双氢青蒿素对卜氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠TNF—α水平的影响

目的 研究双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清和肺泡巨噬细胞培养上清液TNF－α水平的影响。方法 以醋酸可的松皮下注射Wistar大鼠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型，用60mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠，杀鼠取肺，用胶原酶消化法分离肺泡巨噬细胞，用LPS刺培养72h，同时设有感染组和正常对照，用TNF－α水平则低于感染组。结论 卡氏肺孢子虫感染引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌高水平的TNF－α，但双氢青蒿素治疗后PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞产生TNF－α水平降低。     

双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

目的：检测双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的影响。方法：以醋酸可的松皮下洲Wistar大鼠建立PCP动物模型，对60mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠，杀鼠取肺，用胶原酶消化法分离肺泡巨噬细胞，可PI和TUNEL法检测其凋亡，同时设有正常大鼠对照组。结果：感染组和治疗组大鼠肺泡巨噬．细胞凋亡率显著高于正常对照组，治疗组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率明显低于感染组。结论：卡氏肺孢子虫感染引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞发生凋亡，经双氢青蒿素治疗后PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡降低。     

双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠TNF-α水平的影响

目的研究双氢青蒿素治疗对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清和肺泡巨噬细胞培养上清液 TNF- α水平的影响。方法以醋酸可的松皮下注射 Wistar大鼠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型 ,用 60 m g/ kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠 ,杀鼠取肺 ,用胶原酶消化法分离肺泡巨噬细胞 ,用 L PS刺激培养 72 h,同时设有感染组和正常对照。用 TNF- α试剂盒分别检测血清和培养上清液 TNF- α的水平。结果感染组和治疗组 TNF- α水平均高于正常对照 ,治疗组 TNF- α水平则低于感染组。结论卡氏肺孢子虫感染引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌高水平的 TNF- α,但双氢青蒿素治疗后 PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞产生 TNF- α水平降低。     

mtLSU-巢式PCR检测实验大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫的实验研究

目的对mtLSU-巢式PCR方法检测大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫的应用价值以及基因序列进行评价。方法采用地塞米松免疫抑制法诱导大鼠感染肺孢子虫;实验组10只,对照组1只;诱导至第7周时收集实验组及对照组大鼠肺组织和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）标本,采用mtLSU-巢式PCR方法对人源与鼠源肺孢子虫共有的基因进行扩增和序列测定,同时采用镜检法对实验组大鼠肺组织和肺泡灌洗液标本进行检测,评估两种方法的敏感性。结果采用mtLSU-巢式PCR方法对实验感染大鼠肺组织和BAL进行检测,卡氏肺孢子虫DNA阳性率分别为100%（10/10）、90%（9/10）。而GMS染色镜检法检测的阳性率分别为80%（8/10）、60%（6/10）。所测Wistar大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫mtLSU基因序列长度为155bp,与GenBank的大鼠源肺孢子虫（U20170）及人源肺孢子虫（DQ473446）同源性均为100%（154/154、155/155）。结论 mtLSU-巢式PCR方法应用于大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫检测敏感性高,特异性强;获得与人源耶氏肺孢子虫相同的Wistar大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫mtLSU的基因序列。     

卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大、小鼠低死亡率动物模型的建立

为建立低死亡率卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)SD大鼠和ICR小鼠动物模型 ,本试验将雌性SD大鼠和ICR小鼠分别随机分为实验组和对照组 ,实验组采用按体重定量皮下注射地塞米松的方法 ,免疫抑制诱导建立PCP动物模型 ,对照组注射与地塞米松等体积的生理盐水。分别制作肺印片 ,经瑞 姬氏复合染色后 ,检查卡氏肺孢子虫包囊。制作肺组织病理切片 ,经HE染色后观察肺组织病理变化。用地塞米松诱导后 ,实验组SD大鼠和ICR小鼠死亡率均为 0 ,肺印片阳性率均为 76 7% (2 3 30和 2 3 30 )。肺组织出现典型的病理变化 ,并可观察到Pc包囊。实验组SD大鼠体重下降明显 ,与对照组体重比较具有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。ICR小鼠经诱导后 ,体重变化不显著。采用按体重定量皮下注射地塞米松的方法可建立低死亡率PCP动物模型     

寡核苷酸探针RNA原位杂交法检测肺孢子虫的研究

目的探讨RNA原位杂交法在肺孢子虫病理检测中的应用。方法采用小亚单位RNA位点来源的寡核苷酸探针、地高辛加尾标记、Wistar雌性大鼠皮下注射地塞米松建立肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型,取肺组织制备石蜡标本进行RNA原位杂交,并将结果与瑞氏-吉姆萨染色法进行比较。结果 RNA原位杂交法于感染后第3周检到虫体,呈游离分布;7～8周时检测到大量包囊;9～10周时滋养体大量出现;组织内肺孢子虫的检出率（32/32）高于瑞氏-吉姆萨染色法（25/32）。结论 RNA原位杂交法是一种敏感特异的肺孢子虫病理检测方法。     

