重症肌无力并胸腺瘤切除术后1例机械通气智能脱机模式护理

目的:探讨重症肌无力并胸腺瘤切除术后机械通气患者应用智能脱机模式撤除呼吸机的护理方法.方法:患者入院后即给予机械通气,加强生命体征监测;熟练掌握智能脱机模式;重视心理护理、气道管理及脱机后气道护理.结果:本例患者恢复自主呼吸,撤除呼吸机.上机时间7.6 d,脱机时间13～48 h,患者自主呼吸功能恢复良好,咳嗽有力,吞咽无呛咳.停用呼吸机48 h以上未再进行机械通气.结论:良好的护理是保障患者撤机成功的关键.     

肺结核合并呼吸衰竭患者机械通气治疗的护理

报告1例肺结核合并呼吸衰竭患者行机械通气治疗的护理.护理要点:加强负压病房的管理及消毒隔离;做好人工气道护理；给予心理支持;做好镇痛与镇静、发热、安全护理.经过6d治疗,患者成功脱机.     

1例高龄呼吸衰竭病人成功脱机前后的护理体会

通过对1例高龄呼吸衰竭患者成功脱机的护理，体会到脱机前主要以气道的护理和防止交叉感染为主，以基础护理及心理护理为辅，脱机后以呼吸功能锻炼为主，以气道护理及心理护理为辅。     

重度肥胖伴呼吸机依赖患者成功脱机的护理

总结1例重度肥胖伴呼吸机依赖患者成功脱机的护理经验。结合患者重度肥胖的实际情况,做好重度肥胖患者的气道护理、循序渐进的脱机计划、早期下床功能锻炼、营养支持及呼吸机依赖患者脱机前的健康教育,历时35天患者成功脱机,病情好转后转入普通病房。     

气道压力释放通气治疗重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的监测与护理

总结14例气道压力释放通气模式治疗重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的监测与护理.正确评估患者,动态调整气道压力释放通气模式的参数,监测患者自主呼吸、潮气量、通气和氧合功能及血流动力学变化,加强呼吸机管路及人工气道密闭性、镇痛镇静和人工气道的护理及气道压力释放通气模式下撤机管理.经过严密监测与护理,14例患者均成功撤机.     

52例有机磷中毒患者人工气道管理护理体会

[目的]探讨有机磷中毒抢救中人工气道管理的护理要点.[方法]对52例有机磷中毒患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,采用微量泵进行持续气道内湿化及机械促进排痰等干预措施.[结果]41例患者成功脱机,治愈出院,6例脱机后转回当地医院后续治疗,无一例因气道管理不善而导致并发症.[结论]采用微量泵持续气道湿化保持人工气道的通畅及充分的气道湿化是抢救有效的重要环节.     

1例无创通气致呼吸机依赖慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌成功脱机患者的护理

总结1例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌患者发生无创通气依赖后成功脱机的护理经验。护理要点是动态观察呼吸机指标及病情变化、适应性调整呼吸机参数，优化患者带机护理及气道管理，无创呼吸机阶梯式降压脱机治疗，带机下渐进式早期活动，营养支持与液体管理。经治疗和护理，患者于12天内成功脱机，18天出院，一月后院外延续随访，患者恢复良好。     

多学科团队协作模式下的成批烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者气道管理实践

目的总结多学科团队协作模式下的成批烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者气道管理实践经验。方法成立多学科专业化的气道管理团队,对40例烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者实施精细化气道管理方案,包括:保持人工气道的充分湿化、多种技术促进痰液排出、及时吸净气道分泌物、分阶段进行气切套管系带和气囊管理、翻身床使用期间加强风险管理、严格落实感染防范措施。结果本组患者气道情况恢复较好,未出现气道梗阻、窒息、严重肺部感染等并发症。11例行呼吸机辅助呼吸患者中有8例成功脱机。结论气道管理团队凸显各学科参与救治的专业性,有助于提高成批烧伤患者气道管理的专业性和精细化水平。     

1例吉兰-巴雷综合征呼吸机依赖患者的脱机护理

总结了1例吉兰-巴雷综合征呼吸机依赖患者的脱机护理,包括采用间断脱机锻炼、呼吸肌功能锻炼、心理支持、有效沟通等措施.认为坚持肢体功能锻炼、积极预防呼吸机相关肺炎、加强基础护理、营养支持,能够使患者成功脱机.     

26例呼吸衰竭机械通气患者的护理体会

总结26例呼吸衰竭机械通气患者的护理经验,包括严密观察病情、切实做好心理护理、基础护理、气道护理、监测动脉血气分析、营养支持、脱机训练、肢体功能锻炼等.认为有效、系统的护理和康复指导是成功救治呼吸衰竭的前提和保证,有利于提高患者治愈率,降低死亡率.     

