观察排尿745次.第1天组6例早产儿观察时段位于出生0.5～12.5 h,12 h内排尿1～4次[(2.8±1.2)次],其中5例出生4 h内无排尿.第3天组开始发现早产儿排尿前有手臂或大腿微动或排尿后啼哭现象.第2、3、4天组平均2.5 h排尿1次.第5、6、7天组平均不到2 h排尿1次.第1天组、第4天组、第7天组排尿次数、排尿量比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).各组残余尿量比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05),膀胱排空率均低于30%.总体27.39%(204/745次)的排尿发生在清醒状态.间断排尿(10 min内排尿次数≥2)见于第2天组以后的早产儿,达70%(522/745次).结论 出生7 d内的早产儿中枢神经系统参与排尿不明显.每次排尿量及排尿次数变异较大,但有随日龄增加的趋势.     

早产儿D-二聚体和纤溶酶原的动态变化研究

目的观察不同日龄正常早产儿纤溶活性指标栓溶二聚体(D-二聚体,DD)和纤维蛋白溶酶原(纤溶酶原,PLG)生理水平及其变化规律。方法选取日龄1、5、10、20 d的早产儿各40 例及1、5、10,20 d正常足月儿各20例作对照,观察其纤溶指标DD、PLG值的日龄变化规律。结果早产儿和足月儿DD阳性在新生儿期较多见,尤其是在生后1周内,DD阳性率随日龄增长而减低,早产儿减低较慢。早产儿PLG在第1、5 d与足月儿比较差异无显著性(P>0．05),在第10、20 d与足月儿比较差异有显著性(32．00±11．82)％比(41．30±9．74)％,(27．58±9．04)％比(43．65 ±17．38)％,(P<0．05)。早产儿PLG随着日龄增长有下降趋势,而足月儿无明显变化。结论新生儿出生后DD阳性率高和较低活性PLG水平提示纤溶活性的增强,尤其是早产儿更明显。对新生儿特别是早产儿临床出现DD阳性或PLG降低时,对DIC诊断要慎重。     

早产儿凝血指标检测的临床意义

新生儿尤其早产儿出生后出现出血性疾病 ,其中一部分与机体止血功能异常有关。现探讨早产儿凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)、纤维蛋白原水平 (Fbg)检测的临床意义 ,现报道如下。对象与方法一、对象　 65例早产儿及 2 2例足月儿均为在我院 1998～ 2 0 0 1年出生的新生儿。早产儿按孕周不同分为两组 ,第 1组 2 9例 ,胎龄 <3 2周 ;男 17例 ,女 12例 ;体重 114 0± 3 94g。第 2组 3 6例 ,胎龄 3 2～ 3 6周 ;男 2 0例 ,女 16例 ;体重 193 5±473g。足月儿 2 2例 ,男 10例 ,女 12例 ;体重 2 53 2± 72 1g ;…     

高危因素对早产儿发育的影响及其干预效果

目的 探讨高危因素对早产儿营养、智能、神经发育的影响及干预效果.方法 选择2008年1 ～12月在我院出生并定期在儿童保健科进行体格检查的早产儿,根据是否伴有高危因素(超早产、极低出生体重、脑损伤、高胆红素血症、重度窒息)分为高危因素组和非高危因素组.高危因素组再根据家长干预依从性分成干预组和非干预组,同时匹配本院足月分娩的健康婴幼儿为足月儿组.比较不同组别校正年龄2岁时的营养、智能和神经发育结局以及干预效果.结果 完成随访早产儿372例,其中非高危因素组223例,高危因素组149例(干预组71例,非干预组78例),足月儿组231例.不同组别婴幼儿性别、分娩方式、家庭经济水平,以及干预组与非干预组基础疾病差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).校正年龄2岁时,高危因素组贫血和维生素D缺乏发生率高于非高危因素组(15.4％比6.7％,19.5％比11.2％),非干预组高于干预组(23.1％比7.0％,25.6％比12.7％),早产儿组、高危因素组和非干预组发育商(DQ,分)均低于相应的足月儿组、非高危因素组和干预组[(85.2±11.4)比(98.3±5.3),(79.5±13.4)比(89.0±7.8),(71.2±10.9)比(88.6 ±9.4)],智能低下和脑性瘫痪发生率均高于相对应的足月儿组、非高危因素组和干预组(智能低下:7.0％比0.4％,16.8％比0.5％,30.8％比1.4％,脑性瘫痪:3.0％比0.4％,6.0％比0.9％,10.3％比1.4％),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 2岁内早产儿发育落后于足月儿,高危因素增加早产儿营养不良、DQ低下和脑性瘫痪的风险,而干预能一定程度改善早产儿发育.     

