先天性髋关节脱位的全髋关节置换术

目的了解先天性髋关节脱位患者行全髋关节置换术后的中远期疗效。方法先天性髋关节脱位患者行全髋关节置换术32例36髋,随访28例31髋,随访时间平均9.5年(3.5~18年)。脱位分类:低位脱位或半脱位15髋,中位脱位11髋,高位脱位5髋。固定方法:髋臼侧,10髋为骨水泥固定,21髋为非骨水泥固定;股骨侧,12髋为骨水泥固定,19髋为非骨水泥固定。结果1例术中发生小转子劈裂,1例术后发生下肢静脉炎,3例两侧肢体不等长2cm以上,1例发生股动脉栓塞。4髋发生假体松动,1髋为大转子不愈合而松动,1髋为单纯假体柄松动,2髋为假体柄和髋臼假体均发生松动;其余27髋Harris评分为85分(术前48分)。结论先天性髋关节脱位的全髋关节置换术,手术相对比较复杂,并发症较多,手术中特别需要考虑两侧肢体的长度、外展肌的平衡、软组织的松解、髋臼骨缺损的处理及假体的选择。     

人工全髋置换术治疗先天性髋关节发育不良

目的探索全髋关节置换术治疗先天性髋关节发育不良的经验及疗效。方法13例（15髋）先天性髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎行全髋关节置换术。随访11例12髋，平均随访时间2.6a，按Crowe分类，其中Ⅰ型6例7髋，Ⅱ型3例髋，Ⅲ型2例2髋，Ⅳ型2例3髋。其中髋臼侧用骨水泥型假体5例，非骨水泥型10例，股骨侧骨水泥型4例，非骨水泥型11例。结果 1例髋小转子劈裂骨折，1例术后深静脉栓塞，随访期未见有感染，异位骨化，假体松动，坐骨神经损伤等并发症。术前Harris评分平均47例，术后2.6a为88分。结论 全髋关节置换术是治疗成份先天性髋关节脱位继发骨性关节炎的有效方法，但手术难度较大，手术中应特别考虑外展肌的平衡，软组织的松解，髋臼骨缺损的处理以及双侧肢体的长度。     

全髋关节置换术治疗成人Crowe Ⅳ型先天性髋关节脱位的临床研究

目的探讨CroweⅣ型先天性髋关节脱位患者全髋关节置换术的手术方法及预防神经损伤的对策。方法35例（39髋）CroweⅣ型先天性髋关节脱位患者行全髋关节置换术,均为女性,年龄36～56岁,平均46岁。获得随访31例35髋,随访时间1年～8年,平均4年。手术采用后外侧切口。髋臼侧除1例2髋外,均在真臼水平安放臼杯并使用非骨水泥型假体,股骨侧5例5髋选用骨水泥型假体,其余均选用非骨水泥型假体。2例2髋以往曾行转子下截骨者先行转子下截骨矫正术,再植入非骨水泥型假体。采用髋关节功能评分（Harris评分）评定髋关节功能,术前平均43分。结果获得随访的31例（35髋）中,5例5髋发生术中骨折,其中小转子轻微襞裂骨折3例3髋,大转子不全骨折2例2髋,但股骨假体稳定,予钢丝固定或未作特殊处理。3髋发生异位骨化,均为BrookⅡ型。2例术后分别出现坐骨神经或股神经刺激症状,1个月后恢复正常。随访期间内无一例发生术后感染、术中术后髋关节脱位、假体松动及有明显临床表现的深静脉血栓形成等并发症。术后随访时Harris评分平均87分,术后肢体延长4～6cm,平均5cm,肢体短缩得到满意纠正。结论后外侧人路、真臼水平重建髋臼是CroweⅣ型先天性髋关节脱位全髋关节置换术安全、有效的手术方法。     

