链霉菌702抗药性致死突变标志微波诱变筛选研究

目的 筛选出产抗真菌活性物质的高产链霉菌702突变株.方法 分别以链霉菌702菌株为试验材料和以庆大霉素为敏感抗生素建立链霉菌702孢子致死突变标志的微波诱变筛选模型,通过微波对链霉菌702菌株孢子进行不同时间的诱变处理,将诱变处理后的孢予悬液涂布于含致死浓度的庆大霉素的PDA平板培养基上,获得抗庆大霉素突变株,分别挑取单个抗药性突变菌株进行摇瓶初筛和复筛.生物效价测定采用一剂量法.结果 微波处理30s对菌株的致死率可达70.53%,抗药性突变率高达23.13%,获得的抗药性突变株经过摇瓶初筛和复筛,获得高产突变株20-29-47菌株,产抗真菌活件物质的摇瓶发酵单位达到1478μg/ml,比出发菌株发酵单位986μg/ml提高T49.9%.结论 采用抗药性致死突变标志的微波诱变筛选模型可以获得产抗真菌活性物质的链霉菌702高产菌株.     

60Coγ射线对南昌霉素产生菌的诱变选育

采用不同剂量的^60Coγ射线，对南昌霉素产生菌南昌链霉菌80-5.3-116菌株的孢子进行处理。结果表明，7.74c/kg的诱变剂量在对孢子致死率为90％左右时，具有较好的诱变效应；初筛摇瓶产量正变率达到21.08％；复筛摇瓶发酵效价比出发菌株提高50％以上的有10株，占初筛菌株的5％；连续四批摇瓶发酵试验平均产量比出发菌株的产量提高50％以上；有6个菌株摇瓶产量分别比出发菌株提高60％，其中3株平均摇瓶产量比出发菌提高70%以上。     

梅岭霉素发酵的温度控制策略研究

以南昌链霉菌为出发菌株，研究了摇瓶发酵过程不同温度控制条件（26－32℃）下，梅岭霉素发酵过程的动力学特性，并分析了不同温度下细胞代谢规律及温度对细胞比生长速度和梅岭霉素合成速率的影响，得出了摇瓶发酵生产梅岭霉素的分阶段温度控制策略，即在发酵中前期（0－76h)，控制温度为30℃，发酵中后期（76h左右）温度切换到28摄氏度，并在15L发酵罐上分批发酵得到验证。     

高产纳他霉素的褐黄孢链霉菌选育

目的　以褐黄孢链霉菌 (Streptomyces gilvosporeus) S- 71为出发菌株 ,筛选纳他霉素的高产菌株。方法　紫外线对孢子悬浮液照射 4 0 s后 ,分别用链霉素抗性和琼脂块法进行筛选纳他霉素高产菌株 ,之后对高产菌株进行生产稳定性实验。结果　通过链霉素抗性法筛选获得了约 10 %的正选率突变株 ,其中突变株SG- 5 6摇瓶效价单位为 2 4 10μg/ ml,为出发菌株的 14 6 % ;通过琼脂块筛选法获得了约 1%的正选率突变株 ,其中突变株 SG- 2 0 0 2摇瓶效价单位为 2 6 5 0μg/ ml,为出发菌株的 16 1% ,该菌株无链霉素抗性标记。结论　链霉素抗性筛选和琼脂块筛选均可以获得纳他霉素的高产菌株 ,其中链霉素抗性筛选法效率高 ,琼脂块法筛选全面。     

链霉素抗性突变理性筛选avermectin高产菌株

为提高菌株avermectin的产量，本文以链霉素抗性为选择压力，对除虫链霉菌Streptomyces avermi-tilis进行紫外诱变（253.7nm,30w，照射时间45s)，得到在摇瓶发酵水平比出发菌株产量提高25%以上的4株突变株，其中2株提高水平达30%以上，实验表明了链霉素抗性突变与产抗生素突变之间的密切联系。同时，对其机理和意义作了一些探讨。     

