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1.
Background
Cutaneous tuberculosis forms a small subset of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The present study is an attempt to observe the clinico morphological pattern seen in cases of cutaneous tuberculosis over a period of 5 years, and to correlate them with mantoux reactivity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status.Methods
All cases of cutaneous tuberculosis observed among the dermatology in patients and those attending out patient department were included in the study. The basis of diagnosis was clinical, histopathological and microbiological. Intradermal mantoux test and serological test in the form of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for tuberculosis was done. HIV screening was carried out in 32 cases. CD4 counts were done in all HIV positive cases.Results
A total 0.02% patient attending the dermatology centre had cutaneous tuberculosis. The spectrum of infection included 19 (51%) cases of lupus vulgaris, 7 (19%) cases of papulonecrotic tuberculids, six cases each of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and scrofuloderma. One case had scrofuloderma and lupus vulgaris and another both scrofuloderma and papulonecrotic tuberculide. One case of lichen scrofulosorum was seen in a seven year old boy. 11 cases revealed evidence of systemic tuberculosis. Seven cases of HIV with CD4 counts between 50-500 cells/μl were observed in this study.Key Words: Cutaneous tuberculosis, HIV status 相似文献2.
Background
Trends in mode of detection of HIV infection in the Armed Forces required to be analyzed to formulate future strategies for early detection.Methods
A retrospective study was thus conducted in 612 newly diagnosed HIV-positive cases between January 1997 to August 2002.Results
182(29.74%) patients had already developed Category C conditions when detected to be HIV-positive, 176(96.70%) with mycobacterial disease, majority (67.61%) of them being pulmonary tuberculosis, followed by recurrent bacterial pneumonia in 3 (1.65%), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in 2(1.1%) and oesophageal candidiasis in one (0.55%). Herpes zoster was the third most common mode of detection accounting for 86 (14.05%) of the cases (24.6% of them with involvement of ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve), after tuberculosis in 176(28.76%) and blood donors in 98(16.01%), followed by constitutional symptoms in 59(9.64%) cases, investigation for STDs in 56(9.15%), bacterial pneumonia in 6(0.98%) and oral mucosal candidiasis in only one (0.16%) case. None was detected during acute retroviral illness and only 5(0.82%) cases were detected while being investigated for generalized lymphadenopathy. Amongst the cases detected during investigation for STDs, majority (26.79%) were on STD surveillance. 22(3.60%) cases tested positive when their spouses were detected to be HIV-positive, 20(3.27%) while being screened for surgery, 4(0.65%) for posting abroad and 2(0.32%) each during investigation when child was found HIV-positive and investigation for HBV infection. Remaining 69(11.27%) patients were detected during investigation of various related or unrelated conditions including one (0.16%), which reported voluntarily after a high-risk exposure.Conclusion
There is a need to encourage voluntary reporting and identify more number of cases during acute retroviral syndrome and PGL stage.Key Words: HIV infection, Mode of detection 相似文献3.
Background
Childhood tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in India. We evaluated the impact of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculosis and the underlying risk factors.Methods
100 consecutive children below 12 years diagnosed to have tuberculosis based on the WHO and IAP consensus statement were included in the study.Result
Majority(42%) of children with tuberculosis were below four years of age. History of contact with a case of tuberculosis was present in 41 cases. BCG scar was present in 77 cases indicating a poor coverage/uptake of BCG vaccination. Pulmonary form of tuberculosis was seen in 52 and extra pulmonary form in 41 cases. Tubercular lymphadenitis was seen in seven cases, of which more than 70 % were in BCG vaccinated group. There was no statistically significant difference in the type of tuberculosis (pulmonary or extra pulmonary) and BCG vaccination. In the extra pulmonary form, 13 children had neuro-tuberculosis, of which 66% were in BCG unvaccinated group, which was statistically significant (p=0.011). The underlying risk factors were poor socioeconomic status (62%), malnutrition (61%) and poor immunization coverage.Conclusion
Higher incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in BCG vaccinated group was not statistically significant. However, high incidence of neuro-tuberculosis in BCG unvaccinated group was statistically significant. The underlying risk factors were poor socio-economic status, malnutrition and poor immunization coverage and should be taken into consideration in order to prevent morbidity and mortality due to tuberculosis in children.Key Words: Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine, Tuberculosis 相似文献4.
