胰腺癌的外科治疗及随访研究(附216例报道)

目的 探讨胰腺癌的治疗方法对其生存时间及生存率的影响，总结胰腺癌的治疗经验。方法 回顾分析我院1990年1月至2000年12月收治的216例胰腺癌病人资料（部分），并进行了随访研究。应用SPSS10．0统计软件包进行统计学分析，生存分析采用乘积极限法（Kaplan-Meier method)，并进行时序检验（log-rank test)。结果 本组手术切除率为40．24％（68／169），根治性切除率31．36％（53／169），切除组院内死亡率为2．37％（4／169）。根治性切除组，姑息性切除组，姑息性旁路引流组，单纯手术探查组，未手术组的中位生存期分别为30 4d,138d,134d,123d,86d。根治性切除组的1，3，5年生存率分别为44．71％，14．98％，9．99％。I，Ⅱ期病人根治性切除术后1，3和5年生存率分别为69．23％，38．46％，12．82％。1995年以来，我们对胰腺癌尤其是胰头癌采用较为系统和规范的评估与探查方案，手术切除率和生存率明显改善，手术切除率上升到50．88％，根治性切除率达38．60％，根治性切除组的5年生存率达12．93％。结论 根治性切除仍是目前唯一有效的治疗方法；姑息性治疗不能延长胰腺癌病人生命；胰腺癌进行单一外科治疗的效果不容乐观，应寻求一种更为有效的治疗模式。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞对原发性肝癌患者术后生存及肿瘤复发的影响

目的探讨原发性肝癌患者手术后肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）对肿瘤复发率及患者术后生存率的影响，为原发性肝癌的临床综合治疗提供指导。方法原发性肝癌患者手术后行TACE治疗22例（手术＋TACE组）、仅行手术切除而不行TACE治疗患者20例（单纯手术组），对两组患者术后肿瘤复发率及患者生存率进行比较。结果手术＋TACE组与单纯手术组比较，前者肿瘤1年复发率显著低于后者（P〈0．05），但两组2年复发率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。手术＋TACE组1年及2年生存率（76．1％，48．2％）均明显高于单纯手术组（52．8％，23．6％）（P〈0．05）。结论原发性肝癌手术后结合TACE治疗，可明显降低肿瘤近期复发率且显著提高患者生存率。     

手术治疗进展期胃癌45例疗效分析

本组45例进展期胃癌，行根治性切除术29例(64．4％)，姑息性切除术9例(20．0％)，胃空肠转流术7例(15．6％)，无围手术期死亡。随访3月～5年，根治术后5年、3年、2年生存率分别为44．8％、62．1％、82．8％；姑息性切除术后2年、1年、半年的生存率分别为11％、55．5％、88．8％；胃空肠转流术后2年、1年、半年生存率分别为0、14．3％、28.5％。进展期胃癌仍以手术治疗为主，淋巴结扩大清除术、联合横结肠及其系膜切除术可能改善预后，术中关腹前5-Fu低渗液浸泡腹腔预防腹膜转移效优价廉。晚期胃癌姑息性切除生存期及生存质量明显高于转流病人。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗对大肝癌根治术后复发率及生存率的影响

目的探讨肝动脉栓塞化疗对于预防原发性大肝癌根治术后复发的疗效。方法对1997年1月～2002年12月我院68例行大肝癌根治术的患者按术后是否行介入治疗分为TACE组（24例）和对照组（44例），对比分析两组患者术后1、2、3年的累积复发率和生存率。结果对68例原发性大肝癌行根治性切除后的患者，术后随访最长49个月。TACE组术后l、2、3年累积复发率分别为16．7％、34．3％、49．5％：1、2、3年的累积生存率分别为83．3％、70．2％、53．7％。对照组1、2、3年的累积复发率分别为36．4％、58．0％、68．5％：1、2、3年的累积生存率分别为63．6％、48．3％、25.3％，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论原发性大肝癌根治术后辅以介入治疗是预防肝癌术后复发的有效手段，能显著提高远期生存率。     

再切除在肝癌复发治疗中的作用和地位

目的 探讨再切除在肝癌术后复发治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析1988～1999年30例肝癌复发再手术切除的随访资料。结果 对30例肝癌术后复发病人共行33例次手术，首次手术后1，2，3，5年总生存率分别为93．3，73．3，56．7，36．7％。第一次再手术后1，3，5年生存率分别为63．3，23．3，13．3％。肺转移切除后1，3，5年生存率分别为71．4，42．9，28．6％。结论 肝癌术后复发行再切除能显著提高病人远期生存率，是目前肝癌术后复发的首选治疗方案。     