全髋关节置换术治疗髋关节发育不良的临床疗效分析

目的分析先天性髋关节发育不良（developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH）行全髋置换的治疗效果,探讨其手术方法和假体的选择。方法回顾分析2004年6月至2007年6月收治的65例（78髋）成人先天性髋关节发育不良患者,男19例,女46例;年龄33～64岁,平均42岁。按Crowe分型标准,Ⅰ型12例,Ⅱ型26例,Ⅲ型24例,Ⅳ型16例;术前Harris评分35～78分（平均42.7分）,Ⅰ～Ⅱ型患者行常规全髋置换,Ⅲ型患者髋臼骨质缺损部植骨后行全髋置换,Ⅳ型患者股骨短缩截骨后使用特殊假体。结果65例患者均获得随访,随访时间2.5～5.5年,术后Harris评分68～94分（平均84分）,除2例CroweⅣ型患者术后患肢大腿内侧出现麻木（给予功能锻炼、药物治疗后,分别于术后半年、1年后症状消失）,其余患者无骨折、感染、深静脉血栓形成或假体松动、脱位等并发症,CroweⅣ患者截骨处骨愈合均良好。结论全髋关节置换术是治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎、脱位的有效方法,但手术难度大,应针对髋臼病变程度的不同及术前情况制定合适的方案,采用不同的关节假体,配合术中的正确操作,才能提高疗效,减少并发症。     

髋关节发育不良的髋臼重建

目的　总结采用全髋关节置换术治疗髋关节发育不良继发骨关节炎和功能障碍的经验。方法　 1998年 4月至 2 0 0 2年 4月 ,对 96例 112髋 (双侧 16例 )成人髋关节发育不良继发骨关节炎患者进行了全髋关节置换术。其中 ,半脱位 73髋 ,低位脱位 18髋 ,高位脱位 2 1髋。髋臼侧均采用真臼位置重建 ,其中骨水泥固定 16髋 ,非骨水泥固定 96髋 ,植骨 11髋 ;采用常规置换 83髋 ;磨削加深髋臼后 ,安置小号髋臼假体 2 7髋 ;髋臼外上缘自体股骨头植骨加深髋臼后 ,安置小号髋臼假体 2髋。结果　患者术后伤口均一期愈合 ,未发生感染或血管神经损伤 ,患肢长度平均延长 1 7cm。随访 85例 98髋 ,平均随访 3 5年 ,关节疼痛缓解 ,活动功能满意 ,Harris评分由术前的平均 33 9分恢复到平均 89 3分 ,无假体松动和翻修病例。X线片显示 ,关节假体位置正常 ,人工髋臼的平均外展角4 4° ,宿主骨对臼杯的平均覆盖率为 96 6 % ,金属臼杯与宿主髋臼之间未见透光线 ;11髋髋臼侧植骨病例中 ,植骨块与宿主骨愈合良好 ,未见骨吸收现象。结论　全髋关节置换术是治疗髋关节发育不良继发骨关节炎患者的有效方法 ;术前应充分考虑髋关节发育不良的原发及继发性病理改变 ,尽可能在真臼位置重建髋臼     

结构性植骨全髋关节置换在成人高位先天性髋关节脱位中的应用

[目的]探讨结构性植骨全髋关节置换治疗成人高位先天性髋关节脱位的临床疗效。[方法]2003年8月～2006年10月,采用结构性植骨全髋置换治疗成人高位先髋脱位22例,29髋。男10例,女12例。左13例,右16例,年龄平均34.6岁(23～42岁)。临床症状主要为患髋疼痛、不稳定和跛行。术前Harris评分平均为46.8分,双下肢长度差异平均为3.8cm,股骨头脱位高度平均为3.9cm,髋关节平均活动度:屈曲66.5°,外展23.8°,外旋20.4°,内旋5.3°。术中臼杯均安装于真臼处,自体股骨头结构性植骨使臼杯完全覆盖,充分软组织松解后髋关节复位。髋臼侧选用骨水泥假体18髋、小髋臼生物型假体5髋和普通生物型髋臼6髋;股骨侧选用生物型假体10髋、普通骨水泥假体13髋、窄直柄水泥假体柄4髋和长柄骨水泥假体柄2髋。观察手术时间、出血量、关节活动度、双下肢长度差异、并发症等并进行Harris关节功能评分。[结果]本组平均手术时间95min(70～135min),出血400ml(300～650ml);伤口均一期愈合,无1例感染;术后1周X线片示假体位置良好,人工髋臼外展角平均为48.6°,前倾角平均13.2°。本组22例均获随访,随访时间平均17.6个月(10～47个月),Harris评分平均89.2分(72～93分);髋关节平均活动度:屈曲115.3°,外展44.6°,外旋49.5°,内旋26.8°。双下肢长度差异平均1.2cm,2例术后股神经麻痹,术后4个月内恢复。随访期间未见明显植骨块吸收、假体松动和脱位。[结论]结构性植骨全髋关节置换是治疗成人高位先天性髋关节脱位的一种有效方法,很大程度地改善了患者的症状、功能和外形。结构性植骨可提供良好的髋臼覆盖,恢复髋关节旋转中心高度并可保留骨盆骨量。脱位高度小于4cm经软组织充分松解后能下拉复位,不会造成股神经及坐骨神经永久性麻痹。     