达托霉素高产菌株选育及发酵条件优化

目的 通过对达托霉素产生菌进行诱变选育,并对其发酵条件优化,以提高其达托霉素发酵水平,降低生产成本。方法 以玫瑰孢链霉菌(DT-9#F2)为出发菌株,分别采用紫外诱变、微波诱变、LiCl诱变及复合诱变并结合链霉素抗性筛选进行菌株选育,同时,对其发酵培养基中氮源、碳源及生长因子进行优化,以进一步提高其发酵产量。结果 得到一株达托霉素高产突变株DT-37,其摇瓶发酵产量达到12.2mg/L,较出发菌株提高20.79%;优化后的发酵培养基为：酵母粉(YP300)1.65%、FeSO4 0.043%、葡萄糖1.50%、玉米淀粉7.20%、糖蜜0.72%,VB12 1.50μg/mL、硫辛酸5.00μg/mL。其摇瓶发酵产量达到30.56mg/L,较初始培养基提高了297.92%。经100L发酵罐上放大验证,达托霉素的产量达到了2872mg/L,较优化前提高了14.88%。结论 紫外、微波及LiCl复合诱变后经抗生素抗性筛选,结合发酵培养基优化,可有效提高菌株的达托霉素发酵产量。     

氨甲酰妥布霉素高产菌株选育及其发酵特性研究

目的筛选氨甲酰妥布霉素高产菌株并稳定其发酵效价。方法以黑暗链霉菌Ts-228为出发菌株，经自然分离，UV诱变结合耐自身代谢产物处理，采用琼脂块法并结合摇瓶发酵来筛选高产菌，获得了Tt-49新菌株。以摇瓶发酵考察生长特性，罐上发酵绘制代谢曲线。结果效价提高了1．8倍，妥布霉素含量高达68．5％。该菌株生长周期仅4d，传代稳定。种龄18h左右，接种量10％。按照代谢曲线图进行调控，发酵罐的产抗水平达5865u／ml。结论自然分离与诱变相结合，是黑暗链霉菌选育的有效途径。出发菌株经UV诱变和耐受驯育，发酵效价显著提高。溶氧是妥布霉素发酵生产中的重要调控因子。     

组合抗性筛选法选育达托霉素高产菌株

目的利用组合抗性筛选法选育达托霉素高产菌株。方法以玫瑰孢链霉菌(Streptomyces roseosporus ATCC 11379)为出发菌株,通过在不同浓度梯度的达托霉素和链霉素复合抗性平板上进行抗性筛选。结果筛选到一株高产达托霉素的突变株D1000-S3-2,经摇瓶发酵验证达托霉素发酵单位可达59mg/L,比出发菌株提高了63.8%。结论实验证明组合抗性筛选是一种简单高效筛选方法。     

达托霉素产生菌前体物耐受选育及其流加补料发酵

目的 通过对达托霉素产生菌进行诱变选育,以及前体物补料发酵方式提高达托霉素的产量。方法 采用常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and room temperature plasma, ARTP)技术对玫瑰孢链霉菌进行诱变,以癸酸铵和甘氨酸耐受作为选择压力进行菌株筛选,在摇瓶和100L发酵罐上进行癸酸铵流加补料试验确定最佳的发酵工艺。结果 经诱变选育获得1株突变株FIM-D1568摇瓶效价达到380mg/L,发酵单位较出发菌株提高了35.7%;通过优化100L发酵罐流加补料癸酸铵溶液工艺,使达托霉素发酵效价达到2276mg/L。结论 以ARTP为诱变源,甘氨酸及癸酸铵耐受性为选择性压力,可以快速筛选获得达托霉素高产菌;高产突变菌株在流加补料发酵工艺上优良性状得以发挥,发酵效价大幅提高。     

卑霉素高产菌株的选育

以绿色产色链霉菌（Streptomyces viridochromogenes）TN-27为出发菌株，采用紫外线诱变，并以链霉素作为筛选因子，获得一株遗传稳定且卑霉素发酵效价比出发菌株提高38．9％的菌株。对该菌株再采用微波（microwave，MV）诱变，以其自身代谢物卑霉素作为筛选因子时得到一株产量提高200％的菌株，传代结果显示，在传代的同时结合自然分离，可以保持稳定的产生抗生素特性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.