超声光散射成像联合超声弹性成像诊断乳腺病灶的价值研究

目的对比超声光散射成像系统、超声弹性成像技术及二者联合对乳腺病灶鉴别诊断价值的研究。方法回顾经穿刺活检及手术病理证实的96例患者共116个乳腺病变,分析其超声光散射断层成像系统图像及超声弹性成像图像,并与术后病理及穿刺活检结果对照。结果 116个乳腺肿块术后及穿刺活检病理诊断中良性62个,恶性54个,超声光散射对乳腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为92.6%、71.0%、81.0%、73.5%、91.7%,超声弹性成像技术分别为77.8%、80.6%、79.3%、77.8%、80.6%,二者联合分别为96.3%、93.5%、94.8%、92.9%、96.7%。结论超声光散射成像系统与超声弹性成像技术各有优势,二者结合有助于提高乳腺病灶鉴别诊断的准确。     

超声弹性成像与彩色多普勒超声在乳腺占位性病变诊断中的对比研究

目的 比较超声弹性成像超声(UE)与彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)在乳腺占位性病变鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 对93例,100个乳腺占位性病灶术前行彩色多普勒和超声弹性成像检查,以手术病理为金标准,对比分析彩色多普勒超声和超声弹性成像诊断乳腺肿块良恶性的准确度.结果 超声弹性成像(UE)诊断乳腺恶性病灶的敏感度90.2%,特异度93.9%,准确度92.0%,彩色多普勒超声中根据肿块内血流情况(对显示最多血管条数的肿块超声切面进行评价)参照Adler分级诊断乳腺恶性病灶的敏感度64.7%,特异度77.5%,准确度71.0%,脉冲多普勒中根据血流的阻力指数(RI)诊断乳腺恶性病灶的敏感度74.5%,特异度71.4%,准确度73.0%.联合彩色多普勒和脉冲多普勒诊断乳腺恶性病灶的灵敏度为50.9%,特异度为89.7%,准确度为70%.结论 超声弹性成像在鉴别诊断乳腺占位性病变良恶性中的准确度高于彩色多普勒超声.     

彩色多普勒超声对乳腺肿块鉴别诊断的应用价值

目的：评价彩色多普勒超声对乳腺肿块鉴别诊断的应用价值。方法：应用彩色多普勒超声比较72例乳腺良、恶性肿块的声像图特点。结果：根据肿块的二维超声图像特征鉴别诊断乳腺肿块的敏感度为97.5%,特异度为60%,准确度为78.3%,联合CDFI血流信号分级,RI／0.7,PI／1.1鉴别诊断乳腺肿块的敏感度为86.7%,特异度为70%,准确度为78.3%。结论：彩色多普勒超声明显提高了诊断恶性乳腺肿块的正确率。     

三维超声在乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的应用效果

目的:分析三维超声在乳腺恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法:选择我院超声检查发现乳腺肿块的患者136例为研究对象,将三维超声诊断结果与肿块的病理检查结果进行对照,分析三维超声检查对乳腺肿块良恶性诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断准确率.结果:三维超声对乳腺肿块是恶性诊断敏感度为96.43％,特异度为95.00％,阳性预测值为93.10％,阴性预测值为97.44％,诊断符合率为95.59％,各项指标均明显高于二维起声诊断数据.结论三维起声检查能够动态观察病变特征,为乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断提供了更有价值的参考信息,为临床诊断提供了更为可靠的诊断依据,具有较高的灵敏度、特异度和准确度,弥补了二维超声的不足,值得推广应用.     

彩色多普勒超声联合弹性成像在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声联合实时组织弹性成像技术在鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块中的应用价值.方法 分别运用彩色多普勒超声和弹性成像技术检查352个乳腺肿块,与术后病理诊断结果进行对照,分析其超声征象、弹性成像评分以及二者联合应用诊断乳腺肿块良恶性的敏感性、特异性及准确性.结果 彩色多普勒超声、弹性成像及二者联合运用诊断乳腺肿块良恶性的敏感性为81.0％、79.3％及94.8％,特异性为85.4％、88.8％及95.6％,准确性为84.1％、87.2％及95.5％.彩色多普勒超声联合弹性成像的敏感性、特异性及准确性均高于二者单独应用(P＜0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声联合弹性成像技术有助于鉴别乳腺肿块的良恶性,弹性成像技术是常规超声的有益补充.     