Background
Tuberculin skin testing (TST) is a reliable tool in the diagnosis of tuberculous infection and is important in its control. However, it may be false negative in immunocompromised patients like HIV-infected.Methods
We examined the pattern of TST results in 523 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients. CD4, CD8 and absolute lymphocyte counts were done by flowcytometry in 63 of these cases.Results
56 (44.10%), 15 (11.81%) and 56 (44.10%) of the 127 cases with tuberculosis and 293 (73.99%), 41 (10.35%) and 62 (15.66%) of the 396 cases without any clinical evidence of tuberculosis showed TST results of 0-4, 5-9 and = or > 10 mm respectively. Significantly more (P<0.05) number of cases with TST of = or > 10mm and significantly lesser (P<0.05) number of cases with TST of 0-4 mm are likely to develop tuberculosis. The average CD4+lymphocyte count was found to be significantly lower in cases with nil TST results than with = or >10mm. HIV infected cases associated with tuberculosis with induration on TST had average CD4 counts of 129.5 as compared to 246.3/cmm in those without tuberculosis.Conclusion
In India where both these diseases are endemic, tuberculosis may develop during early HIV infection, while the body''s immunity is still largely unimpaired and TST shows = or >10mm results in almost 45% of our cases. In another 45% with TST of 0-4mm, the CD4+ lymphocyte count is likely to be lower than 200/cmm. In those with nil induration, TST of 5-9 mm cannot be taken as an independent marker for suspecting tuberculosis in the HIV infected. Hence we recommend that all cases with TST of = or >10mm and cases with nil induratrion with CD4+ count of <200/cmm should be considered as high-risk for developing tuberculosis.Key Words: Tuberculin skin test, HIV infection 相似文献5.
RB Deoskar B Sengupta KE Rajan MS Barthwal JJJ Falleiro SK Sharma 《Medical Journal Armed Forces India》2005,61(3):245-248
Background
Drug resistance has emerged as a major problem in management of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) with increase in its incidence.Methods
Sixty patients who presented to a tertiary referral chest centre with drug resistant PT were included in the study out of 835 clinically diagnosed cases of PT treated between January 2000 and May 2002. They were studied to see the incidence, pattern of drug resistance and response to treatment.Results
7.2% of the clinically diagnosed cases of PT had drug resistance and 14.8% of the 403 strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) tested were resistant to one or more antitubercular drugs (ATD). 40 cases (66.7%) had initial resistance and acquired resistance was seen in 20(33.3%) out of the 60 cases of drug resistant PT. Single drug resistance was observed in 21 cases (35%), two drug resistance in 19 (31.7%) and 20(33.3%) cases showed resistance to three or more drugs. Individual drug resistance breakup was: INH(H) – 36(8.9%), Rifampicin (R)-38(9.4%), Ethambutol (E) – 14(3.5%), Streptomycin (S) – 34(8.4%), Pyrazinamide (Z) – 2(0.5%), Ciprofloxacin (C) – 2(0.5%), Ethionamide (N) – 2(0.5%), Cycloserine – 1(0.3%) and Kanamycin – 1(0.3%). 98.3% showed sputum conversion after starting reserve drugs. Average period of sputum conversion was 10 weeks. 3.3% were HIV positive.Conclusion
Incidence of drug resistance was not as high as reported by some other workers and majority of the cases showed satisfactory outcome.Key Words: Drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis 相似文献6.