瑞香素联合母牛分支菌治疗大鼠卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎的实验研究

目的探讨瑞香素和母牛分支菌联合对大鼠卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PcP)的治疗作用。方法地塞米松腹股沟皮下注射SD大鼠8周,建立PcP大鼠模型,将其随机分为模型对照组,瑞香素组,母牛分支菌组,瑞香素与母牛分支菌联合用药组,并设立正常对照组。观察肺病理切片、肺印片中每视野肺孢子菌包囊均数、脾细胞增殖能力及血清INF-γ水平变化。结果治疗组肺孢子菌包囊数较模型组明显减少,肺组织损伤较模型组减轻或修复,脾细胞增殖能力及血清INF-γ水平治疗组较模型组有不同程度的提高,其中联合用药组较单用组效果显著。结论瑞香素和母牛分支菌联合用药治疗卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎大鼠较单用疗效显著。     

贾第虫研究──Ⅰ．西蒙氏贾第虫（Giardia simoni）滋养体和包囊对实验动物的感染

作者从自然感染西蒙氏贾第虫（Ｇｉａｒｄｉａｓｉｍｏｎｉ）的金黄地鼠肠道内和粪便中分离、收集滋养体和包囊，分别经口感染大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠和兔子。结果表明兔子和脉鼠均不感染，大鼠、小鼠均不同程度地感染该虫，且４周龄大鼠比８周龄大鼠更易感（Ｐ＜０．０５），而在小鼠中成年鼠与老年鼠对西蒙氏贾第虫的敏感性没有差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。滋养体在感染动物的肠道内主要分布于十二指肠前段，中前段和中段。同时观察到结肠和直肠内有包囊，这表明该虫在大鼠、小鼠体内完成了其生活史。作者还对感染前后的滋养体作了蛋白银和铁苏木精染色比较，二者在形态上完全相同。     

复方磺胺甲恶唑对肾移植后卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的预防作用

背景：卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎是由卡氏肺孢子虫寄生于肺部引起的一种严重的致命性肺炎。复方磺胺甲恶唑是目前用于治疗卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的一线药物,治疗量往往有明显的不良反应,小剂量预防用药临床疗效及毒副作用尚不清楚。 目的：观察复方磺胺甲恶唑对肾移植后卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的预防效果。 方法：选择肾移植后1个月且无复方磺胺甲恶唑过敏者。肾移植后1个月至半年或1年常规服用复方磺胺甲恶唑(0.48 g/d)。观察移植肝肾功能,感染情况,药物不良反应。 结果与结论：2006年起,随访125例肾移植术后早期患者,73例术后1个月起常规服用复方磺胺甲恶唑(0.48 g/d)至术后半年者,1例停药4个月后感染卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎死亡,47例服用复方磺胺甲恶唑(0.48 g/d)至术后1年者,无感染卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎者,5例因复方磺胺甲恶唑过敏或医从性差未服用复方磺胺甲恶唑者,2例分别在术后4,5个月感染卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,1例死亡。结果提示,肾移植术后1个月至1年常规服用复方磺胺甲恶唑(0.48 g/d),可有效预防卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,临床无明显不良反应。     

补中益气汤对肺孢子虫肺炎模型大鼠细胞免疫影响的实验研究

目的观察补中益气汤煎剂对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎模型大鼠的免疫调节作用。方法Waster雌性大鼠60只,随机分成正常对照组、模型对照组、西药治疗对照组、中药治疗组及中药预防组。除正常组外其他4组均参照国内外公认的造模方法建立肺孢子虫肺炎模型。模型对照组生理盐水灌胃：西药治疗对照组与中药治疗组于实验第5周起至第6周分别给予复方新诺明及补中益气汤煎剂灌胃;中药预防组于实验第1周起以补中益气汤煎剂灌胃。于实验第6周末处死各组大鼠并检测各组大鼠淋巴细胞转化率和T细胞亚群百分比。结果正常组大鼠淋巴细胞转化率、CD4＋T细胞数量和CD4＋／CD8＋的值高于模型组,其差异具有统计学意义。中药预防组大鼠淋巴细胞转化率、CD4CF细胞数量和CD4＋／CD8＋的值高于西药治疗组和模型组。预防组大鼠CD4＋、CD4＋／CD8＋的值与正常组差异无统计学意义。西药治疗组CD4＋、CD4＋／CD8＋的值与模型组无差异。结论正常组与中药预防组大鼠T淋巴细胞转化率高于模型组,CD4＋T细胞数量的减少与PCP的发生具有密切关系,正常组与中药预防组CD4＋T细胞数量高于模型组,补中益气汤能够提高卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎模型大鼠淋巴细胞转化率和CD4＋T细胞的数量,在本实验中中药预防组的效果尤为显著,证实该方剂对大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎具有防治作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.