Assessment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) of Dalong Lake in Xuzhou by concentration monitoring and bio-effects monitoring process

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Formation, properties and antimicrobial activities of cotton xanthate-Cu(II)-homosulfamine complex

To develop a cotton derivatives with prolonged antimicrobial activities, homosulfamine (Hs) was coupled to cotton xanthate (CX) via chelate bond in the presence of Cu(II) ion by one-and two-bath processes. In one-bath process, CX was treated with Cu(II)-Hs solution. In two-bath process, CX was treated with Cu(II) ion solution to produce CX-Cu(II) complex, which was isolated and treated in turn with Hs solution. Effects of concentration, Cu(II)/Hs ratio, and pH on the binding of Hs were investigated at 10°C. In one-bath process, binding of Hs took place readily with optimum pH around 5∼6. The amount of binding increased to give a maximum within 5 min and decreased slowly to establish an equilibrium within an hour. In two-bath process, binding of Hs was much lower than that of one-bath process. Release of Hs from CX-Cu(II)-Hs was investigated by batch and flow method. Antimicrobial activities of CX-Cu(II)-Hs were tested againstStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andEscherichia coli and it showed prolonged activity compared to that of free Hs.     

Determination of triclosan in personal health care products by liquid chromatography (HPLC)

An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is proposed for the practical and reliable determination of triclosan, an antimicrobic agent incorporated into a variety of personal heath care products. Chromatographic separations were performed on a C-18 column using acetonitrile-TEA phosphate (70 mM; pH 3.5) 55:45 (v/v) as mobile phase and UV detection at 230 and 280 nm. The selectivity of the method was assured by the on-line photodiode array detector. The identity of the triclosan peak was also confirmed by HPLC MS. The method was successfully applied to the determination of triclosan in commercially available health care products (deodorant stick, dentifrice gel, mouthrinse, toothpaste and handwash). All the products displayed triclosan concentrations in compliance with the EEC directive (< or = 0.3%,).     

The use of biochemical responses to assess ecotoxicological effects of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) after injection in the mussel Elliptio complanata

A biomarker approach was undertaken using the mussel Elliptio complanata to assess the ecotoxicological effects after injection of a range concentration (0–10 mM) of three different PPCPs: carbamazepine, caffeine, methotrexate; and an effluent extract (C8) from St. Lawrence wastewaters treatment plant (Montreal, Canada). A battery of biomarkers, involving oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses: glutation-S-transferase (GST), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), dibenzylflourescein dealkylase (DBF), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage were determined in gonad and digestive gland tissues after 48 h of injection. Results showed an induction of the oxidative metabolism with increasing pharmaceutical concentration in those mussels injected with the PPCPs and the effluent extract. Phase I detoxification enzymes were significantly induced (p < 0.05), concretely DBF activity was significantly induced after caffeine, carbamazipine and C8 injection; and EROD activity after C8 and methotrexate injection. Oxidative stress induction only lead to lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) in organisms injected with carbamazepine and caffeine and DNA damage in organisms injected with methotrexate (p < 0.05). EROD and DBF enzymatic activities have been found to be suitable biomarkers to determine bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. LPO and DNA damage to determine possible associated adverse effects. Nevertheless, their validation in realistic exposure scenarios and under exposure conditions should be performed in future research.     

Effects of individual and a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal‐care products on cytotoxicity,EROD activity and ROS production in a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG‐2)