Abbas Ostad Taghi zadeh SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi Farshad Fakhimi Hassanzad Mehdi Hajizadeh SeyedNajmeddin Mohamadi Sahra Emamzadeh-Fard Koosha Paydary Mostafa Hosseini 《Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine》2014,4(1):65-68
Objective
To determine the prevalence of HIV infection among homeless men and women and the related risk behaviors in Tehran, Iran.Methods
In 2007-2008, Tehran municipality stacked up 10 657 homeless men and women for assessment of HIV and began collaboration with Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA) departments to conduct HIV infection prevalence surveys in homeless populations. The results were analyzed for associations with demographic information, family support, status of drug abuse and relation with family and friends.Results
Overall HIV prevalence was 1.7% (95% confidence interval 1.4-1.9). Factors independently associated with HIV infection included history of using drugs [AOR 8.15 (4.86-13.67)], older age [AOR 1.80 (1.08-2.99) for 40- 55 yr], occupation [AOR 1.64 (1.19-2.24) for unemployed], and no relation with family [AOR 1.82 (1.30-2.54)].Conclusions
This study supports the idea that injection drug use is contributing to the increased spread of HIV among Iranian homeless. Harm reduction programs should be expanded, particularly among homeless injection drug users. 相似文献7.
Charles Vorkas Dumbani Kayira Charles van der Horst Irving Hoffman Mina Hosseinipour Creto Kanyemba Nelson Nguluwe Tarsizio Chikaonda Maximina Kalikhoka Doreen Kalaundi Dan Namarika Peter Gilligan Robert Krysiak 《Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi》2012,24(2):21-24
Setting/Objective
We evaluated clinical characteristics, yield of solid vs. liquid culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based drug-resistance profiles, and clinical outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) inpatients in Lilongwe, Malawi.Design
We enrolled adult patients admitted to the Bwaila TB Ward from Jan-Aug/2010. Evaluations included questionnaires, clinical exam, chest radiograph, HIV status, CD4 lymphocyte count, plasma HIVRNA and sputum analysis including Auramine-O stain, Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture, and susceptibility testing using the HAIN GenoType® MTBDRplus.Results
Eighty-eight patients were enrolled (88% re-treatment, 42% smear positive, 93% pulmonary TB, 74% HIV co-infected). At baseline, 44/88 (50%) MGIT and 28 (32%) LJ cultures were positive with a mean time to positivity of 12.1 (Range 1–42) and 21.5 (Range 7–58) days, respectively. Four percent (3/77) of retreatment patients or 8% of the 38 MGIT+ PCR-confirmed retreatment cases had multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). One MDR TB patient was smear negative and only one MDR patient was identified with LJ. Lower mean hemoglobin at admission was associated with mortality (10.5 vs. 7.5; p<0.01; CI 101 9.8–11.0).Conclusions
The MDR TB burden among the retreatment population in Lilongwe, Malawi is similar to regional estimates by the WHO (7.7% 95% CI 0–18.1). MDR TB patients are not routinely identified with sputum smear or LJ, suggesting more efficient technology should be adopted. 相似文献8.
Background
Prevention of parent to child transmission (PPTCT) program was initiated in Armed Forces to reduce the vertical transmission of HIV by instituting single dose Nevirapine (sdNVP) in untreated HIV positive mothers in labour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of sdNVP to decrease viral load of HIV infected mother during labour and its efficacy in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.Methods
Thirty antenatal women tested positive for HIV at our PPTCT centre and delivered between Jan 2006 and May 2008 were evaluated. During labour these women were given sdNVP. Newborns were given syrup Nevirapine. The babies were tested for HIV infection at 48 h and six weeks after delivery.Results
Thirty HIV positive women delivered at our centre and four newborns were found positive for HIV infection at 48 h. After six weeks interval three neonates were detected for HIV infection as one infant at six weeks was found to be negative for HIV infection.Conclusion
The protection rate of Nevirapine in untreated HIV positive women is not ideal. It is recommended that all HIV positive women should be offered Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy as primary mode for PPTCT. 相似文献9.
Jesse J Kwiek Victor Mwapasa Alisa P Alker Adamson S Muula Humphreys E Misiri Malcolm E Molyneux Stephen J Rogerson Frieda M Behets Steven R Meshnick 《Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi》2008,20(3):80-85
Objectives
We aimed to evaluate socio-demographic factors associated with HIV and syphilis seroreactivity in pregnant Malawians presenting for antenatal care in late third trimester of pregnancy.Methods
Between December 2000 and March 2004 at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre, Malawi, we collected cross-sectional clinical and socioeconomic data from consenting women. HIV-1 status was determined using rapid HIV antibody tests and syphilis seroreactivity was determined using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) and confirmed with Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA).Results
Of 3,824 women screened for HIV, 1156 (30%) were HIV seropositive and 198 (5%) were RPR and TPHA seroreactive. In the multivariate analysis, HIV infection was positively associated with elevated socio-economic status, being formerly married, and age, but not with education level. HIV prevalence was lower in women of Yao ethnicity than in other women (OR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.64 – 0.95). Increased maternal education was negatively associated with syphilis seroreactivity.Conclusions
The seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis among women attending the antenatal ward in Blantyre remains unacceptably high. Demographic correlates of HIV and syphilis infections were different. Our results demonstrate the need for better strategies to prevent HIV and syphilis in women and calls for optimizing antenatal syphilis screening and treatment in Malawi. 相似文献10.