全髋关节置换术治疗成人高位先天性髋关节脱位

目的 探讨全髋关节置换术治疗成人高位先天性髋关节脱位伴有严重骨关节炎的手术经验.方法 对7例10髋成人位先天性髋脱位进行全髋关节置换术.股骨上移4～6cm.结果 术后伤口均一期愈合.Harris评分由术前的34.2分恢复到术后6个月的85.34分.结论 全髋关节置换术是治疗成人先天性髋关节脱位的有效方法.手术成功的关键是在正确认识的理解本病各种病理改变的基础上,做好充分细致的术前准备,有效的组织松解,尽可能将髋臼假体放置在真臼位置上.     

全髋关节置换术治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良

目的探讨成人先天性髋关节发育不良（developmental dysplasia hip,DDH）髋臼假体的选择和手术方法。方法全髋关节置换术治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良24例26个髋;年龄41～68岁,平均52岁。按照Perner分型,其中Ⅰ度10髋应用普通髋臼假体置换,Ⅱ度9髋选用螺旋臼假体,Ⅲ度5髋及度Ⅳ2髋选用小号髋臼假体,真臼部位安置髋臼假体,均为生物型固定,无结构性植骨。结果随访0．5～3．5年,假体与骨床结合牢固,患髋关节疼痛消失,关节功能基本正常,Harris评分平均86分。结论全髋关节置换术是治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良的有效方法,针对髋臼病变程度的不同分别采用不同类型髋臼假体置换,配合术中的正确操作能简化手术,减少并发症,提高疗效。     

成人严重先天性髋脱位的人工全髋关节置换术

[目的]探讨成人严重先天性髋关节脱位行人工全髋关节置换术的方法及治疗效果。[方法]13例CroweⅣ级的患者行人工全髋关节置换手术，术前进行骨牵引治疗2周，术中在松解延长的基础上，重建髋关节旋转中心及髋关节外展功能。术后评估肢体延长长度及髋关节功能。[结果]术后平均随访18个月，髋关节Harris评分平均90分，患肢长度平均延长3．1cm，有1例出现坐骨神经牵拉症状，短期未出现假体失败现象。[结论]通过松解延长、重建关节功能、选择合适的假体，并注重对神经血管的保护，成人严重先天性髋脱位可以通过人工全髋关节置换术获得满意的治疗效果。     

股骨粗隆下截骨短缩结合全髋置换术治疗高位先天性髋关节脱位

目的讨论股骨粗隆下截骨短缩结合全髋关节置换治疗先天性髋关节脱位的初步经验。方法本组7例高位先天性髋关节脱位,其中CroweⅢ型2例,CroweⅣ型5例。采用股骨粗隆下截骨短缩结合非骨水泥全髋关节置换术,其中5例进行了髋臼结构性植骨。术后随访Harris评分、肢体长度、步态、Trendelenburg征以及放射学改变。结果术后平均随访29.1个月,股骨截骨处及髋臼植骨均愈合,旋转中心平均下降53mm(39～63mm)。Harris评分由术前35.9分(32～42分)转为术后84.6分(68～96分);其中疼痛评分术前为14.3分(10～20分),术后为40.3分(30～44分)。屈髋活动度术前平均为85.7°(60°～125°),术后为84.3°(70°～100°)。1例Trendelenburg征术后持续阳性;2例术后出现股神经损伤表现,术后6周恢复。无感染、脱位、假体松动等并发症出现。结论短期随访表明,股骨粗隆下截骨短缩结合非骨水泥全髋关节置换术是治疗高位先天性髋关节脱位可靠有效的方法。     