The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal‐care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments is of concern. Although measured concentrations of individual substances are low, little consideration has been given to the likely chronic nature of the exposures or to the potential for mixture effects. The purpose of the present study was to use the RTG‐2 rainbow trout cell line to analyse sub‐lethal and cytotoxic effects of PPCPs present in a wastewater‐treatment‐plant (WWTP) effluents and their mixtures. Interactions with cytochrome P450 1A enzyme, oxidative stress, cellular senescence and cell viability were assessed using 7‐ethoxyresorufin‐o‐deethylase (EROD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ß‐galactosidase (ß‐gal) and neutral red (NR) uptake assays, respectively. Not all of the compounds that were tested exhibited significant effects. The lowest‐observed‐effect concentrations and half maximal effective concentrations (EC₅₀) were within the range 0.15 to 784.47 µg l^–1. Clear dose–response curves were found for cells exposed to different mixtures of PPCPs. The lowest‐observed‐effect concentrations and concentrations causing EC₅₀ were within the range 0.05 to 54.61 µg l^–1. Four out the seven tested mixtures induced EROD activity. ROS production was detected in two mixtures. The ß‐gal inhibition response was observed in six out the seven tested mixtures and occurred at a higher concentration than was observed for EROD induction activity or ROS generation. The present study clearly shows that the stress response through which cells mount a homeostatic response to toxicants can be potentially used for an initial, rapid and cost‐effective assessment of the complex mixtures of PPCP that present in WWTP effluents are difficult and expensive to analyse chemically. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Survey of ocular irritation predictive capacity using Chorioallantoic Membrane Vascular Assay (CAMVA) and Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test historical data for 319 personal care products over fourteen years

The Chorioallantoic Membrane Vascular Assay (CAMVA) and Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test are widely used to predict ocular irritation potential for consumer-use products. These in vitro assays do not require live animals, produce reliable predictive data for defined applicability domains compared to the Draize rabbit eye test, and are rapid and inexpensive. Data from 304 CAMVA and/or BCOP studies (319 formulations) were surveyed to determine the feasibility of predicting ocular irritation potential for various formulations. Hair shampoos, skin cleansers, and ethanol-based hair styling sprays were repeatedly predicted to be ocular irritants (accuracy rate = 0.90-1.00), with skin cleanser and hair shampoo irritation largely dependent on surfactant species and concentration. Conversely, skin lotions/moisturizers and hair styling gels/lotions were repeatedly predicted to be non-irritants (accuracy rate = 0.92 and 0.82, respectively). For hair shampoos, ethanol-based hair stylers, skin cleansers, and skin lotions/moisturizers, future ocular irritation testing (i.e., CAMVA/BCOP) can be nearly eliminated if new formulations are systematically compared to those previously tested using a defined decision tree. For other tested product categories, new formulations should continue to be evaluated in CAMVA/BCOP for ocular irritation potential because either the historical data exhibit significant variability (hair conditioners and mousses) or the historical sample size is too small to permit definitive conclusions (deodorants, make-up removers, massage oils, facial masks, body sprays, and other hair styling products). All decision tree conclusions should be made within a conservative weight-of-evidence context, considering the reported limitations of the BCOP test for alcohols, ketones, and solids.     

Application of the threshold of toxicological concern approach for the safety evaluation of calendula flower (Calendula officinalis) petals and extracts used in cosmetic and personal care products

Calendula flower (Calendula officinalis) (CF) has been used in herbal medicine because of its anti-inflammatory activity. CF and C. officinalis extracts (CFE) are used as skin conditioning agents in cosmetics. Although data on dermal irritation and sensitization of CF and CFE’s are available, the risk of subchronic systemic toxicity following dermal application has not been evaluated. The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) is a pragmatic, risk assessment based approach that has gained regulatory acceptance for food and has been recently adapted to address cosmetic ingredient safety. The purpose of this paper is to determine if the safe use of CF and CFE can be established based upon the TTC class for each of its known constituents. For each constituent, the concentration in the plant, the molecular weight, and the estimated skin penetration potential were used to calculate a maximal daily systemic exposure which was then compared to its corresponding TTC class value. Since the composition of plant extracts are variable, back calculation was used to determine the maximum acceptable concentration of a given constituent in an extract of CF. This paper demonstrates the utility and practical application of the TTC concept when used as a tool in the safety evaluation of botanical extracts.     