Background
Incidence of drug resistance and pattern of susceptibility to antitubercular drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis amongst soldiers and their families was studied for four years at a military hospital in northwest India.Methods
Identification and susceptibility tests were carried out as per procedures laid out in laboratory manual of Tuberculosis Research Centre (TRC), Chennai.Results
Of the 172 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolated from sputum samples, 150 (87.21%) were sensitive and 22 (12.79%) showed resistance to one or more antitubercular drugs. Acquired drug resistance was observed in 7 (31.82%) and primary drug resistance in 15 (68.18%) cases. Among 22 drug resistant cases, who were on short course chemotherapy (SCC), resistance to single drug was observed in 12 (54.54%), two drugs in 7 (31.82%) and to three or more drugs in 3 (13.64%) isolates. Fourteen (18.14%) strains were resistant to Streptomycin, 8 (4.65%) to Rifampicin, 11 (6.40%) to Isoniazid, 1 (0.58%) to Pyrazinamide and 2 (1.16%) to Ethambutol. Multidrug resistance was observed in 5 (2.91%) cases, of which resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin was present in 2 (1.16%) and their combination with other drugs in other 3 (1.74%) isolates.Conclusions
Drug susceptibility pattern to antitubercular drugs is discussed and compared with studies from other centres.Key Words: Drug resistance, Antitubercular drugs, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 相似文献11.
Lavan Singh Siddhartha Mishra S. Prasanna M.P. Cariappa 《Medical Journal Armed Forces India》2015,71(2):135-138
Background
The TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the Herpes Simplex Virus) cause range of diseases in pregnant women and HIV patients and lead to adverse fetal outcomes when not treated on time, in HIV positive can cause life threating infections. There is inadequate data available of these infections in India.Methods
A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of the TORCH infections in antenatal and HIV/AIDS patients at a tertiary care centre. The laboratory data pertaining to the period Jan 2012–May 2014 was analyzed. The study population involved 162 antenatal cases and 729 HIV/AIDS patients under review at an ART centre. Laboratory testing was done for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against the TORCH infections by ELISA method.Results
Among the antenatal cases, 30 (18.52%) samples were found to be seropositive for Toxoplasma IgM, CMV IgM antibodies were found in 47 (29.01%) samples, HSV IgM antibodies were found in 12 (7.40%) samples, Rubella IgM antibodies were found in 13 (8.02%) samples, indicating recent infection. Among the HIV/AIDS cases, indicative of recent or current infection, 160 (21.94%) samples were positive for Toxoplasma IgM, CMV IgM was found in 99 (13.58%), HSV IgM antibodies were found in 98 (13.44%) and Rubella IgM in 47 (6.44%).Conclusions
The study showed a high seroprevalence of the infections caused by the TORCH complex amongst pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients despite improved hygiene conditions and health awareness. Maximum seroprevalence for CMV was observed followed by Rubella and HSV infection. 相似文献12.
Background
The diagnosis in cases of mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy with no lung parenchymal involvement is often difficult. We undertook this study to assess the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy (FOB) especially transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) in these patients.Methods
Forty eight patients with hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy without any parenchymal lung lesions, managed between 2000 to 2004 at a tertiary care centre who underwent FOB were evaluated retrospectively.Results
Out of 48 patients, FOB showed widening of carina in six, widening of secondary carina in four, bulge in airways because of extrinsic compression in seven and endobronchial nodule in two patients. It was normal in rest 29 patients. TBNA was done in all patients and TBLB in 13 patients where clinico-radiologic findings were consistent with stage 1 sarcoidosis. FOB established diagnosis in 18 patients (caseating granuloma in eight, noncaseating granuloma in nine, and AFB culture positive in one). It was inconclusive in other patients. One patient developed pneumothorax requiring intercostal tube drainage.Conclusion
FOB especially TBNA has an important role in the diagnosis of hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and should be considered before other invasive procedures.Key Words: Flexible bronchoscopy, Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, Hilar lymphadenopathy, Transbronchial needle aspiration, Transbronchial biopsy 相似文献13.