Weaning older patients from long-term mechanical ventilation: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: As older persons in the intensive care unit increasingly require long-term mechanical ventilation, accurate indications of readiness for weaning from ventilatory support are needed to avoid premature extubation. OBJECTIVE: To describe temporal changes in pulmonary and systemic variables in older adults receiving long-term mechanical ventilation. METHODS: After 3 days of unsuccessful attempts at weaning from ventilatory support, 10 trauma and surgical patients more than 60 years old were monitored daily. Previously reported predictors of the duration of mechanical ventilation and weaning outcome were measured, including hemodynamic and gas exchange variables, oxygen cost of breathing, and the score on the Burns Weaning Assessment Program. RESULTS: The 6 patients who could be weaned from ventilatory support were younger (median age, 71.5 years) than the 4 patients who could not be weaned (median age, 80 years). Patients who could be weaned were ready for weaning by day 11 of their stay in the intensive care unit and required an additional 5.5 days of mechanical ventilation; those who could not be weaned were not ready for weaning until day 17. All patients initially had increases in oxygen consumption during weaning; those who were successfully weaned had decreases before extubation. Respiratory rate, maximal inspiratory pressure, the ratio of Pao2 to fraction of inspired oxygen, and mean arterial pressure were higher in patients who could be weaned, and oxygen cost of breathing and central venous pressure were lower CONCLUSION: Further study of weaning in older adults is warranted.     

Weaning readiness and fluid balance in older critically ill surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Few studies address predictors for successful weaning of older adults from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE: To develop a clinical profile of older patients who are successfully weaned from long-term mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Forty patients in the trauma and surgical intensive care unit who were at least 60 years old were enrolled in the study after 3 days of active weaning and were monitored daily until successfully weaned or until the end of the 14-day study. Hemodynamic and gas exchange variables, fluid balance, oxygen cost of breathing, and scores on the Burns Weaning Assessment Program were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with patients who were not weaned, successfully weaned patients required mechanical ventilation for 5.3 days, started active weaning earlier (mean 10.7 vs 14.5 days, P = .04), had lower mean negative daily fluid balances in the beginning (-0.394 vs 1.107 L, P = .004), and had lower mean net cumulative fluid balances (6.856 vs 16.212 L) at the time of enrollment. They also maintained both a lower mean net cumulative fluid balance (10.753 vs 25.049 L, P= .02) and a negative daily fluid balance (-0.389 vs 1.904 L, P = .03) throughout. Their mean central venous pressure decreased over time and was significantly lower (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Persistent positive fluid balance in older surgical patients is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Estimates of fluid balance might be useful in weaning older patients from long-term mechanical ventilation.     

智能脱机模式与传统脱机模式在机械通气脱机过程中的比较

[目的]比较智能监护（SmartCare）脱机模式和同步间歇指令通气＋压力支持勇气（SIMV＋PSV）、PSV＋间断T形管通气（TC）三种脱机方法,探讨智能监护脱机模式是否可以缩短脱机时间和提高呼吸衰竭患者的脱机成功率.[方法]2008年2月至2009年8月本院ICU收治的各种因呼吸衰竭进行机械通气患者48例,随机分为SIMV＋PSV组、PSV＋TC组和智能监护脱机组（SC组）,进行脱机治疗.记录每位患者脱机开始时的急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统（APACHE-Ⅱ）评分、血气分析、脱机时间.脱机成功标准为停用呼吸机48 h以上生命体征平稳,未再进行机械通气者.[结果]SC组脱机时间比SIMV＋PSV组、PSV＋TC组短,且差异有显著性（P〈0.05）.[结论] 三种脱机方式中智能监护（SmartCare）脱机模式优于SIMV＋PSV方式和PSV＋TC方式.     

床旁多脏器联合超声在重症患者机械通气脱机风险评估中的应用价值

目的探讨床旁多脏器超声在重症患者机械通气脱机风险评估中的应用价值。 方法选取2016年3月至2017年9月于杭州市第一人民医院及杭州市老年病医院重症医学科进行机械通气治疗、且已达到临床脱机标准的患者72例。所有患者均行床旁多脏器联合超声检查。心脏超声评估心脏大小结构及心功能指标,肺部超声探查双侧胸腔及肺脏,了解肺部情况并进行评分,膈肌超声检查测量膈肌的活动度、厚度及增厚率。对患者的超声检查结果、脱机失败病因及随访预后情况进行分析。 结果72例机械通气患者中,脱机成功46例,脱机失败26例。脱机成功组与脱机失败组比较,2组间左室射血分数（LVEF）、二尖瓣口充盈血流频谱E峰与二尖瓣环组织多普勒e峰比值（E/e′）、主动脉瓣口速度时间积分（AOVTI）、肺动脉收缩压、肺部评分、膈肌增厚率及膈肌活动度差异均有统计学意义（t/Z=0.65、0.63、-4.05、2.03、8.32、11.06、3.58,P均<0.05）。应用多脏器联合超声对脱机失败患者进行随访观察,其中3例膈肌功能障碍患者,通过康复训练,膈肌活动度及增厚率明显提高;3例肺动脉高压患者进行肺动脉压力及肺部超声随访,其中1例动脉导管封堵术后第2天成功脱机。 讨论床旁多脏器联合超声可在患者治疗期间进行实时监测和随访,为机械通气患者脱机的风险评估提供参考依据,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