超声光散射成像联合实时剪切波弹性成像技术在乳腺良恶性肿物中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声光散射成像(DOT)与实时剪切波弹性成像(SWE)技术在乳腺肿物诊断中的临床价值。方法对116例乳腺肿物患者共178个乳腺肿块,术前分别行DOT及SWE检查,并以穿刺活检及术后病理结果为标准分别计算其准确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。结果 DOT诊断乳腺肿块的敏感性、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为92.8%、66.6%、76.9%、64.4%及93.5%,SWE诊断乳腺肿块的敏感性、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为82.8%、91.6%、88.2%、86.6%及89.1%,二者联合应用诊断乳腺肿块的敏感性、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为97.1%、97.2%、97.2%、95.8%及98.1%。单独DOT与单独SWE诊断的准确率比较差异无统计学意义,二者联合应用与单独DOT或单独SWE诊断的准确率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.49,P0.05;χ2=7.80,P0.05)。结论 DOT技术可作为早期乳腺肿物检出的新手段,联合SWE技术可提高乳腺肿物诊断准确率,对临床诊断有重要价值。     

乳腺病灶超声全容积成像临床应用价值

目的 探讨常规二维超声、弹性成像、自动乳腺全容积成像(ABVS)对乳腺良恶性病灶鉴别诊断价值.方法 应用二维超声、弹性成像、ABVS对84例患者经手术病理证实的98个乳腺病灶进行超声检查,并将结果进行比较.结果 36例良性患者共46个病灶,48例恶性患者共52个病灶,二维超声诊断乳腺恶性病灶的敏感度为78.9%(41/52),特异度为76.1%(35/46),准确性为77.6%(76/98),阳性预测值78.8%,阴性预测值76.1%;弹性成像诊断乳腺恶性病灶敏感度为82.7%(43/52),特异度为95.6%(44/46),准确性为88.8%(87/98),阳性预测值95.6%,阴性预测值83.0%;ABVS 诊断乳腺恶性病灶的敏感度为84.6%(44/52),特异度为73.9%(34/46),准确性为79.6%(78/98),阳性预测值78.6%,阴性预测值81.0%.结论 ABVS在乳腺病灶定性诊断上有一定优势,与二维超声诊断敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值无明显差异;ABVS较弹性成像诊断特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值稍低.     

超声弹性成像与彩色多普勒超声在宫颈占位性病变诊断中的对比研究

目的 比较超声弹性成像(UE)与彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)在宫颈占位性病变诊断中的价值.方法 对116个宫颈病灶术前行彩色多普勒超声和超声弹性成像检查,以手术病理为金标准,对比分析二者诊断宫颈病灶良恶性的准确度.结果 超声弹性成像诊断宫颈病灶良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为89.47％、92.5％、90.52％.彩色多普勒超声诊断宫颈病灶良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为73.68％、75.0％、74.14％.脉冲多普勒诊断宫颈病灶良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为69.74％、62.5％、67.24％.彩色多普勒联合脉冲多普勒诊断宫颈病灶良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为71.71％、68.75％、70.69％.结论 超声弹性成像在鉴别诊断宫颈病变良恶性的准确度高于彩色多普勒超声.     

高频彩色多普勒超声和核素肝胆动态显像对胆道闭锁早期诊断价值的对比研究

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声和核素肝胆动态显像在胆道闭锁早期诊断中的临床价值。方法选取因梗阻性黄疸在我院小儿外科手术治疗的患儿56例,术前行常规高频彩色多普勒超声检查、核素肝胆动态显像,胆道闭锁诊断的金标准为术中胆道造影和病理检查结果,计算敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果56例梗阻性黄疸患儿(男 32例,女 24例),其中胆道闭锁34例（60.7%）,非胆道闭锁22例（39.3%）,高频彩色多普勒超声诊断胆道闭锁的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为88.2%、77.3%、83.9%、85.7%、81.0%;核素肝胆动态显像诊断胆道闭锁的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值100.0%、63.6%、85.7%、81.0%、100. 0%。结论高频彩色多普勒超声诊断胆道闭锁的特异性高,核素肝胆动态显像诊断胆道闭锁的敏感度高,两种检查方法结合能够较为准确的对胆道闭锁及其他原因引起的婴幼儿黄疸进行诊断和鉴别诊断,可以提高胆道闭锁的早期诊断率,减少不必要的手术探查,改善临床预后。     