Background
Involvement of commanders and regimental officers is believed essential for a successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevention programme in the armed forces.Methods
A structured questionnaire was sent to 40 different Information, Education and Communication (IEC) nodes to elicit the perception and attitude of regimental officers/commanders. From each station, 40 regimental officers/commanders were randomly selected and information from 1002 valid and completed questionnaires was analysed.Results
Less than 50% could correctly assess the burden of HIV/AIDS in the armed forces. Only 41.19% felt HIV/AIDS is a problem serious enough to adversely affect operational efficiency. Majority had communicated with the troops on the subject of HIV/AIDS. The perceived threat of HIV being a problem in own unit was low. Though condom was often advocated, the felt need of condom in the unit was not commensurate with this advocacy. There were statistically significant differences in the perception and attitude among the three services. Only 7.08% of the officers emphasised the need of maintaining confidentiality while dealing with a HIV positive soldier.Conclusion
Energetic advocacy on HIV prevention including condom promotion involving the regimental officers is indicated. Wider dissemination of surveillance figures generated at AIDS Control Organisation (ACO) is needed for apprising them about the menace of HIV in the armed forces.Key Words: HIV prevention, Condom promotion 相似文献14.
MPS Sawhney 《Medical Journal Armed Forces India》2008,64(1):4-6
Background
Although lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are commonly seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, little is known about the prognostic significance of these findings.Method
A retrospective study of lymphoreticular involvement in 612 HIV-positive patients was done.Result
Lymphadenopathy was found in 301 (49.18%), hepatomegaly in 102 (16.66%) and splenomegaly in 58 (9.47%) patients. Sixty eight (32.54%) of the 209 patients with only lymphadenopathy had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as compared to 70 (23.97%) of the 292 patients without lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly (χ2 4.49, df-1, p<0.05). There was a higher chance of having AIDS if hepatomegaly was present with lymphadenopathy. Eight (72.73%) of 11 patients with hepatomegaly alone, had AIDS. Thirty (68.18%) of 44 cases with splenomegaly, with lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly, three (50%) of six cases having splenomegaly with lymphadenopathy and one (33.33%) of three cases with splenomegaly had AIDS. Majority of lymphoreticular involvement cases were due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. All 29 cases with abdominal lymphadenopathy and one with hilar lymphadenopathy had AIDS. Bilateral discrete cervical, axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy was the most common presentation. CD4 counts were significantly (p<0.05) lower in those with lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly.Conclusion
HIV cases with lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly should be investigated for the presence of opportunistic infection.Key Words: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Lymphadenopathy, Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly 相似文献15.
16.
Background
Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is a special form of pulmonary tuberculosis. In spite of much progress in the diagnosis of this disease in past years, delayed or mistaken diagnosis is still commonly seen.Objective
The aim of this study is to try to find out some useful clues for the diagnosis of EBTB, especially the early diagnosis.Methods
The medical records of patients with EBTB were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 1:2.2 out of 22 patients. Patients aged below 60-years-old constituted 72.7% of the cases. 22.7% of these patients were smokers. The male-to-female ratio of smokers was 4:1. 68.2% of these patients tested all showed negative result for the HIV test. The frequent complaints were cough, sputum, shortness of breath and fever, and antibiotic treatments were usually inefficacious. Multiple lobes lesion, exudative shadow and atelectasis were the frequent radiological findings. Acid-fast bacilli staining for sputum smear was positive in only 13.6% of these patients. Tuberculin skin test was positive in 59.1% of these patients. Granular lesion was the most common bronchoscopic appearance in these patients. Histological changes showed distinctive tuberculose lesion in 72.2% of 18 patients undergoing bronchoscopic biopsy.Conclusion
The diagnosis of EBTB is easily delayed or mistaken because of nonspecific clinical manifestations and the low incidence of positive acid-fast bacilli staining. A high index of awareness of this disease is required for diagnosis. Bronchoscopy should be performed as soon as possible in suspected patients, especially when patients present positive tuberculin skin test or no response to antibiotic treatments. 相似文献17.
