Late ureteral obstruction after kidney transplantation

Abstract Today, the incidence of urological complications following renal transplantation is 2 %-10 %. Most of these complications occur within the 1st year and affect the distal ureter. We report on two patients who developed very late ureteral obstruction, 14 and 18 years after transplantation. Both patients had rejection episodes 1 and 10 months prior to the ureteral stenosis. Histological examination of one resected ureter revealed findings strongly suggestive of a rejection process. Open surgery with antirefluxive reimplantation into the bladder was successful in both patients, with a postoperative observation time of 20 and 8 months, respectively. We conclude that a percutaneous nephrostomy may be required in patients with rising creatinine and incipient hydronephrosis even long after transplantation has been performed.     

传统开放手术联合经皮顺行通道内镜微创治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻一例

<正>输尿管梗阻是肾移植术后常见的泌尿系统并发症,病因复杂,若诊治不及时可能会导致移植肾功能丧失,严重影响肾移植受者术后生存质量。2018年3月,南方医科大学珠江医院器官移植科采用传统开放手术联合经皮顺行通道内镜微创手术成功治疗1例肾移植术后并发移植肾输尿管梗阻受者,现报道如下。1病例资料受者男性,50岁。2017年12月20日因尿毒症于我院接受公民逝世后器官捐献供肾肾移植手     

Late ureteral obstruction after kidney transplantation

Today, the incidence of urological complications following renal transplantation is 2%–10%. Most of these complications occur within the 1st year and affect the distal ureter. We report on two patients who developed very late ureteral obstruction, 14 and 18 years after transplantation. Both patients had rejection episodes 1 and 10 months prior to the ureteral stenosis. Histological examination of one resected ureter revealed findings strongly suggestive of a rejection process. Open surgery with antirefluxive reimplantation into the bladder was successful in both patients, with a postoperative observation time of 20 and 8 months, respectively. We conclude that a percutaneous nephrostomy may be required in patients with rising creatinine and incipient hydronephrosis even long after transplantation has been performed.     

Value of antegrade ureteral dilation for late ureter obstruction in renal transplants

We report on eight kidney-allografted patients treated for delayed ureteral obstruction between January 1986 and January 1987. In all cases, standard endourological dilation was performed using a balloon catheter, and this was followed by insertion of a pigtail stent. All eight cases showed improvement 1 month after dilation (decrease in creatinine and caliceal dilation). At 6 months, renal function had deteriorated in six patients but remained good in two. One of the six patients was redilated with apparently good results. The remaining five were operated on using their own ureter. We conclude that while internal drainage helps in distinguishing between obstruction and other causes of creatinine increase, antegrade dilation is the treatment of choice for delayed ureteral obstruction.     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

开放手术治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻的技术探讨

目的探讨肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄的开放手术技巧与效果。方法首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院泌尿外科于2019年1月—2020年1月共行166例单肾移植,共发生5例肾移植术后输尿管狭窄,根据梗阻部位的不同采用了不同的开放手术术式进行治疗,回顾性分析这组患者的临床资料及预后。结果5例患者中,男性3例,女性2例,平均年龄42.6岁。其中2例患者原发病为Ⅱ型糖尿病,3例患者为肾小球肾炎。输尿管梗阻确诊的平均时间为肾移植术后143.8 d,行开放手术平均时间为肾移植术后209.8 d,确诊梗阻时平均血肌酐水平为271.94μmol/L。所有患者均因出现移植肾积水合并血肌酐进行性升高经影像学检查确诊,首先采取内支架或经皮肾造瘘紧急挽救肾功能。待肾功能恢复稳定后,根据梗阻段位置,3例患者行移植输尿管-膀胱再吻合术,1例患者行原输尿管-移植肾输尿管端端吻合术,1例患者行膀胱皮瓣翻转代输尿管术。5例患者开放手术平均时间为2.6 h,术中平均出血量为32 ml。开放手术后,5例患者均预后良好,开放手术后平均血清肌酐恢复至111.5μmol/L,尿量正常,无外科并发症发生。随访半年后,5例患者均未再发生输尿管梗阻。结论移植肾输尿管梗阻是肾移植术后常见外科并发症之一,腔内治疗中远期效果有限,根据不同梗阻部位选择不同术式进行开放手术,是治疗移植肾输尿管狭窄的有效方案。     

Mesh plug and ureteral necrosis after kidney transplantation

CASE REPORT: We present a 59-year-old male who underwent living related kidney transplantation. During the procedure a previously placed mesh plug was found to be adherent to structures in the vicinity of the area of implantation. After revascularization, neocystouretostomy was performed with the ureter over the spermatic cord in order to avoid excessive dissection through this adherent mass. Shortly thereafter the patient was diagnosed with a ureteral leak and returned to the operating room. The intraoperative findings included adhesion of the ureter to the mesh plug with necrosis of its distal portion. A redo neocystouretostomy was performed. The patient recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSION: This case report illustrates a unique cause of a urinary fistula related to mesh plug open inguinal hernia repair and demonstrates the importance of ensuring a safe distance between vital structures and any prosthetic device.     

Modified extravesical ureteral reimplantation and routine stenting in kidney transplantation

In the past, extravesical ureteroneocystostomy has been technically modified several times, with varying results. In this study, we evaluate our experience with modified extravesical re-implantation and routine stenting. From January 1988 to September 2001, 411 consecutive renal transplantations (220 LRD/LUD, 191 CAD) were performed at our institutions. Of 220 kidneys utilized for living related transplantation, 39 were retrieved laparoscopically and 181 were retrieved by open nephrectomy. The ureteroneocystostomy performed was a modified Lich-Gregoir re-implantation with routine stenting, using the upper transplant ureter. A double ureter was encountered in 11 patients and was managed with a conjoint ureteral ostium-to-mucosa anastomosis, using two stents. In two patients with graft ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis, a double ipsilateral drainage was performed, applying modified extravesical reimplantation with concomitant ureteroneocystostomy. There were no ureteral leaks. Five (1.22%) patients developed temporary ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction/edema following stent removal, which necessitated re-stenting for 4-6 weeks. Two patients (0.49%) developed delayed stenosis and were successfully treated with retrograde balloon dilatation.(One at the UPJ of a pediatric kidney, and one at UVJ). All patients with functioning grafts in this series are currently stent-free. We conclude that the modified extravesical reimplantation with routine stenting is an effective and safe technique in renal transplantation, associated with almost no complications.     

输尿管支架在肾移植中的应用

肾移植术后易发生输尿管狭窄、尿漏等泌尿系统并发症,严重影响移植肾功能,甚至导致移植肾丢失。输尿管支架在肾移植中发挥着重要作用,其通过促进肾移植术后尿液从肾脏流入膀胱,减轻输尿管内压力,降低早期泌尿系统并发症的发生风险,但也可能造成尿路感染、支架相关并发症和BK病毒感染等不利影响。因此临床医师需要灵活把握输尿管支架移除指征。本文对肾移植领域输尿管支架的应用、可能带来的不利影响及移除时机做一综述,旨在为肾移植术后输尿管支架相关的临床决策提供参考。     

移植肾输尿管梗阻的外科处理

目的：提高对移植肾输尿管梗阻的治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析16例移植肾输尿管梗阻的临床资料。6例急性梗阻患者中，2例因髂窝血肿压迫者行血肿清除术；2例血凝块堵塞者，1例逆行留置输尿管导管，另1例行输尿管再植术；2例结石者行体外冲击波碎石治疗。10例慢性梗阻患者中，7例输尿管远端狭窄，行输尿管再植术；3例输尿管中、远段狭窄，行自身输尿管与移植肾肾盂吻合术。结果：16例经外科处理后，移植肾功能明显改善，随访观察半年无复发。结论：移植肾输尿管梗阻经及时恰当的外科处理，疗效满意，对慢性梗阻患者，应根据术中输尿管探查情况，选用输尿管再植术或自身输尿管与移植肾肾盂吻合术。     

输尿管镜下钬激光内切开与内切开联合气囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄的疗效比较

【摘要】 目的 比较输尿管镜下钬激光内切开与内切开联合期囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄的临床疗效。方法〓回顾性分析我院从2008年1月到2015年12月入院治疗的66例输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料。以2011年12月之前接受输尿管镜下钬激光狭窄内切开手术治疗的患者为对照组,共30例;2012年1月以后接受输尿管镜下钬激光狭窄内切开联合球囊扩张手术治疗的患者为研究组,共36例。评价两组的临床疗效与并发症等情况。结果〓研究组患者的临床疗效显著优于对照组患者(有效率:73.3% vs 91.7%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术中及术后均未见输血尿管穿孔及脱套等严重并发症。结论〓输尿管镜下钬激光内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄,具有临床疗效显著、损伤小、恢复快等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄的诊断与开放性手术治疗

目的 总结肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄的诊断方法与手术治疗经验.方法 分析11例肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料.患者发生长段输尿管狭窄的时间为肾移植术后2～6个月,临床表现为血肌酐升高、体重增加、尿量减少和移植肾区肿胀.所有患者均经B型超声、64层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)确诊,输尿管狭窄长度为3～7 cm.11例患者的治疗方法为:5例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术;2例行供肾肾盂-自体输尿管吻合术;4例行供肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合术.结果 11例长段输尿管狭窄的患者经开放性手术治疗后,均取得成功,恢复了尿路的通畅.手术时间为2.5～4 h,无明显手术并发症.术后尿量显著增加,血肌酐下降至75～156μmol/L,B型超声示移植肾积水明显减轻或消失.术后随访8～62个月,患者肾功能稳定,无再发狭窄.结论 对肾移植术后出现血肌酐升高等临床特点的患者,应考虑到输尿管狭窄的可能,及时采用B型超声进行常规的检查,采用CTU或MRU明确狭窄的长度及部位;明确诊断后应及时进行开放性手术治疗.肾移植术后的长段输尿管狭窄经早期诊断和及时治疗成功率较高.     

超声引导经皮肾镜术中不置输尿管导管的安全性探讨

目的 探讨超声引导经皮肾镜取石术中(PCNL)不置输尿管导管的可靠性及安全性.方法 采用PCNL 治疗合并一定肾积水的肾和输尿管上段结石120 例,入选病例随机分为2 组,A 组(不使用输尿管导管)60 例,B 组(使用输尿管导管)60例,两组性别、年龄、结石大小、结石停留时间、同侧肾盂分离距离无统计学差异.统计麻醉时间、手术时间、住院时间、医疗费用、结石清除率、术后发热、术中失血量等指标.结果 2 组平均手术时间、结石清除率、住院时间、术中失血量无显著性差异(P>0.05);麻醉时间、医疗费用、术后发热A 组显著低于B 组(P<0.05).结论 对于肾盂分离>10 mm 的肾积水患者,超声引导PC原NL不置输尿管导管是一种经济、可靠、安全的方法.     

Lessons from 151 ureteral reimplantations for postcystectomy ureteroenteric strictures: A single-center experience over a decade

Objectives

Ureteroenteric anastomotic strictures are common after cystectomy with urinary diversion. Endoscopic treatments have poor long-term success, although ureteral reimplantation is associated with morbidity. Predictors of successful open repair are poorly defined. Our objective was to characterize outcomes of ureteral reimplantation after cystectomy and identify risk factors for stricture recurrence.

经皮经肝胆道支架术在肝移植术后胆管狭窄中的应用

目的 评价经皮经肝胆道支架术治疗肝移植术后胆管狭窄的疗效.方法 肝移植术后胆管狭窄患者23例,其中吻合口狭窄7例,肝门区狭窄6例,多发性狭窄10例.确诊后均行经皮经肝胆道支架术.术前均给予经皮经肝胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD),同时对狭窄部位...     