全髋关节置换术治疗先天性髋关节发育不良

目的: 探讨全髋关节置换治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良的手术方法和疗效。方法: 对 25例 28髋成人先天性髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎患者行全髋关节置换术。结果:刀口均Ⅰ期愈合。经 13个月~6年, 平均 27个月随访, Harris评分 87分 (术前 46分 ), 优 5髋、良 19髋、中 4髋,优良率为 85. 7%。结论: 全髋关节置换术是治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎的有效方法。     

人工髋关节置换术后翻修原因分析

目的:分析人工髋关节置换术后翻修的原因,并评价其疗效。方法:本组30例(31髋)行人工髋关节置换术后翻修术,男12例,女18例,平均年龄63.1岁(47~74岁)。初次关节置换类型:全髋置换19例(20髋),人工股骨头置换11例。翻修原因:3例(3髋)为感染性松动,余均为无菌性松动。翻修距初次手术时间:1年以内1髋,2~3年3髋,8~10年21髋,10~15年6髋。翻修假体类型:均为混合型假体,国产12例(12髋),进口18例(19髋)。X线评价包括翻修前骨缺损,翻修前后的下肢长度,股骨偏心距,前倾角。临床功能评价采用Harris评分。结果:30例均获随访,平均随访时间4.1年,术后所有患者双下肢基本等长(差距小于1 cm)。偏心距、前倾角、颈干角恢复至初次手术前水平,术后3个月均完全负重,髋关节疼痛除2例外其余完全缓解,至最后1次随访时,按Harris评分,优16髋,良10髋,可4髋,差1髋。无感染及髋关节脱位发生。结论:翻修的常见原因为无菌性松动、髋臼磨损和感染性松动;髋关节翻修是一种近期疗效满意的方法。     

先天性髋脱位4种手术疗效的比较

目的　探讨 4种术式治疗先天性髋关节脱位 (CDH)疗效。方法　随访采用翻转造盖术2 4例 (30髋 )、插入造盖术 2 3例 (30髋 )、Salter截骨术 2 5例 (30髋 )和Chiari骨盆内移截骨术 2 4例 (2 7髋 )治疗CDH患者 96例 117髋。结果　平均随访时间 5年 10个月 ,疗效从临床功能和X线形态两方面评估 ,术后髋臼指数 (AI)的改善分别是 (2 0 2± 7 2 7)°、(2 1 9± 6 33)°、(15 0± 4 5 6 )°、(11 4±5 1)°,术后臼头指数 (AHI)分别是 (0 92± 0 2 4 )°、(1 0 0± 0 18)°、(0 80± 0 19)°、(0 82± 0 14 )° ;四种术式临床优良率分别是 90 %、86 7%、73 4 %和 6 6 6 % ,共发生再脱位 3例 ,关节僵硬 10例 ,股骨头坏死 7例。结论　临床疗效及对髋臼形态改善翻转、插入造盖术优于Salter截骨术和Chiari骨盆内移截骨术 ;翻转造盖术、插入造盖术安全有效是先天性髋关节脱位的首选术式。     

Artificial hip replacement in young patients with hip dysplasia--long-term outcome after 10 years