冷冻肝切除对降低肝癌术后复发的初步评价

目的探讨冷冻肝切除对降低肝癌术后复发率和提高生存率的价值。方法对84例原发性肝癌行冷冻肝切除,即对可切除肝癌,先用液氮(-196℃)冷冻,将癌块冷冻成冰球然后立即作常规根治性肝切除。术后定期随访。复发率和生存率用寿命表法统计。结果术后恢复均顺利,无手术死亡,无严重并发症。冷冻肝切除后1、3、5年生存率分别为98．7％、83．9％和64．0％。术后复发率分别为15．1％、30．1％和39．0％。结论冷冻肝切除是安全可行的,有可能降低肝癌术后复发率和提高生存率。冷冻肝切除与常规肝切除的远期疗效比较,尚需进一步观察。     

胃、十二指肠

20060961 残胃癌49例临床分析／吴红学…∥腹部外科．-2005．18（5）．-276～278 回顾性分析1994年1月至2004年3月收治的49例残胃癌病人的临床资料。按胃镜、病理检查结果和手术方式分组，采用Kap-lan—Meier法绘制生存曲线，进行累积生存率比较。结果：49例残胃癌病人中，早期残胃癌9例（18．4％），进展期残胃癌40例（81．6％），两者的5年累积生存率分别为88．9％，47．5％，早期残胃癌的5年累积生存率明显高于进展期（P〈0．01）。根治性切除36例，姑息性切除11例，根治手术组与姑息性手术组的中位生存时间分别为69个月和12个月，两者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：定期胃镜复查和合理的根治性手术是提高残胃癌病人生存率的关键。参5。     

进展期肝门部胆管癌的扩大切除——肝切除合并肝动脉及门静脉切除重建手术的临床应用

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌病例的外科治疗手段,分析肝脏切除同时进行门静脉或肝动脉重建在进展期病例中的应用。方法：回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科2007年1月-2010年12月手术治疗的104例肝门部胆管癌患者的病例资料。结果：104例患者均行手术探查,手术根治性切除51例（49．O％）,其中合并肝门部血管切除重建13例,姑息性切除25例（24O％）,引流手术28例（26．9％）。根治手术组中位生存期27个月,姑息性切除组中位生存期16个月,引流组中位生存期11个月。根治性手术组1年生存率76％,3年生存率51％,5年生存率38％;姑息性手术组1年生存率61％,3年生存率35％,5年生存率21％;引流手术组1年生存率33％,3年生存率2．1％,5年生存率为0。     

69例胆囊癌手术治疗及预后影响因素分析

目的研究原发性胆囊癌临床特征，分析探讨影响预后有关因素以指导原发性胆囊癌治疗。方法回顾性分析我院1990年1月至2003年1月手术治疗的69例胆囊癌患者临床、病理资料，并采用Kaplan-Meier模型、Log—rank检验及COX比例风险模型进行统计学分析。结果胆囊癌术后5年总体生存率为5．9％，施行根治性手术组1、2、3、5年生存率分别为67．3％、42．8％、29．4％、15．2％，与姑息手术组、对症手术组、剖腹探查组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示：肿瘤TNM分期及手术方式与胆囊癌预后显著相关。结论胆囊癌患者尽可能施行根治性手术，多种检查方法相结合以提高早期诊断率，两者均为提高胆囊癌患者预后的关键措施。     

肝癌破裂出血的治疗：附35例临床分析

目的探讨肝癌破裂出血的治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾分析近9年余收治的35例肝癌破裂出血患者临床资料。其中，行根治性手术12例（包括介入术后行根治性手术5例），姑息性手术9例，介入治疗19例（其中5例术后改行根治性手术）。结果根治性手术组术后彻底止血，1例术后死于肝功能衰竭；姑息性手术组术后再出血3例，其中2例死于肝功能衰竭；介入治疗组再出血1例，发生肝功能衰竭2例，死亡1例。根治性手术12例中生存1年者9例，2年者7例，5年者4例；姑息性手术9例中，生存1年者2例，2年者1例；介入治疗组14例中生存1年者8例，2年者4例，5年者1例。结论根治性手术切除是治疗肝癌破裂出血的有效方法。介入治疗止血满意，并发症少，能有效地延长患者生存期，可作为不能行切除手术患者的首选治疗方法；行介入治疗止血时可通过血管造影判断有无行根治性手术的可能，以减少不必要的急诊手术探查。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.