吸烟对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中T细胞功能的影响

目的:评价吸烟对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者急性期、稳定期支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中T细胞功能的影响。方法:根据患者吸烟史将患者分为无吸烟史的正常组(A组)、非吸烟的COPD组(B组)、持续吸烟的COPD组(C组)、已戒烟的COPD组(D组);用流式细胞术检测各组患者急性期、稳定期BALF中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞和CD+4/CD+8水平。结果:COPD患者无论在急性期还是稳定期,BALF中CD+3、CD+4、CD+8、CD+4/CD+8与正常组比较均有明显差异(P<0.05);持续吸烟COPD患者与非吸烟COPD患者、已戒烟的COPD患者相比较,急性期CD+4、CD+4/CD+8显著下降(P<0.05)、CD+8显著上升(P<0.05);稳定期CD+3、CD+4、CD+8无明显差异(P>0.05),CD+4/CD+8明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:持续吸烟的COPD患者在急性期和稳定期气道T细胞功能明显低下。     

Flow cytometric characterization of cell populations in bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial brushings from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious, chronic inflammatory disease of the airway associated with cigarette smoking. Leucocytes are involved in the inflammatory process in the airways in COPD. There is a need for accurate characterization of cellular populations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) due to variation in the predominant cell types reported, which were investigated mostly with manual counting techniques. METHODS: Bronchial brushings and BAL were obtained from human subjects undergoing fiber optic bronchoscopy. Flow cytometry was applied to identify various cell types. Quenching of autofluorescence of BAL-derived alveolar macrophages was achieved with eta-octyl beta-D-galactopyranoside and crystal violet. Comparisons of cell counts obtained with flow cytometric and manual counting methods were performed. RESULTS: Correlation analysis showed that manual cell counting methods overestimated the percentage of macrophages when compared with flow cytometric methods (R2 = 0.54). There was also a small tendency by manual counting to underestimate the percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils. Using flow cytometry, the percentage and absolute numbers of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in BAL were not significantly different between patients with COPD and control subjects. The percentage and absolute numbers of neutrophils were higher in BAL from patients with moderate to severe COPD. CONCLUSIONS: This novel flow cytometric assay for identification of various cell types from heterogenous samples of BAL and bronchial brushing will allow further investigation of cell characteristics, such as cytokine production and receptor expression, and an accurate evaluation of apoptosis for different cell types and provide a rationale for urgently required effective treatments for COPD.     

Bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

In addition to understanding the pathophysiology, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial lavage (BL) are used for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Abundant neutrophils and mononuclear cells (lymphocytes) with a few of eosinophils are observed in BAL or BL fluids from chronic bronchitis patients, while abundant neutrophils and macrophages are seen in BAL fluids from emphysema patients. COPD patients combined with bronchial asthma show an increase in eosinophil number in BAL or BL fluid. In BAL fluids from diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) patients, increased neutrophils alone are observed without any increases in eosinophils or mononuclear cells.     

Muscle dysfunction associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Skeletal-muscle (both respiratory and limb) abnormalities are common and can have profound effects in patients with chronic inflammatory states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Causes include direct inflammatory-mediator effects on muscle function, malnutrition, blood-gas abnormalities, compromised oxygen delivery from right-heart dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, drugs, and comorbid states. In COPD patients, respiratory muscles are overloaded, which leads to increased fatigue potential, especially during exercise, when hyperinflation worsens. Interestingly, overloaded respiratory muscles develop structural changes that help them adapt to these conditions. In contrast, limb (especially lower extremity) muscles in COPD patients are underloaded as a consequence of disuse, and this leads to muscle atrophy. Treatment is aimed at optimizing lung function, nutritional repletion, aerobic exercise training, and (in certain patients) oxygen therapy. Resistive breathing training is more controversial. Lung-volume-reduction surgery may help with the hyperinflation effects and improve gas exchange and respiratory-muscle function in selected patients.     

支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法选择本科住院治疗的慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的患者104例,按照治疗方法的不同随机分为对照组(常规治疗组)和观察组(BAL+NIPPV治疗组),观察记录2组患者治疗前、治疗后2 h、治疗后12 h以及治疗后24 h动脉血气分析,以及治疗期间2组患者的不良反应发生情况。结果 2组患者治疗后24 h,p H值均较治疗前显著提高(P0.05),观察组p H值较对照组升高显著(P0.05);2组患者治疗后各时间点p(CO_2)、p(O_2)与治疗前比较,p(CO_2)降低,p(O_2)升高,且观察组患者改善状况优于对照组(P0.05);2组患者气管插管、腹胀和鼻面部压伤的不良反应发生率差异显著(P0.05)。结论支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭可显著提高患者p(O_2),降低p(CO_2),提高血p H值,有效改善患者的呼吸衰竭症状,纠正患者酸碱失衡,值得临床推广应用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者与肺功能正常吸烟者CT肺实质灌注成像对照