TISS-28 in difficult to wean patients after long-term mechanical ventilation

PURPOSE: To compare the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) 28 in difficult to wean patients before and after transfer to a weaning center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using TISS-28, the authors investigated the difference between regular intensive care units (ICUs) and the respiratory ICU (RICU) of their hospital in difficult to wean patients after long-term mechanical ventilation (MV). Special emphasis was placed on the appropriateness of TISS-28 to cover the specific weaning activities. 63 tracheotomized patients ventilated for more than 14 days were included. RESULTS: In total, 15.9% of patients were not weaned, 20.6% of population was successfully weaned with noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and 63.5% of patients was successfully weaned without NIV. The transfer of patients from other ICUs to a weaning facility resulted in a significant reduction of total TISS-28 from 29.5 to 23.8 points (p<0.001) on average. CONCLUSION: The high weaning success rate in a specialized facility is associated with a significant reduction of TISS-28 scores. The use of TISS-28 in a weaning center for patients with prolonged MV to measure workload does not adequately mirror the efforts by physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and other health-care personnel.     

Weaning children from mechanical ventilation with a computer-driven protocol: a pilot trial

Purpose

Duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation is decreased with the use of written protocols in adults. In children, the use of written protocols has not had such an impact.

Methods and measurements

We conducted a single-center trial to assess the feasibility of conducting a multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing the duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation in those managed by a computer-driven explicit protocol versus usual care. Mechanically ventilated children aged between 2 and 17 years on pressure support and not receiving inotropes were included. After randomization, children were weaned either by usual care (n = 15) that was characterized by no protocolized decisions by attending physicians, or by a computer-driven protocol (Smartcare/PS?, Drager Medical) (n = 15). Weaning duration until first extubation was the primary outcome. For comparison, a Mann–Whitney U test was employed (p < 0.05).

Results

Patients characteristics at inclusion were similar. The median duration of weaning was 21 h (range 3–142 h) in the SmartCare/PS? group and 90 h (range 4–552 h) in the usual care group, p = 0.007. The rate of reintubation within 48 h after extubation and the rate of noninvasive ventilation after extubation in the SmartCare/PS? and usual care groups were 2/15 versus 1/15 and 2/15 versus 2/15, respectively.

Conclusions

A pediatric randomized trial on mechanical ventilation with a computerized protocol in North America is feasible. A computer-driven protocol that also manages children younger than 2 years old would help to decrease the number of PICU admissions screened in a multicentre trial on this topic.     

Predictors of survival after prolonged weaning from mechanical ventilation

PurposeWeaning from mechanical ventilation is a key component of intensive care treatment; however, this process may be prolonged as some patients require care at specialised centres. Current data indicate that weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation is successful in approximately 65% of patients; however, data on long-term survival after discharge from a weaning centre are limited.Materials and methodsWe analysed predictors of survival among 597 patients (392 men, mean age 68 ± 11) post-discharge from a specialised German weaning centre.ResultsComplete weaning from mechanical ventilation was achieved in 407 (57.8%) patients, and 106 patients (15.1%) were discharged with non-invasive ventilation; thus, prolonged weaning was successful in 72.9% of the patients. The one-year and five-year survival rates post-discharge were 66.5% and 37.1%, respectively. Age, duration of mechanical ventilation, certain clusters of comorbidities, and discharged with mechanical ventilation significantly influenced survival (p < .001). Completely weaned patients who were discharged with a tracheostomy had a significantly reduced survival rate than did those who were completely weaned and discharged with a closed tracheostomy (p = .004).ConclusionsThe identified predictors of survival after prolonged weaning could support therapeutic strategies during patients' intensive care unit stay. Patients should be closely monitored after discharge from a weaning centre.     

High-frequency jet ventilation in weaning the ventilator-dependent patient

Nine ventilator-dependent patients were successfully weaned from mechanical ventilatory support by high-frequency jet ventilation. All patients had been on ventilatory support for at least 2 wk, and had not responded to attempts at weaning by intermittent mandatory ventilation.     

Sildenafil to facilitate weaning from inhaled nitric oxide and mechanical ventilation in a patient with severe secondary pulmonary hypertension and a patent foramen ovale

We describe the case of a woman who presented to the intensive care unit with acute respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation. She had severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to interstitial lung disease, and her history included sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. She was dependent on inhaled nitric oxide (INO) to maintain safe arterial oxygen saturation and could not be weaned from mechanical ventilation. Echocardiography revealed a patent foramen ovale with substantial right-to-left shunt, which probably contributed to her hypoxemia. Sildenafil enabled weaning from INO and substantially reduced the flow through the patent foramen ovale. She was successfully extubated and discharged home. To our knowledge, this is the first report of weaning from INO and mechanical ventilation in a patient with both severe secondary pulmonary hypertension and a right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale.