体外膈肌起搏器联合吞咽功能训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍改善的作用观察

［摘要］　目的　观察体外膈肌起搏器（EDP）联合吞咽功能训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍改善的作用。方法　将2017-04～2020-05该院80例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组40例,中途退出4例,最终纳入统计为76例,对照组39例,观察组37例。对照组给予吞咽功能基础训练,观察组在吞咽功能基础训练的基础上联合应用EDP进行治疗。治疗前与治疗4周后,使用标准吞咽功能评定量表(SSA)和中文版吞咽生存质量量表（SWAL-QOL）评估两组患者吞咽功能和生存质量,比较两组观察期肺炎的发生率。结果　治疗4周后,两组患者的SSA评分较治疗前降低（P<0.01）,SWAL-QOL评分较治疗前提高（P<0.01）,且观察组优于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组肺炎发生率为8.1%,低于对照组的33.3%（P<0.05）。结论　EDP联合吞咽功能基础训练可明显改善脑卒中后患者吞咽功能,降低肺炎发生率,改善生存质量,且效果优于单纯进行吞咽功能基础训练,值得推广。     

阿奇霉素联合痰热清注射液治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎效果观察

［摘要］　目的　观察阿奇霉素联合痰热清注射液治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）的效果。方法　将MPP患儿100例随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组采用阿奇霉素联合痰热清注射液治疗,对照组单用阿奇霉素治疗。比较两组的疗效。结果　观察组治疗后体温恢复正常时间、咳嗽症状消失时间、肺部体征消失时间、X线胸片吸收好转时间、总病程等方面较对照组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;观察组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;观察组无复发,对照组复发4例（8.0%）。结论　阿奇霉素联合痰热清注射液治疗小儿MPP疗程短、治愈率高、复发率低,值得临床上推广应用。     

双切口小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的效果分析

［摘要］　目的　分析双切口小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的临床效果。方法　回顾性分析2017年8月至2019年8月因原发性青光眼合并白内障在该院行手术治疗的112例患者的临床资料,根据手术方法不同分为观察组62例（67眼）和对照组50例（54眼）,观察组实施双切口白内障超声乳化吸除+非球面人工晶状体置入+小梁切除联合手术;对照组实施同切口白内障超声乳化吸除+非球面人工晶状体置入+小梁切除联合手术。比较两组患者术前、术后6个月视力与眼压（最佳矫正视力、眼压值）、中央前房深度与房角开放度数、角膜内皮细胞平均面积与密度、术后滤过泡形成情况以及并发症发生情况。结果　术后6个月,两组患者最佳矫正视力均较术前提高（P<0.05）,眼压均较术前降低（P<0.05）,但两组术后比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者中央前房深度和房角开放度数均较术前提高（P<0.05）,且观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者角膜内皮细胞平均面积均较术前增加,且观察组高于对照组;密度均较术前降低,且观察组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者功能型滤过泡形成率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入手术治疗原发性青光眼合并白内障的同切口、双切口术式均安全有效,但双切口术式可减少角膜内皮细胞损失,更有利于术后功能型滤过泡的形成。     

加味枳术散贴敷神阙穴辅助治疗小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床疗效观察

［摘要］　目的　观察加味枳术散贴敷神阙穴辅助治疗小儿抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的临床疗效。方法　选择2020年1月至2021年1月廉江市人民医院收治的AAD患儿80例,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组与对照组,每组40例。对照组采用布拉氏酵母菌+蒙脱石散方案进行治疗;观察组在对照组方案基础上加用加味枳术散贴敷神阙穴治疗。比较两组腹泻改善的程度。结果　观察组显效13例,有效25例,无效2例;对照组显效10例,有效22例,无效8例,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组（95.00% vs 80.00%; χ²=4.114,P=0.042）。干预后两组腹泻次数均较干预前显著减少（P<0.05）,且观察组腹泻次数较对照组更少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。观察组腹泻持续时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论　加味枳术散贴敷神阙穴辅助治疗小儿ADD疗效显著,值得临床推广使用。     

激素受体阳性/HER2阴性乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗与新辅助化疗的疗效比较

［摘要］　目的　探讨激素受体阳性/HER2阴性（HR⁺/HER2^-）乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗的疗效。方法　回顾性分析2018年7月至2020年7月收治的40例接受新辅助内分泌治疗并行手术的HR⁺/HER2^-乳腺癌患者的临床及病理相关资料,依据治疗方式分为观察组（新辅助内分泌治疗）和对照组（新辅助化疗）各20例。观察组接受来曲唑或他莫昔芬治疗,28 d为一周期,共治疗4～6个周期,无进展者持续服药至24周,限期行手术治疗;对照组采用表阿霉素+环磷酰胺序贯多西他赛化疗8周期后进行手术。比较两组临床疗效、Ki-67变化、血清糖类抗原153（CA153）变化、PEPI评分以及毒副反应。结果　两组客观缓解率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组Ki-67明显下降率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组治疗后血清CA153含量均较治疗前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组PEPI评分高风险率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组毒副反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　新辅助内分泌治疗与新辅助化疗对HR⁺/HER2^-乳腺癌患者疗效相似,但安全性优于新辅助化疗。     

小组式正念减压干预在维持性血液透析患者中的应用效果探讨

［摘要］　目的　探讨小组式正念减压干预在维持性血液透析（MHD）患者中的应用效果。方法　选择2019年1月至2020年1月于郑州市第一人民医院接受MHD治疗患者74例,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组37例。在MHD治疗期间,对照组实施透析常规护理方案,包括药物指导、病情监测等内容。观察组在对照组透析常规护理基础上实施小组式正念减压干预方案。比较两组干预前与干预8周后医院焦虑和抑郁量表（HADS）评分、社会影响量表（SIS）评分和KDQ量表评分。结果　干预后,两组HADS评分均较干预前显著下降（P<0.05）,且观察组的评分较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组SIS的社会排斥、经济歧视、内在羞耻和社会隔离评分均较干预前显著下降（P<0.05）,且观察组的评分较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组KDQ量表中躯体症状、疲劳、抑郁、社交关系和挫折评分均较干预前显著上升（P<0.05）,且观察组的评分较对照组更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　小组式正念减压干预有助于减轻MHD患者负性情绪及病耻感,改善患者生活质量,具有临床推广价值。     

关节置换与内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

［摘要］　目的　比较人工股骨头置换与内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法　选择2008-05～2013-08该中心接收的110例老年股骨转子间骨折患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组55例。实验组施行人工股骨头置换术,对照组施行骨折内固定术。比较两组的临床疗效。结果　实验组的住院时间及开始康复训练时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05);两组围手术期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1个月、6个月实验组的Harris评分明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,12个月后Harris评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　与骨折内固定相比,人工股骨头置换是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的科学合理的选择。     

灯盏细辛注射液治疗脑梗死30例疗效观察

［摘要］　目的　观察灯盏细辛注射液治疗脑梗死的疗效和安全性。方法　将60例脑梗死患者随机分为观察组（30例）和对照组（30例）,两组均采用一般治疗,观察组加用灯盏细辛注射液,对照组加用藻酸双酯钠注射液,两组治疗周期均为25 d,治疗结束后判定疗效,并对治疗前后血液流变学指标水平进行比较分析。结果　观察组临床疗效优于对照组（P<0.05）;全血比黏度（高切）、全血比黏度（低切）、血浆比黏度等血液流变学指标水平显著优于治疗前及对照组(P<0.05)。结论　 灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性脑梗死安全有效,可显著改善各项血液流变学指标。     

松弛挂线术与多切口引流术治疗复杂性肛周脓肿的临床疗效观察

［摘要］　目的　观察松弛挂线术与多切口引流术治疗复杂性肛周脓肿的临床效果。方法　纳入2018-01～2019-09该院收治的64例肛周脓肿患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组32例。观察组行松弛挂线术,对照组行传统的多切口引流术。比较两组手术相关情况、疼痛评分、肛门功能评分、生活质量指数评分及并发症发生率。结果　两组手术时间、住院周期、住院费用比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组术中出血量、总换药次数、>2 cm瘢痕数均显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组术后1 d、7 d疼痛严重程度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组术后1周、8周Wexner肛门失禁评分优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组术后2周、8周胃肠道生存质量指数评分显著优于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后并发症总发生率比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.674,P>0.05）。结论　与传统的多切口引流术比较,松弛挂线术的近期疗效具有一定优势,为肛周脓肿提供了一种更简便、微创的治疗方法。     

神经松动术联合肌肉能量技术治疗神经根型颈椎病的临床疗效观察

［摘要］　目的　观察神经松动术联合肌肉能量技术治疗神经根型颈椎病（CSR）的临床疗效。方法　选择2021年1月至2021年11月昆明市中医医院收治的CSR患者62例。采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组31例。对照组采用常规康复治疗联合神经松动术,观察组在对照组的基础上增加肌肉能量技术治疗。比较两组治疗前后视觉模拟评分量表(VAS)评分、颈椎功能障碍指数（NDI）评分及临床疗效。结果　在治疗2周后,两组的VAS评分和NDI评分均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,且观察组较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组临床有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（93.55% vs 74.19%; χ²=4.038,P=0.044）。结论　神经松动术联合肌肉能量技术可有效缓解CSR患者疼痛,改善颈椎功能障碍,具有较好的临床效果。     

Solid swallowing versus water swallowing: manometric study of dysphagia

The aim of the study was to investigate whether a soft solid bolus can induce abnormal manometric patterns in patients with dysphagia and normal standard manometry. The study group comprised 12 normal volunteers and 22 patients with dysphagia. Manometry was performed using 10 wet swallows followed by 10 swallows of marshmallow. The results show: (1) in normal subjects the mean contraction amplitude is significantly greater (P<0.035) and the velocity of propagation significantly slower (P<0.003) for soft solid swallows compared with wet swallows; (2) in normal subjects there are fewer abnormal contractions after soft solid swallows than after wet swallows; (3) in 15 patients, soft solid swallows induced nonperistaltic contractions and/or contractions of extreme amplitude and/or duration that were not observed after wet swallows; 94) in patients, the probability of inducing abnormal contractions after soft solid swallows is significantly greater than after wet swallows (P<0.0001). We conclude that soft solid swallowing is useful in the study of patients with dysphagia.Part of this work was presented by Dr. Argaman as a thesis, to the Technion Medical School, for his MD.     

Syncope in the act of swallowing (swallowing syncope)

In a 30-year-old female patient with recurrent syncope during swallowing, intermittent complete AV-block was documented as the underlying mechanism. This phenomenon could be provoked by inflating a balloon positioned in the lower esophagus. The His-bundle electrocardiogram, recorded simultaneously, showed a progressive increase of the normal AH-interval, up to complete block distal to the A-wave. Atropine prevented induction of the block. After implantation of a VVI pacemaker, the symptoms disappeared completely. This very rare phenomenon of swallowing syncope is probably due to a pathologic vago-vagal reflex.     

Neurophysiological basis of swallowing

The neurophysiological control of swallowing involves three functionally distinct divisions: the oral preparatory phase, a pharyngolaryngeal phase and an esophageal phase. Both the pharyngeal and esophageal phases involve control by interneurons in different regions of the reticular formation of the medulla within the brain stem. The central neural control of the brain stem is triggered by specific patterns of sensory or descending cortical input. The threshold that will elicit swallowing depends upon the type of stimuli (i.e., specific fluids, touch, pressure). The threshold is higher if much of the pharyngeal mucosa is anesthetized and if salivation is inhibited. Sensory feedback does change the threshold and intensity of sequential muscle recruitment. Descending pathways that modify swallowing include the prefrontal cortex, the limbic-hypothalamic system, and specific regions of the pons.     

The simple swallowing provocation test as a means of screening for swallowing disorders: a comparison with the water swallowing test]

The sensitivity and specificity of the simple swallowing provocation test (S-SPT) were evaluated in a group of patients who were being examined for aspiration pneumonia (ASP) (ASP group: 72.5 +/- 3.9 years old) and in a group of age-matched control subjects (CTRL group: 69.5 +/- 2.9 years old). The S-SPT was evaluated in terms of the swallowing response and latent time (LT) for swallowing after a bolus injection of 0.4 ml of distilled water at the suprapharynx. Responses to the S-SPT were classified as normal or abnormal, dependent on induction of the swallowing reflex within 3 seconds after bolus injection. The sensitivity and specificity of the S-SPT in detecting ASP were calculated. Of the 40 patients in the ASP group, 18 were given a diagnosis of ASP on the basis of clinical findings and laboratory examinations. The sensitivity and specificity of the S-SPT were 94.4% and 86.4%, respectively, compared to 77.8% and 68.1%, respectively, for the water swallowing test. Because the S-SPT can be performed without any need for special patient effort or cooperation, it should be effective in diagnosing ASP in a wide variety of patients, including those who are bedridden.     

口咽部吞咽障碍的治疗

0引言口咽部吞咽障碍的治疗包括恢复代偿功能疗法、口内矫治疗法、感觉运动协调疗法和吞咽动作演练疗法等,是治疗此项病变的主要方法,有效率可达80%以上[1,2].此类治疗方法有其特殊性.设计和指导此项工作的医师必须熟悉口咽部有关吞咽的生理解剖和口咽部动态造影检查的表现;必须在造影检查中观察吞咽失常的情况,选择和试验较为适合的治疗方法并在造影中观察其效果.但患者在实行代偿功能疗法过程中,却可在不了解生理解剖,“知其然而不知其所以然”的情况下,获得良好疗效.1动态造影是治疗的依据口咽部的吞咽动作非常迅速,约在0.75s内完成.口咽…     

Dietary management of swallowing disorders

Two major concerns in the dietary management of the dysphagic patient are to maintain adequate nutrition and to ensure safety during oral feeding. Dysphagic patients require modifications of standard hospital diets. Kitchen or nursing staff must remove from standard diet trays solid foods and liquids that pose swallowing hazards. Training kitchen and nursing staff and removing food are time consuming. It is also hazardous if certain foods are served to dysphagic patients through error or lack of knowledge. In addition, there is risk of inadequate nutrition when food is removed from trays. This paper proposes a four-level diet plan for patients who have difficulty swallowing solids and liquids. These diets gradually advance for patients undergoing treatment to improve swallowing function. The proposed diets save time for kitchen and nursing staff, reduce the risk of aspiration among patients, and serve as models for families as they prepare for discharge and meal planning at home. Diet guidelines are based on recommendations of the American Dietetic Association.