目的 分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者及肺功能正常吸烟者CT肺实质灌注图像的差异。方法 对63例COPD患者及20名肺功能正常吸烟者（对照组）行肺CTPI,将COPD患者分为轻度亚组（16例）、中度亚组（18例）、重度亚组（11例）和极重度亚组（18例）,在肺叶水平计算灌注缺损区与正常区CT值比值（R_HU）,比较各组体质量指数（BMI）、吸烟量及各肺叶R_HU的差异。结果 对照组BMI与重度、极重度COPD亚组比较,对照组吸烟量与极重度COPD亚组比较差异均有统计学意义（P=0.006、0.002、0.007）。同组各肺叶R_HU差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。对照组右肺下叶R_HU与重度、极重度COPD亚组差异有统计学意义（P=0.03、0.02）,其他各肺叶R_HU各组差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。对照组与各COPD亚组R_HU差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;轻度与重度、与极重度COPD亚组,中度与极重度COPD亚组R_HU差异均有统计学意义（P=0.022、0.001、0.003）。结论 R_HU可区分COPD和肺功能正常吸烟者,有可能成为评估COPD严重程度的指标之一。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺泡灌洗液中IL-17和IL-23检测的意义

目的检测慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中白细胞介素17（IL-17）、白细胞介素23（IL-23）在发病过程中的变化,为临床判断和了解COPD的炎症发展提供依据。方法参照BALF的细胞百分计数分类、临床资料及肺功能第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1％）实验对COPD急性期组、COPD缓解期组及非COPD对照组分别进行检测。采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对BALF中IL-17、IL-23的浓度进行测定。结果COPD急性期组BALF中IL-17、IL-23的浓度较COPD缓解期组、对照组明显增加（P〈0．01）;COPD急性期组FEV1％较COPD缓解期组和对照组亦明显增加（P〈0．01）;COPD患者BALF中IL-23与IL-17浓度呈直线正相关（r2=0．6985,P〈0．001）,COPD患者BALF中IL-17、IL-23浓度与FEV1％均呈直线负相关（r2=-0．5279、-0．5410,尸均〈0．001）。结论肺局部炎症时IL-17、IL-23的浓度与COPD的变化和临床症状呈一定的相关性,其中IL-17的浓度与局部炎症情况相关性较IL-23强,其浓度的维持可能与炎症的持续存在有一定关系。检测COPD患者BALF中IL-17、IL-23水平对病情判断和治疗具有指导意义。     

微小RNA-21和程序性细胞死亡因子4在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者支气管肺泡灌洗液肺泡巨噬细胞中的表达研究

目的 探讨微小RNA-21(miR-21)、程序性细胞死亡因子4(PDCD4)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)中的表达水平及意义。方法 选取135例COPD患者进行研究(COPD组),依据患者病情分为COPD稳定组62例、COPD急性加重期(AECOPD)组73例;并选取同期因喉部异物感等原因做纤支镜检查的健康者73例进行对照研究(正常组)。比较COPD组与正常组一般资料;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测BALF AM中miR-21、PDCD4 mRNA相对表达量;Pearson法分析COPD患者BALF AM中miR-21、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平与肺功能指标,miR-21表达水平与PDCD4 mRNA的相关性;采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估BALF AM中miR-21、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平对COPD的诊断价值。结果 与正常组相比,COPD组患者第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV₁)占预计值百分比(FEV₁%)及FEV₁/用力肺活量(FVC)...     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者自我效能的相关因素分析

目的 探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的自我效能水平及其相关因素.方法 2008年3月至2010年5月,应用COPD自我效能量表(CSES)、社会支持量表等,对天津医科大学总医院呼吸科门诊随诊和院外随访的130例稳定期COPD患者进行调查.结果 CSES总分与患者年龄(r=-0.178,P<0.05)、病程(r=-0.190,P<0.05)、呼吸困难(r=-0.387,P<0.05)评分呈负相关,焦虑抑郁程度和社会支持水平进入回归方程,可解释因变量全部变异的46.3%.结论 稳定期COPD患者自我效能水平有不同程度的降低,焦虑抑郁情绪及社会支持水平是影响患者自我效能的主要因素,应给予针对性的心理支持,加强社会支持,提高患者的自我效能.     

MSCT诊断慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并慢性肺源性心脏病

目的 比较不同严重程度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）及COPD合并慢性肺源性心脏病患者右心室功能,评价MSCT诊断COPD合并慢性肺源性心脏病的价值。方法 对53例COPD患者（轻中度组13例、重度组22例及合并慢性肺源性心脏病组18例）和36名健康志愿者（对照组）行肺功能和MSCT检查。记录肺功能和右心室功能参数。比较各组右心室功能差异,分析COPD患者肺功能与右心室功能的相关性。分别绘制右心室每搏输出量（SV）、射血分数（EF）的ROC曲线,评价MSCT在COPD合并慢性肺源性心脏病中的诊断价值。以预试验确定的右心室SV<48 ml或EF<40%作为诊断慢性肺源性心脏病的标准,计算诊断敏感度和特异度。结果 4组间右心室舒张末容积（EDV）、EDV/体质量指数（BMI）、SV、SV/BMI及EF差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,而收缩末容积（ESV）及ESV/BMI差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。COPD患者右心室SV/BMI、EF与第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）（r=0.321、0.296,P=0.019、0.031）、第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量（FEV1/FVC）（r=0.305、0.280,P=0.026、0.043）及FEV1占预计值百分比（FEV1%_pred;r=0.457、0.351,P=0.001、0.001）均呈正相关。分别绘制右心室EF、SV ROC曲线,AUC分别为0.973、0.930（P均<0.001）,MSCT诊断慢性肺源性心脏病的敏感度分别为77.77%、77.77%,特异度分别为98.59%、88.63%。结论 COPD患者在未达到慢性肺源性心脏病诊断标准前右心室功能已出现减退,且其肺功能与右心室功能呈正相关。MSCT能早期发现COPD患者右心室功能不全,且对于诊断慢性肺源性心脏病具有重要价值。     

Role of galactomannan determinations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective study

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Critically ill chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at particular risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Our aims were to determine whether bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) galactomannan (GM) has a higher sensitivity and specificity than serum GM or lower respiratory tract (LRT) sample culture. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate what the optimal cut-off value would be for BALF GM. METHODS: In this prospective single-center study, BALF and serum samples were collected from critically ill COPD patients on the first day of their intensive care unit admission. RESULTS: Of 50 critically ill COPD patients admitted, BALF and serum samples were collected in 34 patients. According to the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, an optical density (OD) ratio of 0.8 was chosen as the cut-off value for GM in BALF. Compared to serum GM and LRT Aspergillus isolation, BALF GM yield a better sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 94.4%, respectively. Areas under the ROC curve were 0.912 (95%CI, 0.733 to 0.985) for BALF GM, and 0.879 (95%CI, 0.691 to 0.972) for serum GM results from the first day of ICU admission. Pairwise comparison of ROC curves showed P = 0.738. The OD ratio of BALF GM in IPA patients were significantly higher than those of non-IPA patients (2.88 ± 2.09 versus 0.49 ± 0.19, P = 0.009), and the OD ratio of BALF GM was significantly higher than serum GM in IPA patients (2.88 ± 2.09 versus 0.87 ± 0.47, P = 0.023). Positive BALF GM was seen earlier than LRT secretion culture (1 day versus 3.8 days). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to serum GM and LRT Aspergillus isolation, BALF GM seems to have a better sensitivity in the diagnosis of IPA in critically ill COPD patients. The ROC curve suggests a possible cut-off value of 0.8 for GM from BALF specimens in critically ill COPD patients.     

Factor XIII in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with chronic bronchoalveolar inflammation

BACKGROUND: Extravascular activation of the coagulation system and consequent fibrin deposition is involved in the pathomechanism of chronic bronchoalveolar inflammatory diseases. The turnover of extravascular fibrin is attenuated by its cross-linking with activated factor XIII (FXIII). OBJECTIVES: Determination of cellular and plasmatic forms of FXIII and their correlation with D-dimer level in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from healthy children and from children with bronchoalveolar inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Highly sensitive immunoassays were used for the quantitation of cellular and plasma FXIII and D-dimer in the BALF of children with recurrent wheezy bronchitis and fibrosing alveolitis. BALF was investigated for FXIII-containing cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In the BALF of controls a low amount of the cellular form of FXIII (FXIII A2) and D-dimer were measured, while plasma FXIII (FXIII A2B2) was absent. Alveolar macrophages represented the single cell population in BALF that contained FXIII. In the BALF of both patients' groups the concentration and the total amount of FXIII A2 was significantly elevated, and plasma FXIII also appeared in the BALF of most patients. The D-dimer concentration was also elevated in the patients' groups and it correlated both with plasma FXIII and neutrophil count. These findings suggest that FXIII A2 is released from activated or injured alveolar macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lining fluid and in bronchoalveolar inflammatory diseases, FXIII A2B2 also leaks out from the capillaries. By cross-linking fibrin and inhibitors of fibrinolysis to fibrin, FXIII might be a key regulator of fibrin turnover in the extravascular compartment.     

Depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults in the United States and worldwide. Depression is a common comorbidity in this population, but often goes undiagnosed in persons with COPD. Because the presence of depression has the potential to negatively impact COPD-related outcomes, it is essential for health care practitioners involved in the care of patients with COPD to diagnose and treat COPD and the associated comorbidities, including depression. Although there is a lack of comprehensive guidelines for treating depression in those with COPD, an algorithm has been proposed to screen and manage depression in these patients. Several questionnaires are available that can be used to assess and assist in diagnosing depression in these patients. Following diagnosis, antidepressant therapy should be considered along with nonpharmacological strategies, such as pulmonary rehabilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy.     

Evidence of tachyphylaxis associated with salmeterol treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Bronchodilator therapy is lifelong mandatory for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. There is evidence of loss of bronchodilator effectiveness over time with beta2-agonists but not with anticholinergics. The aim of this study was to examine the development of tachyphylaxis to the long-acting beta2-agonist salmeterol using as a control therapeutic regimen the combination of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol sulphate. Fifty-six subjects participated in a 20-week, crossover randomised clinical trial. The parameters forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and FEV1/forced vital capacity were measured via spirometry and the parameters triangle DeltaFEV1%pre, triangle DeltaPEFR%pre and triangle DeltaAUC(0-2 h) were calculated. FEV1 increased significantly after two weeks of treatment with the combination treatment but not with the salmeterol. The observed diminished increase could be attributed to the development of tolerance to the long acting beta2-agonist. Salmeterol seems to be an effective bronchodilator, however, its duration of action over time and its peak effect might be subject to tachyphylaxis.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者侵袭性肺曲霉病

曲霉(aspergillus)在自然界中分布广泛,空气中每立方米含有1~100个曲霉孢子,分生孢子的大小约2~3μm,完全可以通过呼吸到达肺泡,造成机会性感染。曲霉的种类很多,但只有少部分致病,90%的人类曲霉感染由烟曲霉所致。临床上一般将肺曲霉病分为曲霉球、变态反应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,ABPA)和侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillo-sis,IPA)等3种类型,其中IPA危害最大、病死率最高。过去20年中,随着艾滋病、血液病及实体器官移植患者的增多,广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂及激素等治疗增加,IPA的发生率也逐渐升高。慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者痰标本中培养出曲霉通常被认为是污染,但越来越多的证据表明,严重COPD患者也存在发生IPA的高风险,COPD患者曲霉感染是个值得重视的问题[1-2]。一、流行病学长期以来,人们对COPD患者并发IPA的认识不多,目前有限的临床资料大多来源于尸检结果,因此COPD患者IPA的发生...     

不同容量肺灌洗术对合并COPD的尘肺病患者血清炎性因子和肺功能的影响

目的 比较大容量肺灌洗术与小容量肺灌洗术治疗对尘肺病合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者血清炎性因子及肺功能的改善效果.方法 回顾性选取2017年8月至2019年7月首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院收治的90例尘肺合并COPD患者,根据不同容量肺灌洗治疗方案分为2组,每组各45例,对照组采用小容量肺灌洗术治疗,观察组采用...     

Fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a frequently occurring symptom in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite this, relatively few studies have objectively assessed patients' perceptions of fatigue and the impact of perceived fatigue on their everyday lives. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, duration and severity of fatigue among patients with COPD and the impact of perceived fatigue on cognitive, physical and psychosocial functioning in comparison with controls. METHOD: The Fatigue Impact Scale, including physical, psychosocial and cognitive dimension and structured questions about the frequency, duration, and severity of fatigue was mailed to 44 outpatients with COPD and 88 randomly selected age- and sex-matched controls. In total 36 patients and 37 controls completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (47.2%), reported fatigue every day during the preceding month compared with 13.5% of the control group (P < 0.001). The duration of fatigue was more than 6 hours in 52.7% of the patients and 44.4% reported that fatigue was either the worst or one of the worst symptoms they had, compared with 18.9% (P < 0.001) and 10.8% (P < 0.01) in the control group. The patients reported a significantly greater impact of fatigue on cognitive, physical and psychosocial functioning compared with the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that fatigue is a highly prevalent symptom, which impacts on patients' functional condition and needs to be professionally assessed and managed.     

Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cardiac arrhythmias are commonly associated with chronic obstructive lung disease and these arrhythmias can impair arterial blood oxygenation. The etiology of the arrhythmias is multifactorial. The treatment of the arrhythmias is largely the treatment of the deranged physiology and the underlying pulmonary disease. The association of arrhythmias with chronic obstructive lung disease portends a poor prognosis.