Defluoridation of water using adsorbent derived from the Labeo rohita (rohu) fish scales waste: Optimization,isotherms, kinetics,and thermodynamic study

Fluoride ions have more affinity towards chitosan material. Fish scales waste is chitosan material generated in abundance in fish markets with virtually no value. The present research attempts to convert this waste to useful adsorbent which can remove fluoride from water. A novel adsorbent is thus developed from the Labeo rohita (rohu) fish scales waste giving thermal treatment for removal of fluoride from water using the batch study of adsorption. Taguchi optimization approach with L₁₆ orthogonal array was adopted to optimize the process parameters for achieving the maximum removal of fluoride. Using ANOM, pH 3; initial F^? concentration 5 mg.L^?1; mixing time 90 min; adsorbent dose 8 g.L^?1 and temperature 303 ^OK were obtained as optimum values providing a maximum fluoride reduction of 93.32%. Adopting ANOVA, the percentage contribution of each process parameter in descending order of sequence is initial F^? concentration 72.44%> pH 20.61% > temperature 2.96% > adsorbent dose 2.45% > contact time 1.55%. The fluoride sorption onto fish scales adsorbent was best fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and follows the Freundlich isotherm (K_F = 0.865, 1/n = 0.407) model. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔS = ?6.32 J mol^?1.K^?1, and ΔH = ?2.02 kJ mol^?1) suggested a spontaneous, exothermic nature of adsorption and indicates a physiosorption mechanism on a heterogeneous material. SEM and FTIR analysis for surface morphology showed the presence of hydroxyl functional groups is responsible for fluoride sorption. In the regeneration studies, the F ^– exhausted adsorbent was eluted with 0.1 N NaOH and rinsed with distilled water to prepare the adsorbent for the next cycle. The study indicates the removal of fluoride from water onto fish scales adsorbent is quite feasible, cost-effective, recyclable, and better utilization of locally available waste material into useful adsorbent for defluoridation of water.     

Neurocognitive,psychosocial and functional status of individuals with alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) on admission to specialist residential care

Abstract

Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) is a complex neuropsychiatric condition with a multifaceted impact on functioning and the ability to live independently. A comprehensive approach to assessing ARBD is therefore necessary. This study aimed to investigate the neurocognitive, psychosocial and everyday functioning of a group of individuals with ARBD on admission to specialist residential care. A comprehensive assessment framework was used to investigate the baseline functioning of 20 individuals with ARBD. The following assessment tools were administered: the National Adult Reading Test (NART); a selection of Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) tasks; the EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L; the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Version 2, acute version (SF-36v2); the Profile of Mood States; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS); and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). The results demonstrate the heterogeneity of individuals with ARBD. There was variability across the group. However, the results indicate a broad pattern of deficits across neurocognitive domains. The majority of participants scored within the normal range for depression, anxiety and stress, although there was evidence for mild to extreme levels of depression and anxiety, as well as elevated levels of confusion and relatively low levels of vigour. Scores on the AMPS also showed variability and most participants demonstrated increased clumsiness and physical effort, and decreased efficiency while performing activities of daily living. Larger scale, longitudinal research is now required to investigate changes in the functioning of people with ARBD over time.     

22例术后胆漏反思及诊治

目的：反思胆漏形成的原因，探讨诊断及治疗对策。方法：对我院1991年2月至2002年4月收治的22例胆漏病人进行回顾性分析，讨论发生胆漏的原因、诊治策略及效果。结果：10例采用开膜手术，治愈好转9例，1例末愈，治愈好转率90.0％；非手术治疗12例，治愈好转10例，死亡2例，1例死于肝功能衰竭，1例死于胆管癌骨转移，治愈好转率83．3％。结论：胆漏多发生于胆囊切除术后，其次为胆肠吻合、T管拔除后，再次肝创面细小胆管瘘、胃切除等毗邻脏器手术副损伤。术者经验不足、操作不仔细、手术方式选择不当及疾病本身解剖改变是造成胆漏的主要原因。根据胆漏的不同病因选择单纯腹腔引流、腹腔引流 经内镜算胆管引流(ENBD)、腹腔引流 生长抑素、手术重建胆道等措施。     

静配中心危害药品废物与一般医疗废物处置原则与流程——《静脉用药调配中心建设与管理指南》系列解读(四)

通过对《静脉用药调配中心建设与管理指南(试行)》关于危害药品与医疗废物处置规定的解读,明确静配中心危害药品与医疗废物的潜在危害,加强静配中心危害药品与医疗废物的规范处置。通过对危害药品与医疗废物定义、分类及危害的具体认识,明确其规范处置的必要性和基本原则。通过对工作各环节危害药品与医疗废物的产生方式和处置流程的阐述,明确规范处置的具体操作。作为静配中心日常工作中的重要环节,危害药品与医疗废物的规范处置在维持静配中心洁净工作环境、减少污染方面发挥着不可忽视作用。通过对危害药品与医疗废物处置原则和流程的明确,增强工作人员对危害药品与医疗废物规范处置的意识和能力,规范标准操作,降低危害影响。     