Background
HIV patient-care is determined by the knowledge and attitudes of the health care workers (HCWs) towards the disease and towards HIV-positive individuals. With increasing incidence of HIV, a need was felt to assess the preparedness of the health care providers in the Armed Forces.Methods
A population based, cross-sectional, questionnaire based analytical study was undertaken among para medical workers in the setting of a medical college and tertiary care service hospital to assess the knowledge and attitudes of HCWs towards HIV.Results
The study indicated that contrary to the expectations and general belief, important knowledge gaps regarding modes of transmission, clinical course, diagnosis and management of HIV infection still exist among the paramedical workers of the Armed Forces.Conclusions
The present study has highlighted the urgent need to review the training curriculum of our paramedical workers at all levels and undertake intensive on the job training. The study recommends that medical officers should take full responsibility for imparting correct knowledge and ensuring correct attitude among the paramedical workers.Key Words: Health care workers (HCWs), HIV/AIDS, Knowledge and attitude, Armed Forces 相似文献18.
Background
This study presents data on the prevalence rate of infectious markers among voluntary and replacement donors in the blood transfusion service in Armed Forces from 2000 to 2004.Methods
39,646 units of blood were collected from donors during the period from 2000 to 2004. All the samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1&2, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and by venereal disease research laboratory test (VDRL).Results
24,527 (61.9%) were voluntary donations and 15,119 (38.1%) replacement donations. Prevalence of HBsAg had decreased, amongst voluntary donors from 1.67% to 0.77% but the positivity rate has not showed significant change. Seropositivity of HIV had decreased both in voluntary and replacement donors to 0.22% and 0.86% respectively. The seropositivity for anti-HCV showed steady decrease amongst voluntary donors from 0.46% to 0.20% in 2004, but in replacement donors, there was an increase in reactivity rate from 0.43% to 0.65%.Conclusion
The increased seropositivity for HCV, HIV and HBsAg could be decreased by introduction of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) in minipools for HCV and HIV and introduction of anti-HBcAg (IgM) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. But this may not be possible in near future in developing countries due to financial constraints. At present implementation of strict donor criteria and with use of sensitive laboratory screening tests it is possible to reduce the incidence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) in Indian scenario.Key Words: Transfusion transmitted infections, Human immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis B virus 相似文献19.
Rebecca Schnall James J Cimino Leanne M Currie Suzanne Bakken 《J Am Med Inform Assoc》2011,18(3):305-308
Objective
The goals of this study were to explore the information needs of case managers who provide services to persons living with HIV (PLWH) and to assess the applicability of the Information Needs Event Taxonomy in a new population.Design
The study design was observational with data collection via an online survey.Measurements
Responses to open-ended survey questions about the information needs of case managers (n=94) related to PLWH of three levels of care complexity were categorized using the Information Needs Event Taxonomy.Results
The most frequently identified needs were related to patient education resources (33%), patient data (23%), and referral resources (22%) accounting for 79% of all (N=282) information needs.Limitations
Study limitations include selection bias, recall bias, and a relatively narrow focus of the study on case-manager information needs in the context of caring for PLWH.Conclusion
The study findings contribute to the evidence base regarding information needs in the context of patient interactions by: (1) supporting the applicability of the Information Needs Event Taxonomy and extending it through addition of a new generic question; (2) providing a foundation for the addition of context-specific links to external information resources within information systems; (3) applying a new approach for elicitation of information needs; and (4) expanding the literature regarding addressing information needs in community-based settings for HIV services. 相似文献20.
Singh DD Vogel M Müller-Stöver I El Scheich T Winzer M Göbels S Hüttig F Heinrich S Mackenzie C Jensen B Reuter S Häussinger D Richter J 《European journal of medical research》2011,16(9):381-384