连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗ARDS的效果观察

目的探讨床旁连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的效果。方法选取本院2011年5月~2013年5月收治的ARDS患者58例,将其分为对照组(26例)和CVVH组(32例),对照组仅应用基础方案治疗,CVVH组在基础方案基础上,早期介入CVVH治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后的病情变化,监测治疗前后血气、血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及APACHEⅡ评分并进行分析。结果与对照组比较,CVVH组治疗后血肌酐明显降低,APACHEⅡ评分下降(P<0.05);CVVH组治疗后血HCO3-、氧饱和度及氧分压较对照组增高明显(P<0.05);与对照组比较,CVVH组治疗后CRP及TNF-α均显著下降(P<0.01);CVVH组半年生存率明显高于对照组(65.62%vs 46.15%)(P<0.05)。结论 CVVH治疗ARDS患者,能有效纠正氧合指数及APACHEⅡ评分,加强炎症因子的清除,改善预后。     

ICU治疗对重症急性胰腺炎患者APACHEⅡ评分及生化指标的影响

目的：探讨ICU治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的效果。方法选取本院2010年1月~2014年5月收治的109例SAP患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(55例)和研究组(54例)。对照组给予常规内科治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上给予ICU综合治疗,比较两组的住院时间、死亡率及并发症发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分及MODS评分、治疗72 h后各项生化指标。结果研究组的死亡率及并发症发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组治疗后的APACHEⅡ评分及MODS评分均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组治疗后72 h的BUN、SCr、TBiL、ALT水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ICU综合治疗SAP效果显著,能够有效降低死亡率及并发症发生率,改善患者的预后及生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

连续性肾替代疗法在重症多发性创伤治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)在阻断重症多发性创伤(SMI)所致的全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)向多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发展中的作用及机制。方法58例重症多发性创伤伤员随机分为试验组(n=31)和对照组(n= 27),并选20名健康体检者为健康组。对照组予常规综合治疗,试验组在常规综合治疗的同时加CVVH治疗。两组同时检测血清白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-Iβ(IL-Iβ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,并观察SIRS临床指标的变化;健康组血检结果作为健康对照。结果试验组T、RR、HR及WBC改善情况均明显优于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);血清CRP、IL-Iβ、IL-6和TNF-α水平均较对照组下降更为明显(P<0.01);转为MODS明显减少(P<0.05),死亡率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论CVVH可通过下调炎症介质,调控机体炎症反应,阻断重症多发性创伤所致的SIRS向MODS发展。     

多西环素联合乌司他丁治疗重症感染合并多器官功能障碍综合征的临床研究

目的探讨多西环素联合乌司他丁治疗重症感染合并多器官功能障碍综合征的临床疗效。方法选取2017年1月～2018年8月我院新诊断重症感染合并多器官功能障碍综合征患者50例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组25例。对照组给予多西环素治疗,观察组在此基础上给予乌司他丁治疗。观察两组治疗前与治疗后72h序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHEⅡ)、各项实验室指标的变化。结果治疗前,两组SOFA和APACHEⅡ得分、各项观察指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);治疗后72h,观察组SOFA和APACHEⅡ得分、ALT、AST、BUN、Cr、LAC显著低于对照组,观察组PaO_2、PaO_2/FiO_2显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);治疗后72h,两组CVP比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论多西环素联合乌司他丁可改善重症感染合并多器官功能障碍综合征患者疾病预后。     

局部柠檬酸抗凝对连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗滤器使用时间的影响分析

目的 探讨局部柠檬酸抗凝(RCA)对连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗滤器使用时间的影响分析.方法 选择急性肾功能不全采用CVVH治疗的患者25例,完全随机分成研究组(柠檬酸抗凝,14例)和对照组(低分子肝素抗凝,11例).观察指标:①第一套滤器使用时间;②CVVH治疗前及治疗4h、更换滤器时游离Ca2浓度;③CVVH前后患者血气分析:pH、Na+、HCO3-、碱剩余.结果 ①CVVH治疗4h时研究组游离Ca2+浓度明显低于治疗前[(0.52±0.19)mmol/L比(0.99±0.04)mmol/L,P＜0.05],更换滤器时与CVVH治疗前比较无明显改变(P＞0.05).对照组CVVH治疗4h、更换滤器时与CVVH治疗前的差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).CVVH治疗4h时,研究组与对照组游离Ca2+浓度的差异有统计学意义[(0.52±0.19) mmol/L比(0.99 ±0.09) mmol/L,P＜0.05].②研究组和对照组滤器使用时间分别为(34±5)和(13±3)h,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③治疗后,2组Na+、HCO3-和碱剩余恢复正常水平,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05),研究组治疗后与对照组的差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 RCA可明显延长CVVH滤器使用时间,改善因频繁更换滤器对治疗效果的影响.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在重症多发性创伤治疗中的应用