PURPOSE: The experience gained in three decades of hip arthroplasty includes observations on patients with congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH) under 20 years of age. A study dealing with hip arthroplasty in patients with osteoarthritis following CDH in such young age is not known in the literature. In the present study we report about a long-term follow-up of 41 total hip arthroplasties which were performed using bone-cement in 29 patients from 1966 to 1995. METHODS: The evaluation of this retrospective study was performed with an questionnaire and a clinical and radiological investigation (Harris hip score, Sutherland activity score). RESULTS: 18 patients with 27 THR (62%) were evaluated clinically and radiologically after a mean duration of follow-up of 10 years and 8 months. Seven additional THR had been revised in the meantime. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a survival rate after 10 years of 64%. Acetabular loosening occurred three times as often as femoral loosening (overall revision rate 41.2%). CONCLUSION: The overall loosening rate of total hip replacement of young patients is significantly elevated. These findings suggest that total hip replacement in young patients with dysplastic hips should be considered most carefully. Implantation of a hip prosthesis is only justified in special cases where alternative procedures are contra-indicated or unacceptable.     

浅谈全髋关节置换术后早期脱位（附47例全髋置换术3例脱位报告）

目的：回顾性研究２１年来行全髋关节置换术的早期脱位率与相关因素。方法：４５例４７髋行全髋关节置换术病例，年龄２６～８７岁，术前诊断３７例为股骨头缺血性坏死，占７８％；２例为先天性髋关节脱位；８例为股骨颈骨折。结果：术后早期脱位２例３髋，脱位率为６３％。１例新鲜股骨颈骨折，１例陈旧股骨颈骨折行ＴＨＡ术后第１ｄ即发生脱位。新鲜股骨颈骨折第３ｄ行翻修术，术中见股骨侧假体自前倾位变为后倾，纠正位置后治愈。陈旧股骨颈骨折经闭合复位，牵引后仍反复脱位，３月后行翻修术，术后第８ｄ又脱位，再次经闭合复位，牵引治愈。结论：术后早期脱位与术者经验，术前设计，假体部件的安装，尤其是髋臼假体及髋臼对人工股骨头的覆盖以及外展肌的力量有关。     

非骨水泥人工关节置换手术治疗髋臼发育不良的临床研究

目的探讨不同分度的髋臼发育不良患者进行关节置换的处理方法。方法自2002～2005年,本组192例全髋关节置换手术的患者中,其中38例45髋存在髋臼发育不良,均行人工关节置换手术,术中按照髋臼发育不良的分度按照不同的原则进行处理。结果38例45髋患者中得到2年以上完整随访资料的有27例30髋,电话随访2年以上的有6例9髋,术后2年完全失访5例6髋。所有得到随访的患者（33例）均表示疼痛得到显著改善,生活质量大大提高（手术前后VAS评分比较,t=31．662,P〈0．01）。27例资料完整的患者（30髋）Harris评分由术前平均54．9分增加到平均92．7分,手术前后Harris评分差异具有统计学意义（t=-31．5,P〈0．01）。未发现关节脱位的患者,使用螺旋臼杯术后1年可见臼杯周围骨质改建;1例患者（球形臼杯、金属对金属）髋臼假体周围可见明显骨质吸收,其余患者影像学阅片未见特殊异常。结论对于发育不良的髋臼,只要术中处理恰当,非骨水泥固定的髋臼假体仍然可以获得良好稳定,一般情况下没有必要进行髋臼上方植骨,对于极度严重发育不良的髋臼才需要植骨稳定假体。     