无管化经皮肾镜治疗肾和输尿管上段结石

目的探讨无管化经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的安全性、可行性和禁忌证。 方法回顾性研究中山大学附属第三医院·岭南医院泌尿外科2016年11月至2018年5月80例PCNL患者临床资料,已排除脓肾结石患者,根据是否留置肾造瘘管分组：患者术后输尿管内留置双J管,同时留置肾造瘘管40例（传统PCNL组）,术后只留置双J管,无留置肾造瘘管40例（无管化PCNL组)。 结果两组患者年龄、肾和输尿管结石位置和结石负荷、肾积水直径、总手术时间和结石清除率等差异比较均无统计学意义。患者术后第一天疼痛评分（VAS）试验组比对照组低（3.4±0.9 vs 5.6±1.4）,平均住院时间与对照组比较缩短（7.9±1.4 vs 8.8±1.6）d,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论无管化PCNL治疗非脓性肾输尿管上段结石安全可行,且可减轻患者术后疼痛,缩短住院时间。     

Is cytomegalovirus a cause of ureteral stricture in renal transplant recipients?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is regarded as a predominant infectious agent in solid organ transplants. CMV disease has highly protean clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, urinary tract involvement seems to be very rare during CMV infection. We report two cases of renal transplant recipients in whom ureteral stricture developed in the course of CMV disease. Histologic data were available for them and were consistent with CMV infection. We discuss previous case reports and propose physiopathologic mechanisms. Received: 3 October 1996 Received after revision: 13 February 1997 Accepted: 17 February 1997     

Ureteral stenosis after kidney transplantation

Ureteral obstruction with impaired urine flow is the most common urological complication following renal transplantation. From December 1976 to December 1997, 869 kidney grafts were performed by our kidney transplantation group, 96 from living related donors and 773 from cadaver donors (736 first grafts and 37 regrafts). A stricture of the ureter (SU) was observed in 27 cases with a follow-up ranging from 18 months to 18 years after the graft and 11 months to 11 years after the treatment of the SU. In six patients, SU was immediately apparent and limited to the anastomosis: they were obviously technical flaws. In all the other patients, there was a free interval ranging from 2 months to 11 years after surgery; the SU usually involved the entire ureter, suggesting multiple etiologies. Repeated urinary infections could be a cause but immunological problems might be more determinant. In our series, acute rejection was more common than chronic so that the correction of SU was followed in many cases by a good and long lasting result (up to 11 years). In our experience, SU was not a dangerous complication even in patients in whom for different reasons (mainly refusal of treatment) the therapy was delayed – even if anuria occurred, no case of graft loss or serious damage were observed. At the beginning of our experience, the diagnosis of SU was based on urography, and therapy has always been re-operation. For 15 years, the diagnosis of SU has been based on routine echographic surveillance, which was intensified after each rejection, and the first treatment of SU in the last 8 years was re-operation in early technical SU and interventional radiology (balloon dilatation with or without temporary stent) in other cases. When it failed or in case of recurrence, surgical correction was performed utilizing the native ipsilateral or contralateral ureter for a uretero-ureterostomy. Received: 15 October 1998 Received after revision: 30 March 1999 Accepted: 13 July 1999     

顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻：附4例报告

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾分析2002年以来本院4例接受顺行球囊扩张治疗的移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料,3例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘,待肌酐降至正常,经造瘘口行输尿管镜术,1例直接行经皮肾穿刺造痿输尿管镜术,证实梗阻系输尿管或输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄所致,顺行球囊扩张,成功后留置双J管。结果4例患者均1次扩张成功,术后输尿管梗阻症状缓解,尿量恢复至梗阻前水平,随访6～24个月,肾功能稳定,无梗阻复发。结论顺行球囊扩张治疗移植。肾输尿管梗阻是可行的。