Biochar as a sustainable and renewable additive for the production of Poly(ε-caprolactone) composites

Sustainable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites can be produced via initiation of polymerization using the surface hydroxyl groups of oxidized biochar nanostructures obtained after liquid-phase exfoliation of biochar. Biochars are stable, renewable, and sustainable carbon-based materials, which in large-scale applications have the potential to mitigate climate change. The biochar used herein is produced by pyrolysis of hardwood waste biomass (e.g. sawdust, branches, bark) and then converted using nitric acid to oxidized biochar (oxbc). Oxbc is directly sonicated in ε-caprolactone to produce the exfoliated analogue (Eoxbc), which is used to promote the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Eoxbc is highly dispersible in this monomer, and thus reactions can be performed under neat conditions. Eoxbc presents sufficient surface hydroxyl groups (?OH) to initiate and facilitate the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone using tin octoate, organic bases or lipase enzymes as catalysts. The PCL/Eoxbc composites produced present higher crystallinity and increased stiffness when compared to pure PCL. In preliminary studies, Eoxbc also shows a positive effect upon the degradation of PCL under various conditions.     

前列腺导管腺癌一例报告

1病例报告患者男,82岁。主因尿频、尿急7年,加重3个月,于2009年5月10日入院。患者于7年前因尿频、尿急等症就诊时发现肾功能不全,未行积极治疗。此后上述症状反复出现,行尿细菌学培养提示:白色念珠菌阳性,给予抗真菌治疗,病情未得到完全消除。2年前无明显诱因出现无痛性间歇性肉眼血尿,在外院诊断为膀胱占位性病变和前列腺增     

Mixed treatment comparison of a two-compound formulation (TCF) product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate with other topical treatments in psoriasis vulgaris

Abstract

Objective:

The efficacy of the two-compound formulation (TCF) product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate applied once daily in psoriasis has been demonstrated in phase III trials but no randomised clinical trial comparing all commonly used topical treatments exists. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of once-daily use of the TCF product relative to other commonly used topical agents in plaque psoriasis.     

Innovative strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis: a patent review (2014–2017)

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused due to an infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M TB) bacilli affecting millions of people worldwide. It is the ninth leading cause of death and ranks above the HIV/AIDS. The unique intracellular life cycle, more dangerous drug-resistant forms of bacilli, and insufficient investments in the TB research and development hindered the occurrence of optimum diagnostic, preventive, and treatment strategy against this disease.

Areas covered: The aim of this review is to provide an update and overview of the current trends in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease. It summarizes a recent patent literature (2014–2017) available on the same.

Expert opinion: Some questions like ‘why most of these inventions do not reach up to the market for public use? Are these inventions being explored only to get a financial return to a particular industry or do they have any societal benefit?’ emphatically come to mind. Together with the efforts taken by various governmental and nongovernmental organizations, a public awareness about the recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease is of the highest importance to make ‘the end of TB’ from the universe.     

Detection and treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi: a patent review (2011-2015)

Introduction: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), which is one of the important parasitic diseases worldwide. The number of infected people with T. cruzi diminished from 18 million in 1991 to 6 million in 2010, but it is still the most prevalent parasitic disease in the Americas. The existing chemotherapy is still deficient and based on two drugs: nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are not FDA-approved in the United States.

Areas covered: This review covers the current and future directions of Chagas disease chemotherapy based on drugs that interfere with relevant metabolic pathways. This article also illustrates the challenges of diagnosis, which in recent infections, is only detected when the parasitemia is high (direct detection); whereas, in the chronic phase is reached after multiple serological tests.

Expert opinion: The current chemotherapy is associated with long term treatments and severe side effects. Nifurtimox and benznidazole are able to cure at least 50% of recent infections. Nevertheless, they suffer from major drawbacks: selective drug sensitivity on different T. cruzi strains and serious side effects. The aim of this review is focused on presenting an up-to-date status of the chemotherapy and diagnosis.     