目的探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）在阻断重症多发性创伤（SMI）所致的全身炎性反应综合征（SIRS）向多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）发展中的作用及机制。方法58例重症多发性创伤伤员随机分为试验组（n=31）和对照组（n=27）,并选20名健康体检者为健康组。对照组予常规综合治疗,试验组在常规综合治疗的同时加CVVH治疗。两组同时检测血清白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-Iβ（IL—Iβ）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平,并观察SIRS临床指标的变化;健康组检测结果为正常对照。结果试验组T、RR、HR及WBC改善情况均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;血清CRP、IL—Iβ、IL-6和TNF-α水平均较对照组下降更为明显（P〈0．01）;转为MODS明显减少（P〈0．05）,死亡率明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论CVVH可通过下调炎症介质,调控机体炎性反应,阻断重症多发性创伤所致的SIRS向MODS发展。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在多器官功能障碍综合征中的应用

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代(CRRT)对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者的临床疗效。方法采用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗MODS患者20例,观察治疗前后患者血生化:尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr),以及血气分析:pH、HCO3-、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)的变化,并进行APACHEⅡ评分比较。结果治疗后BUN、Scr、A-PACHEⅡ评分均低于治疗前,pH、HCO3-、PaO2/FiO2均高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CRRT是MODS的有效急救手段之一,早期进行CRRT可改善MODS预后。     

重症脓毒症患者行早期CVVH治疗的效果研究

目的探讨重症脓毒症患者实施早期连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗的效果。方法385例重症监护室(ICU)治疗的重症脓毒症患者,随机分为对照组(190例)和观察组(195例)。对照组采用常规支持治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上入住ICU 8 h内行CVVH治疗。比较两组治疗前后炎性因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、白细胞计数(WBC)]水平、血气和血流动力学指标[动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、酸碱度(pH)、血乳酸(LA)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)]、急性生理和慢性健康评分表(APACHEⅡ)评分。结果两组治疗前PCT、CRP、IL-6、IL-10、WBC水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后PCT、CRP、IL-6、IL-10、WBC水平均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗前PaO2、PaO2/FiO2、pH、LA、HR、MAP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后PaO2、PaO2/FiO2、pH、MAP水平均明显高于对照组,而LA、HR水平均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗前APACHEⅡ评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后APACHEⅡ评分(12.01±1.46)分明显低于对照组的(19.35±1.87)分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重症脓毒症患者实施早期CVVH治疗的效果显著,能有效清除血液中的炎症介质,减轻机体炎症反应,改善氧合功能,维持血流动力学稳定,保护组织及器官功能,具有积极的临床意义。     

床旁血液灌流联合血液滤过在重症高脂血症胰腺炎中的临床应用

目的:研究床旁血液灌流(HP)联合血液滤过(CVVH)在治疗重症高脂血症胰腺炎中的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年8月—2014年8月就诊的54例重症高脂血症胰腺炎患者,随机分为两组,每组27例。实验组在常规治疗基础上行HP+CVVH治疗,对照组在常规治疗基础上行CVVH治疗。治疗3 d后观察疗效和血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、三酰甘油(TG)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)等生理生化指标。结果:治疗3 d后,实验组总有效率96.30%,对照组总有效率66.67%,两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者Cr,BUN,TG,IL-6,TNF-α较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),治疗后实验组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:HP联合CVVH治疗重症高脂血症胰腺炎效果明显优于单纯CVVH治疗,HP+CVVH治疗能更有效改善重症高脂血症胰腺炎生理生化指标,保护肾功能,临床疗效更为显著。     

脓毒血症患者应用丙氨酰谷氨酰胺双肽强化早期肠内营养治疗的临床研究

目的:探讨脓毒血症患者早期应用丙氨酰谷氨酰胺双肽强化早期肠内营养(EN)支持治疗对其营养学指标、免疫指标、肝肾功能指标及并发症的影响。方法:选取我院2013年5月-2015年1月收治的112例脓毒血症患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各56例。两组患者均接受常规抗菌治疗,同时进行早期(48 h)EN支持,每天氮补充量为0.2 g/kg,热量25 kcal/kg,非蛋白热量19~21 kcal/kg;观察组患者加用注射用丙氨酰谷氨酰胺0.5 g/kg加入0.9%氯化钠注射液100 mL中,24 h内持续泵人,疗程4 d。比较两组患者治疗前后营养学指标[血清白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PAB)、血红蛋白(Hb)],免疫指标[C反应蛋白(CRP)、免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgA、IgM]水平,急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分,器官功能衰竭(SOFA)评分,以及肝肾功能[丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平],并观察两组患者预后及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗前,两组患者ALB、PAB、Hb、CRP、IgG、IgA、IgM、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、ALT、AST、Cr、BUN水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者ALB、PAB水平较治疗前显著升高,且观察组显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分较治疗前显著降低,且观察组显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的CRP显著降低,Ig G显著升高,且观察组显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的Cr、BUN水平较治疗前均显著降低,且观察组Cr水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的重症监护病房停留时间、呼吸机使用时间、抗菌药物使用时间均显著短于对照组,腹泻和胃潴留发生率均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:脓毒血症患者早期应用丙氨酰谷氨酰胺双肽强化的早期EN支持治疗能够显著改善患者免疫功能和肝肾功能,减少并发症的发生。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.