金属对金属大直径股骨头全髋关节置换术的近期疗效观察

目的探讨金属对金属大直径股骨头全髋关节置换术（total hip replacement,THR）的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年3月至2008年8月行金属对金属大直径股骨头THR16例19髋,男10例12髋,女6例7髋;年龄30～69岁,平均46岁;左侧7髋,右侧12髋;股骨头坏死5例6髋,强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变3例4髋。股骨颈骨折4例4髋,类风湿关节炎2例3髋,髋臼发育不良继发骨关节炎2例2髋。手术均采用后外侧入路,切口长9—13cm,平均11．7cm;髋臼假体全部用小厚度的金属臼杯,金属股骨头假体直径48—56mm。结果16例患者随访时间6．3～10．9个月,平均8．7个月。术中无一例出现骨折、神经麻痹、血管损伤等并发症,术后亦未发生脱位、假体松动及深静脉血栓等并发症,所有患者下肢长度的差异〈5mm。Harris评分由术前的32—55分,平均（43．6±6．8）分提高至术后随访时的76～96分,平均（90．7±11．9）分;髋关节活动度（rangeofmotion,ROM）中屈曲由术前平均87．5°±11．7°提高至术后平均109．8°±19．2°,外展由术前平均22．7°±3．4°提高至术后平均39．7°±4．9°,内收由术前平均13．2°±1．9°提高至术后平均23．5°±3．7°,内旋由术前平均2．1°±0．7°提高至术后平均21．4°±3．2°,外旋由术前平均27．6°±4．1°提高至术后平均54．3°±8．6°。结论采用金属对金属大直径股骨头THR治疗股骨头坏死、强直性脊柱炎导致的髋关节炎、类风湿关节炎和髋臼发育不良的年轻或较大活动量的患者近期疗效良好。     

Late dislocation after total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Some patients have a dislocation for the first time many years after a total hip arthroplasty, but little is known about the risk factors and outcomes associated with late dislocation. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of late dislocation after total hip arthroplasty, (2) to characterize demographic and other factors associated with such late dislocations, and (3) to report the outcomes of such late dislocations. METHODS: Between 1969 and 1995, 19,680 primary total hip arthroplasties were performed in 15,964 patients at our institution. According to a prospective surveillance protocol, the patients were followed routinely at regular intervals and were specifically queried at each time-point about whether (and, if so, when) the hip had dislocated. First dislocations that occurred five years or more after the operation were defined as late dislocations. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirteen (2.6%) of the 19,680 hips dislocated. Of the 513 hips, 165 (0.8% of the entire cohort; 32% of the dislocated hips) first dislocated five or more years after the primary arthroplasty. The median time until the occurrence of these late dislocations was 11.3 years (range, five to 24.9 years) after the operation. Late dislocation was more frequent than early dislocation in women (p = 0.03), and late dislocation was associated with a younger age at the time of the primary total hip arthroplasty (median, sixty-three years) than was early dislocation (median, sixty-seven years) (p = 0.02). Clinical factors associated with late dislocation included previous subluxations without dislocation in twenty patients, a substantial episode of trauma in eleven patients, and onset of marked cognitive or motor neurologic impairment in eleven patients. Radiographically, the late dislocation occurred in association with polyethylene wear of >2 mm in eighteen hips, with implant loosening with migration or a change in position in eight, and with initial malposition of the acetabular implant (anteversion of <0 degrees or >30 degrees or abduction of >55 degrees) in thirty. Late dislocation recurred in ninety (55%) of the 165 hips and was treated with a reoperation in fifty-five hips (33% of the hips with late dislocation; 61% of the hips with recurrent dislocation). CONCLUSIONS: Late dislocation is more common than was previously thought. Several separate processes, some distinct from those associated with early dislocation, can lead to late dislocation. Late dislocation can occur in association with a long-standing problem with the prosthesis that manifests late (such as malposition of the implant or recurrent subluxation), it can occur in association with a new problem (such as neurologic decline, an episode of trauma, or polyethylene wear), or it can occur in association with any combination of these factors. The likelihood of the first late dislocation recurring is high.     

Congenital dislocation of the hip in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Nine patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) were treated for bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). CDH was diagnosed at six months of age in two patients and at two to five years of age in the remaining seven patients. The diagnosis of EDS, based on clinical criteria, was established considerably later. One patient with multiple deformities was only observed; the remaining eight patients were initially treated by closed reduction. Due to difficulties encountered in reduction and especially in stabilization, all hips were subsequently treated surgically, with a total of 42 procedures. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head developed in five hips, four of which had been treated with closed reduction with the patients under general anesthesia. At the follow-up evaluation, six patients had reached adulthood. Clinically, satisfactory results were obtained in 12 of 16 hips but roentgenographically in only six hips. Both femoral and innominate osteotomies are necessary to achieve and maintain the reduction in EDS patients with CDH.