妊娠期糖尿病母亲所生新生儿肾功能的变化

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)母亲所生新生儿肾功能的变化,加强对GDM母亲所生新生儿并发症的认识,从而提高GDM母亲所生新生儿的生活质量.方法 选取2009年3月-2010年9月山东大学附属省立医院新生儿科收治的GDM母亲所生新生儿45例作为观察组.男23例,女22例;早产儿25例,足月儿20例;巨大儿20例,非巨大儿25例.选取同期出生的非GDM母亲所生新生儿45例作为对照组.男21例,女24例;早产儿18例,足月儿27例;巨大儿22例,非巨大儿23例.研究对象均于出生72 h内采集空腹外周静脉血,应用广州OLYMPUS-AU5400全自动生化分析仪检测血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、BUN、肌酐(CREA)水平,观察各检测指标变化.结果 观察组BUN、CREA水平与对照组比较均无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05),血清Cys-C、β2-MG均较对照组升高(Pa＜0.05);观察组早产儿、足月儿Cys-C、β2-MG水平均较对照组显著升高(Pa＜0.05),而观察组早产儿和足月儿间Cys-C、β2-MG水平比较均无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05);观察组巨大儿和非巨大儿Cys-C、β2-MG水平均较对照组升高(Pa＜0.05),观察组巨大儿与非巨大儿间Cys-C、β2-MG水平均无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05).结论 GDM母亲所生新生儿较非GDM母亲所生新生儿血清Cys-C与β2-MG水平升高,GDM母亲所生新生儿可能存在早期肾功能损害,且不受胎龄、体质量影响.     

出生早期早产儿脑组织氧合的临床研究

目的采用近红外光谱技术比较早产儿和健康足月儿出生12～24 h脑组织氧合状况。方法对2011年4-6月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院妇产科收治的77例足月儿和2011年11月-2012年3月南京医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿医疗中心收治的61例早产儿进行出生12～24 h的脑组织氧饱和度(rSO2)监测,比较2组新生儿的临床情况及其与rSO2的关系。结果 2组新生儿分娩方式和性别比较,差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。2组新生儿胎龄、出生体质量及窒息(Apgar评分)比较,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05)。2组新生儿的检测时间和外周血氧饱和度比较,差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。健康足月儿组的rSO2为(62.70±3.75)%,早产儿组rSO2为(64.66±3.93)%,二组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。健康足月儿组的动脉血二氧化碳分压[p(CO2)]为(5.26±0.36)kPa,早产儿组为(6.04±1.18)kPa,二组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论早期早产儿与健康足月儿相比,出生12～24 h的rSO2偏高,可能与该时期早产儿的脑血流丰富,动脉血p(CO2)分压偏高及脑组织的局部缺氧有关。     

出生早期新生儿肠道双歧杆菌动态检测

目的 了解出生1周新生儿肠道双歧杆菌的动态变化.方法 采用16srRNA/DNA荧光定量PCR技术,分别对40例足月儿和40例早产儿生后第1(>12 h)、4、7天粪便标本中的双歧杆菌进行定量分析.结果 生后第1、4、7天足月儿粪便标本中双歧杆菌数量(拷贝数/g湿便)的对数值分别为6.52±0.52、8.30±0.48、8.89±0.48,差异有统计学意义(F=210.87,P<0.01);早产儿分别为6.28±0.44、6.97±0.48、7.34±0.49,差异有统计学意义(F=29.31,P<0.01);相同日龄两组间比较,第4、7天差异有统计学意义(t=11.56、13.98,P均<0.01).结论 新生儿肠道双歧杆菌的建立呈动态变化,早产儿落后于足月儿.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.