超声自动乳腺全容积成像与多普勒超声成像联合应用鉴别乳腺病灶良恶性

目的 探讨超声自动乳腺全客积成像(ABVS)、彩色多普勒超声血流成像(CDFI)和脉冲多普勒(PDU)对乳腺病灶良恶性鉴别诊断价值.方法 应用ABVS、CDFI和PDU对77例患者获手术病理证实的93个乳腺病灶进行检查.结果 良性32例共44个病灶,恶性45例共49个病灶,ABVS诊断乳腺肿瘤良恶性的敏感度为85.7％,特异度为72.7％,准确度为79.6％.应用CDFI诊断敏感度为61.2％,特异度为61.4％,准确度为61.3％;应用PDU诊断敏感度为65.3％,特异度为79.5％,准确度为72.0％.联合应用ABVS、CDFI、PDU对乳腺恶性肿瘤诊断敏感度87.8％,特异度95.5％,准确度91.4％.结论 联合应用ABVS、CDFI、PDU有助于乳腺病灶良恶性鉴别诊断.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。     

Effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during induction of general anesthesia

Objective. Our objective was to quantify the effects of intravenous anesthetics on values measured by or derived from transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) during induction of general anesthesia.Methods. We recorded blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (V-MCA) before, during, and after induction of general anesthesia in six groups of young patients without intracranial pathology (n=10 each) using TCD. Patients were randomized to receive either 2 mg/kg propofol, 1.5 mg/kg methohexital, 5 mg/kg thiopental, 0.3 mg/kg etomidate, 2 µg/kg fentanyl and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam, or 1.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam intravenously. At 2 min after injection, each patient was intubated and given isoflurane 0.8% and nitrous oxide 66% in oxygen. Ventilation was set to achieve an end-tidalPco ₂ of 40 mm Hg. V-MCA, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, andPco ₂ (venous samples) were measured before and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 30 min after induction of anesthesia.Results. The preinduction data were not different between groups. At 1 min after injection, propofol, thiopental, methohexital, and etomidate significantly decreased V-MCA. TCD values were only slightly affected following fentanyl/midazolam. Ketamine/midazolam induced a modest rise in V-MCA. After endotracheal intubation, V-MCA increased in all groups, and slowly declined thereafter.Conclusions. Under the circumstances of our study, values derived from TCD measurements responded differently to the agents used to induce general anesthesia in nonneurosurgical patients.     

儿童中枢神经系统感染脑脊液主要病原菌的构成及耐药性的监测

目的探讨儿童中枢神经系统感染脑脊液病原菌的构成及耐药性。方法全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK32进行细菌鉴定和药敏实验并结合K B药敏实验法,根据美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)标准进行结果判读。结果住院患儿中枢神经系统感染脑脊液标本1 990份共分离病原菌181株,检出阳性率9.1%（181/1 990）。细菌检出率95.0%（172/181）,真菌检出率5.0%（9/181）,其中肺炎链球菌19.3%（35/181）,表皮葡萄球菌18.8%（34/181）,大肠埃希菌17.1%（31/181）。3种主要细菌的分离率较高,主要集中分布在1岁以内患儿。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率较高,分别为41.9%（13/31）和50.0%（3/6）。主要的革兰阴性细菌大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对厄它培南和亚胺培南耐药率为0,未发现耐万古霉素的革兰阳性细菌。结论对中枢神经系统感染患儿脑脊液进行培养和药敏实验,根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对降低细菌的耐药和提高药物的敏感性,临床合理使用抗菌药物有指导作用。     

吗啡、氯胺酮联合用于术后镇痛临床观察

目的 :比较吗啡、氯胺酮联合与吗啡单独使用用于术后镇痛的临床效果。方法 :30例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ的腹部手术全麻病人随机分为两组 ,术后使用吗啡静脉自控镇痛并分别加氯胺酮静脉输注 (氯胺酮组 )和生理盐水静脉输注(生理盐水组 )。观察两组的视觉模拟评分 (VAS) ,吗啡消耗量和发生的