新冠肺炎疫情期间基于互联网医药模式的门诊药学服务实践与探讨

目的： 新冠肺炎疫情期间某院果断实施互联网医药模式的门诊药学服务，确保慢病患者足不出户即可获取长期用药处方方案的药品。方法： 分析某院2月1-7日实施医药网配门诊药学服务以来，对门诊处方调剂、药品配送、回访患者的满意度等相关数据进行分析统计。结果： 实施医药网配门诊药学服务后，药师日服务人次、处方调剂张数和调剂药品条目数、物流配送数等相关数据均呈持续增加。节约回访患者因开药取药来院往返路途时间、在院停留时间及所需车旅费、餐费等分别约1120.36 h、602.97 h及17894.04元，广泛获得患者的好评和认可。结论： 在新冠肺炎疫情期间，该模式的实施既使慢病患者用药持续性得到保障，同时也减少患者潜在交叉感染的风险，构筑药学人抗击疫情的全新门诊药学服务新模式。     

Real-world impact of glycated hemoglobin reduction on treatment intensification and glycated hemoglobin goal attainment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients initiated on a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (SGLT2i)

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a 0.2% reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on treatment intensification, poor HbA1c control and HbA1c goal attainment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) initiated on a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (SGLT2i).

Methods: IQVIATM Health Plan Claims Data – US and IQVIATM Ambulatory EMR Data – US databases (29 October 2012–31 March 2016) were used to identify adults with T2DM initiated on an SGLT2i (index date) who had HbA1c measurements pre- and post-index, and ≥6?months of eligibility pre-index (baseline). HbA1c change was defined as the difference between the first post-index and the last pre-index measurements. Cox regression models were used to assess treatment intensification, poor HbA1c control (i.e. HbA1c?>?9%, among patients <9% at baseline) and goal attainment (HbA1c?<?7%, <8%; among patients with HbA1c above goal at baseline) adjusting for HbA1c change and baseline characteristics. Patients were observed up to one year after the first HbA1c measurement or end of eligibility. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.

Results: A total of 938 patients (mean age 54.9, 42.5% female, mean HbA1c 8.5%) were selected. Following SGLT2i initiation, each 0.2% reduction in HbA1c levels was associated with a decreased risk of treatment intensification (HR [95% CI]?=?0.90 [0.86–0.92]), a decreased likelihood of reaching HbA1c?>?9% (HR [95% CI]?=?0.85 [0.79–0.88]) and higher likelihoods of achieving a treatment goal of HbA1c?<?7% (HR [95% CI]?=?1.17 [1.12–1.21]) and HbA1c?<?8% (HR [95% CI]?=?1.08 [1.04–1.10]).

Conclusions: In T2DM patients, each HbA1c reduction of 0.2% following the initiation of an SGLT2i was associated with a significant positive impact on treatment intensification and HbA1c goal attainment.     

Preliminary evaluation of military,commercial and novel skin decontamination products against a chemical warfare agent simulant (methyl salicylate)

Rapid decontamination is vital to alleviate adverse health effects following dermal exposure to hazardous materials. There is an abundance of materials and products which can be utilised to remove hazardous materials from the skin. In this study, a total of 15 products were evaluated, 10 of which were commercial or military products and five were novel (molecular imprinted) polymers. The efficacies of these products were evaluated against a 10?µl droplet of ¹⁴C-methyl salicylate applied to the surface of porcine skin mounted on static diffusion cells. The current UK military decontaminant (Fuller’s earth) performed well, retaining 83% of the dose over 24?h and served as a benchmark to compare with the other test products. The five most effective test products were Fuller’s earth (the current UK military decontaminant), Fast-Act® and three novel polymers [based on itaconic acid, 2-trifluoromethylacrylic acid and N,N-methylenebis(acrylamide)]. Five products (medical moist-free wipes, 5% FloraFree? solution, normal baby wipes, baby wipes for sensitive skin and Diphotérine?) enhanced the dermal absorption of ¹⁴C-methyl salicylate. Further work is required to establish the performance of the most effective products identified in this study against chemical warfare agents.